scholarly journals The Plasticity and Morphofunctional Organization of the Digestive System of Waders (Charadrii) as Migrants

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 417-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Kovtun ◽  
I. O. Lykova ◽  
L. P. Kharchenko
Keyword(s):  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Liver Lipids ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Active Feeding ◽  
Regenerative Activity ◽  
Thoracic Muscles ◽  
Universal Structure

Abstract The results of the macro-micromorphological structure of the digestive system of the waders and comparative analysis with the migrants of the Aves are presented. It was revealed that the digestive system of waders at the anatomical level has a universal structure typical for representatives of class Aves. As a result of histological studies of the structure of the digestive tract, it was found that the feature of the wall of the waders small intestine is the dense location of the crypt in its own plate of the mucous membrane throughout its length. High proliferative capacity of cambial crypt cells and their multilayered location provide high secretory and regenerative activity of enterocytes, which helps to restore the mucous membrane and intensify the digestive processes, especially during the active feeding of the waders at the migration stopover points. At this time, the length and mass of the intestine, the mass of the stomach and the liver increase, what is considered as a reaction to a large number of feeds in the intensive feeding of birds and indicates the plasticity of their digestive system. It is shown that the change in the morphometric parameters of the waders digestive system organs depending on the migration situation is an integral part of the adaptive mechanism of the migratory birds, which provides the basic need of the organism - fat accumulation. Th e content of general liver lipids, abdominal fat and thoracic muscles in 6 species of tundra warblers with varying degrees of fat accumulation at the migration stopover points in the Azov-Black Sea region was studied.

Plasticity of Digestive System of Waders (Charadrii) as Migrants (Peculiarities of Fat Accumulation and the Source of Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids During Migratory Stops in the Azov-Black Sea Region)

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. O. Lykova ◽  
M. F. Kovtun ◽  
L. P. Kharchenko ◽  
R. I. Kratenko
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract The plasticity of the digestive system (DS) of birds allows them to use a wide range of feeds, which is especially important for migratory birds. Some fatty acids (FAs) included in the spectrum of polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) are not synthesized in the bird organism, and are supplied only with food. They determine the level of unsaturation of lipids, and are essential for the organism. Among other important functions of these FAs are energy: they affect the energy metabolism of muscle cells. This is what determines the demands of migratory birds to the fodder base of migration stops. The largest number of general lipids among investigated species of invertebrates living in the Azov-Black Sea region ponds is found in the organisms N. zonata, A. salina, H. diversicolor, I. baltica (4.6–4.0%). The highest content of PUFAs was revealed to be present in the lipids of mollusks H. acuta and Th. astrachanicus: 32.87–35.73 % of the total amount of FAs. The content of PUFAs in the organism of Chironomis depends on the degree of water salinity. The unsaturation coefficient of FAs (K1) is revealed to be the highest in Mollusk lipids (H. acuta — 1.361; Th. astrachanicus — 1.610) and some Polychaeta. These types of invertebrates are the main source of intake of essential PUFAs by the organism of the waders at migratory stops in the Azov-Black Sea region.

scholarly journals To the Macro-morphology of the Stomach in Red Deer

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Chebakov ◽  
Vladimir Zhukov ◽  
Lia Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oriental Medicine ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Dense Fraction ◽  
Growth Energy ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Reindeer antler breeding in Altai is a promising industry. Dietary meat and antlers, which are used in Oriental medicine, are received from red deer. In this regard, the study of the morphology of red deer and in particular its digestive system is relevant. The digestive system provides the body with nutrients and energy. Red deer have a four-chamber stomach. 1 – Rumen is the largest part of the stomach, it is used for hydrolysis of feed. It consists of mucous, muscular and serous membranes. The mucous membrane has papillae. 2 – The reticulum is a small part, there are cells on the inner surface, it performs the function of sorting the feed. 3 The omasum separates the liquid fraction of the feed from the dense fraction, has inside flat outgrowths. 4 In the abomasum, the same processes occur as in the single-chambered stomach. The stomach doesn’t develop evenly. Stomach chambers grow most intensively up to 6 months and then up to 2 years. Then their growth energy decreases, the growth is doubtful.

scholarly journals The role of gas mediators of nitrogen (II) oxide and hydrogen sulfide in the development of pathochemical changes in the mucous membrane of rats at water-immobilization and adrenaline-induced stress modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (97) ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
N. Motko ◽  
I. Fomenko ◽  
O. Vozna
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Ulcer Formation ◽  
Myeloperoxidase Activity ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Stress Modeling ◽  
Induced Stress

Acute and prolonged psycho-emotional overstrain, i.e. stress, are the most frequent factors of ulcer formation in the digestive system. Therefore, the study of molecular mechanisms of stress impact is one of the most promising directions of modern experimental gastroenterology. However, the features of its molecular-biochemical action on the metabolic processes in the digestive system remain insufficiently studied. In this regard, we performed a comparative analysis of changes in indicators of systems of gas mediators of nitrogen (II) oxide and hydrogen sulfide synthesis at water-immobilization and adrenaline-induced stress modeling in experiments on white non-linear rats. Water-immobilization stress (WIS) was modelled by immobilizing animals in a plastic container, and adrenaline-induced stress (AIS) was modelled by injecting adrenaline at a dose of 2 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Modelling WIS caused formation of erosion and spot hemorrhage, located mainly along the folds of the fundus of the stomach. In this case, more noticeable changes were observed in the 5-hour WSI model. Injecting adrenaline at AIS model caused development of structural-hemorrhagic damage in the pyloric part and body of the stomach. The biochemical response to stress is complex, and the release of catecholamines is not the only case of stress. The synthesis of hormones such as glucagon, somatotropin and renin is activated. However, the most important role is played by cortisol, which level of growth in blood is measured to assess the degree of stress development. In our studies, changes in cortisol level in blood under different types of stress modeling (WIS and AIS) had their own peculiarities: at WIS conditions cortisol concentration increased sharply and remained high for 5 hours, while adrenaline did not cause the growth of this “stress hormone”. In our studies, in both models of stress-induced ulcerogenesis there were significant changes to the content of H2S and NO, that confirms the significant role of these substances in development and progression of ulcerogenesis in the digestive system. Thus, H2S concentration decreased at WIS and AIS. There is a significant increase in nitrogen oxide production in both WIS with different duration of action and AIS, which is caused by multiple activation of the inducible isoform of NO-synthase. Therefore, in experimental stress-induced ulcerogenesis, the metabolism of L-arginine in the mucous membrane of stomach is equally shifted towards the formation of NO, that under conditions of strengthening of free radical processes serves as a prerequisite for activation of oxidative-nitric processes and leads to the formation of structural-hemorrhagic damage to the surface of the mucous membrane of stomach. Our studies also show that ulcerative damage to the mucous membrane of stomach in all the types of studied stress was accompanied by an increase in myeloperoxidase activity, indicating an increase in permeability of hemocapillaries due to the development of the inflammatory process.

