Valorization of agricultural waste into activated carbons and its adsorption characteristics for heavy metals

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bachar Koubaissy ◽  
Joumana Toufaily ◽  
Safaa Cheikh ◽  
Malak Hassan ◽  
Tayssir Hamieh
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Xrd Study ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Pine Cones ◽  
Removal Fraction

AbstractActivated carbon derived from pine cones waste was prepared by carbonization at 450°C, activated by different activating agents: ZnCl 2, H 2 SO 4 and NaOH, and then pyrolyzed at 600°C. Adsorption of Cr VI and other heavy metals (Mn II, Fe II, Cu II) on activated carbons was investigated to evaluate the adsorption properties. Special attention was paid to the effects of carbon surface functionalities that were analyzed by FT-IR and zeta potential study. Moreover, XRD study of activated carbon was also carried out. Results had shown that activated carbon by NaOH was the best adsorbent for removal of chromium VI from wastewater. The solid-solution interaction was determined by analyzing the adsorption isotherms at room temperature at different pH. When pH is above 4, the removal fraction of Cr (VI) ions decreased with the increase of pH. The removal fraction of Cr (VI) ions decreased below pH 4. The preferable removal of Cu (II) over Mn(II) and Fe (II) could be due to its lower affinity to solvent.Pseudo-second order equation provided the better correlation for the adsorption kinetics data. Equilibrium isotherms were determined by Fowler-Guggenheim model.

scholarly journals Adsorption of chromium ions from tannery effluents onto activated carbon prepared from rice husk and potato peel by H3PO4 activation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ephraim Vunain ◽  
Joel Brian Njewa ◽  
Timothy Tiwonge Biswick ◽  
Adewale Kabir Ipadeola
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Potato Peel ◽  
Tannery Effluents ◽  
Chromium Vi

AbstractTwo biomass agricultural waste materials; rice husks (RH) and potato peels (PP) were used as precursors for preparation of activated carbons by chemical activation using phosphoric acid for adsorption of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from tannery effluents. The prepared rice husk (RH–AC) and potato peel activated carbon (PP–AC) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Adsorption experiments were performed by varying pH, agitation speed, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial metal ion concentration. Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherms were used to analyze the equilibrium data obtained at different adsorption conditions. It was found that the adsorption isotherms were well fitted by the Freundlich equation and the adsorption process was found to follow pseudo-second-order rate kinetics. Adsorption results obtained show a maximum Cr(VI) uptake being attained at pH 2.0, with chromium removal efficiency of 99.88% and 99.52% for RH–AC and PP–AC, respectively. RH–AC and PP–AC are effective adsorbent for the removal of chromium(VI) ions from wastewater.

scholarly journals Triple activation (thermal-chemical-physical) in the development of an activated carbon from tobacco: characterizations and optimal conditions for Cd2+ and Pb2+ removal from waters

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 877-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéssica Manfrin ◽  
Affonso Celso Gonçalves Jr ◽  
Daniel Schwantes ◽  
César Ricardo Teixeira Tarley ◽  
Andréia da Paz Schiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Heterogeneous Structures ◽  
Wide Ph Range ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Cadmium And Lead

Abstract This research aimed to transform tobacco that originated from smuggled cigarettes into activated carbons, and to study its application in the remediation of water contaminated by cadmium and lead. For this, a triple activation was performed (thermal – chemical H3PO4 – physical CO2), resulting in the studied activated carbon (CT H3PO4 + CO2). The carbon was characterized by its chemical composition, pHPZC, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), FT-IR, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and BJH. The influence of the pH of Cd2+ and Pb2+ solutions, and the influence of the adsorbent dose, were studied. Isotherms were constructed by linear and nonlinear models of Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin. CT H3PO4 + CO2 has carbonates, hydroxyls, carboxylic, and carbonic acids as surface functional groups. The triple activation caused changes in pHPZC (from 5.40 to 9.59). The SEM revealed a carbon surface full of irregular and heterogeneous structures, spongy aspect, with an estimated Specific Surface Area (SSA) increase of 395x and pore volume of 37x. The produced activated carbon has applicability over a wide pH range (3.00–7.00), with an ideal dose estimated at 4 g L−1 for greater efficiency in removing Cd2+ and Pb2. The linear and nonlinear models reveal that metal adsorption is predominantly physical and multi-layered, with a possible reuse in new sorption cycles.

scholarly journals Production and characterization of activated carbon from pineapple stubble for removal of methylene blue and surfactants.

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-539
Author(s):  
Diego Montenegro Quesada ◽  
Natalia Montero Rambla ◽  
Rodolfo Antonio Hernández Chaverri ◽  
Johanna Méndez Arias
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
23 Factorial Design ◽  
Commercial Detergent ◽  
Ft Ir

The objective of this work was to produce activated carbon from the agricultural waste known as pineapple stubble, and to test its effectiveness in the removal of methylene blue and surfactants. Activated carbon was prepared using ZnCl2 and H3PO4 as activating agents and impregnation ratios of 2: 1 and 4:1 between the agent (mL) and the precursor (g) were evaluated. It was also investigated the need or not of a drying stage prior to carbonization. The produced activated carbon was characterized through FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, N2 physisorption analysis, elemental analysis and electron microscopy. Methylene blue adsorption tests were performed to determine the adsorption effectiveness of the different activated carbons produced. For such evaluation, a 23 factorial design was used, and statistical analysis determined that the activated carbon with the highest adsorption of methylene is produced under the following conditions: ZnCl2 as activating agent, an impregnation ratio of 4:1 and with no drying step prior to carbonization. This produced activated carbon is also effective in the adsorption of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate and for the surfactants present in the gray water obtained after washing clothes with commercial detergent. In these cases, removal efficiencies above 98 % were achieved. With respect to the characteristics of this activated carbon, it was observed a surface area of ​​685.5 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0.53 cm3/g, and an average pore diameter of 3.1 nm. Results achieved in the present study demonstrate that is possible to produce effective activated carbon for the removal of methylene blue and surfactants from an agricultural waste such as pineapple stubble.

scholarly journals The influence of active carbon contaminants on the ozonation mechanism interpretation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilla Fijołek ◽  
Joanna Świetlik ◽  
Marcin Frankowski
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Alkali Metals ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Bulk Solution ◽  
Ozone Decomposition ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Carbon Impurities

AbstractIn water treatment technology, activated carbons are used primarily as sorbents to remove organic impurities, mainly natural organic matter, but also as catalysts in the ozonation process. Commercially available activated carbons are usually contaminated with mineral substances, classified into two main groups: alkali metals (Ca, Na, K, Li, Mg) and multivalent metals (Al, Fe, Ti, Si). The presence of impurities on the carbon surface significantly affects the pHpzc values determined for raw and ozonated carbon as well as their acidity and alkalinity. The scale of the observed changes strongly depends on the pH of the ozonated system, which is related to the diffusion of impurities from the carbon to the solution. In an acidic environment (pH 2.5 in this work), the ozone molecule is relatively stable, yet active carbon causes its decomposition. This is the first report that indirectly indicates that contaminants on the surface of activated carbon (multivalent elements) contribute to the breakdown of ozone towards radicals, while the process of ozone decomposition by purified carbons does not follow the radical path in bulk solution. Carbon impurities also change the distribution of the reaction products formed by organic pollutants ozonation, which additionally confirms the radical process. The study showed that the use of unpurified activated carbon in the ozonation of succinic acid (SA) leads to the formation of a relatively large amount of oxalic acid (OA), which is a product of radical SA degradation. On the other hand, in solutions with purified carbon, the amount of OA generated is negligible.

Adsorption of Chromium (VI) from Aqueous Solution by Agricultural Waste Derived Activated Carbon

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 2100-2106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Xue Hong Zhang ◽  
Yi Nian Zhu ◽  
Shou Rui Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Order Kinetic Model ◽  
Grapefruit Peel ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
C 30

Activated carbon prepared from grapefruit peel, an agricultural solid waste by-product, has been used for the adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The effects of adsorbent dosage, pH and temperature on adsorption of Cr(VI) were investigated. The maximum adsorption yield was obtained at the initial pH of 3. The dynamical data fit very well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the calculated adsorption capacities (23.98, 24.33 and 24.81 mg/g) were in good agreement with experiment results at 20°C, 30°C and 40 °C for the 100 mg/L Cr(VI) solution. The Freundlich model (R2 values were 0.9198-0.9871) fitted adsorption data better than the Langmuir model. The calculated parameters confirmed the favorable adsorption of Cr(VI) on the activated carbon prepared from grapefruit peel.

Quinone/hydroquinone redox couple as a source of enormous capacitance of activated carbon electrodes

2013 ◽  
Vol 1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Fic ◽  
Mikolaj Meller ◽  
Grzegorz Lota ◽  
Elzbieta Frackowiak
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Carbon Electrodes ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Reversible Redox

ABSTRACTThe main subject of this paper is to examine and to evaluate the capacitive behaviour of activated carbon electrodes electrochemically decorated by quinone-type functional groups. For this purpose, different electrolytes, i.e. hydroquinone, catechol and resorcinol at the concentration of 0.38 mol L-1, dissolved in 1 mol L-1 H2SO4, 1 mol L-1 Li2SO4 and 6 mol L-1 KOH were used. These electrolytes could generate electroactive groups (able to undergo reversible redox reactions) on the surface of electrode material. Apart from typical adsorption of the mentioned dihydroxybenzenes, so called grafting could occur and might cause generation of quinone|hydroquinone functionals on carbon surface. As an effect of functional reversible redox reaction, additional capacitance value, called pseudocapacitance, could be achieved. Hence, besides typical charge originating from charging/discharging of the electrical double layer on the electrode/electrolyte interface, additional capacitance comes also from faradaic reactions. Activated carbons are the most promising electrode materials for this purpose; apart from great physicochemical properties, they are characterized by well-developed specific surface area over 2000 m2 g-1 which results in high capacitance values.In the manuscript the influence of the hydroxyl group location as well as electrolyte solution pH on the electrochemical performance of the electrode is discussed.

scholarly journals Coal-Based Activated Carbons for the Removal of Sulphur Dioxide via Adsorption

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 803-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Youssef ◽  
M.R. Mostafa ◽  
E.M. Dorgham
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Steam Activation ◽  
Pore Widening

Zinc chloride-activated carbons and steam-activated carbons were prepared from Maghara coal. The textural properties were determined from low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. Zinc chloride activation is usually associated with the creation of new micropores while steam activation involves pore widening particularly when the percentage burn-off is high. The adsorption of SO2 on steam-activated carbon is high compared with ZnCl2-activated carbons. Steam activation develops surface basic groups which provide chemisorption sites for SO2. The adsorption of SO2 is enhanced in the presence of O2 and water vapour and involves the formation of sulphuric acid in this case. Sulphur dioxide adsorption is related to the chemistry of the carbon surface rather than to the extent of the surface area of the activated carbon.

SURFACE MODIFICATIONS OF ACTIVATED CARBON AND ITS IMPACT ON APPLICATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 1830006 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATHEUS PEGO ◽  
JANAÍNA CARVALHO ◽  
DAVID GUEDES
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Surface Modifications ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Corona Treatment

The main and new surface modification methods of activated carbon (AC) and their influence on application (adsorption capacity) were reviewed. Adsorption capacity is an important issue, contributing to hazardous substances environment management. According to literature, it is true that surface chemistry strongly affects adsorption capacity. Surface chemistry can be modified by several methods that lead to different activated carbon properties. Furthermore, adsorbate properties, and their relationships with surface structure, can impact adsorption properties. Surface modifications can be conducted by adding some atoms to the surface structure, making the surface more acidic or basic. Introduction of oxygen and ammonia atoms (chemical modification) are the main processes to make the surface more acidic and basic, respectively, although may bring chemical wastes to environment. Surface modification is done by chemical and physical modifications that lead activated carbons to present different properties. The main and new methods of chemical and physical modifications are compared and presented in this paper. Some new physical methods, like corona treatment, plasma discharge and microwave radiation, can be applied to cause surface modifications. Corona treatment can be a practical and new way to cause surface modification on an activated carbon surface.

Scavenging of Nickel(II) from Aqueous Wastes by Adsorption with Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)

2014 ◽  
Vol 612 ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
Supriya Gawhane
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Precious Metal ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Langmuir And Freundlich Models

Due to explosive growth of industrial and agricultural activities, there is rise in pollutants in water including heavy metals and toxic elements. In light of increasing pollution load of environment it is imperative to address this problem by different approaches and means.Of the numerous unit processes, evaluated to control pollution, to a degree, adsorption by GAC is one of the best available broad spectrum technologies. Scavenging of a precious metal such as Nickel, present in aqueous systems can be carried out with or without use of carrier such as 8-hydroxyquinoline (Oxine) and its derivatives on various grades of as received activated carbons. The carrier improves uptake of metal ions by GAC. The adsorption process agrees with the Langmuir and Freundlich models and also obeys pseudo-second order kinetics.

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