scholarly journals Parameters of the autumn migration stopover of the chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita Vieillot, 1817) (Sylviidae, Aves) in the conditions of the middle taiga in the Eastern Russian plain

2021 ◽  
pp. 319-334
Author(s):  
G. L. Nakul
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Autumn Migration ◽  
Russian Plain ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Average Body

Parameters of the autumn migration stopover of the chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita (Vieillot, 1817) in the taiga zone of the Eastern Russian plain were estimated. The studies were carried out in 2015–2019, a total of 1,634 birds were included in our analysis. It has been established that migrating chiffchaffs can be conditionally divided into two groups. The first group consists of transit individuals leaving their stopover just on the day of arrival, without delay. The other group includes individuals who make stopovers for a longer period (4.87 days on average). For the birds of both groups, changes in their body weight and fat accumulation rate were revealed during one day and throughout the entire migration stopover. During an average migration stopover, birds retain their energy reserves at a certain level. In general, they accumulate no more than 5% of the average body weight in the population during the average stop period. A smaller proportion of migrants make multi-day stops when the fat accumulation rate is low. Every day of staying at a migration stopover leads to temporary surges and losses in body weight, with no increase in body fat. Birds, at the end of their migration season, spend more time and energy for looking for food. The part of migratory birds deciding to stop finds themselves in the most optimal conditions. This small group is the main reserve for preserving the population during the difficult period of migration. 

scholarly journals Does male Chondracanthus lophii (Crustacea: Copepoda) feed?

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Østergaard
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Type B ◽  
Internal Anatomy ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Blind Ending ◽  
Active Feeding

Male Chondracanthus lophii was studied using light and electron microscopy. Observations on external morphology and internal anatomy are presented. Males possess a full set of functional mouth parts, the digestive system is active and the dominant cell type in the midgut is identified as the vacuolar type B-cell, but the gut is a blind ending sac with no anus. The gut contents were a homogenous, amorphous mass. The combination of active feeding and digestion with a blind ending gut supports the inference that males feed on special secretions produced by glands in the nuptial organs of the female. It is speculated that dependence on such secretion reduces or eliminates the production of faecal matter. Observations on the reproductive system confirmed the typical chondracanthid pattern.

scholarly journals Effects of Prophylactic Use of a Decoction of Blueberry Leaves in Modeling the Lesion of the Gastrointestinal Tract by Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-244
Author(s):  
Alisa V. Pachevska ◽  
Alina V. Biloshitska ◽  
Valery M. Istoshyn
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Ulcer ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Prophylactic Use ◽  
Curative Agent ◽  
Blueberry Leaves

Introduction: Today there is a continuing search for an effective, affordable remedy that can be used to treat and prevent diseases of periodontal, stomach and duodenum during the use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ). Aim: To study the protective effect of phytopreparation (decoction of blueberry leaves) on an experimental model of gastric ulcer and periodontitis. Material and Methods: The study was performed on 30 rats, which were evenly divided into three groups: 1 – control animals, 2 – animals that were modeled with non-steroid gastric ulcer and periodontitis (7 mg/kg diclofenacum natrium intragastrically for 5 days) and 3 – group in the background experimental pathology was introduced decoction of blueberry leaves 1:10 2 ml intragastrically (30 minutes after the introduction of diclofenacum natrium). Results: Histological examination of the mucous membrane of rats, which used as a preventive agent decoction of blueberry leaves, showed that it is characterized only by single erosion, no fibrinosis and hemorrhagic plaque, lympho-macrophage infiltration. Conclusions: Simultaneous use of a decoction of blueberry leaves can be used as a preventive and curative agent to prevent the development of erosions and ulcers of the mucous membrane of the digestive system.

scholarly journals Pathomorphological changes in the early postnatal period in a calf with abomasum rupture

2022 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
Maria Sergeevna Mannova ◽  
Lyudmila Vladimirovna Kletikova ◽  
Nina Nikolaevna Yakimenko
Keyword(s):  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Thick Section ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Feeding Disorder ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Macroscopic Examination

The main cause of the disease and death of calves in the early postembryonic period of development is a feeding disorder. The aim of the work was to analyze macro-and micromorphological changes in the digestive system of a calf with a rennet rupture. To achieve this goal, standard macro-and microscopic research methods were used. Macroscopic examination revealed thickening, erosion of the mucous membrane of the esophageal gutter rollers, accumulation of contents in the scar, mesh and book, hyperemia of the mucous membranes; thinning and rupture of the rennet wall; pronounced hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, thickening of the mucous membrane of the thick section; an increase in mesenteric lymph nodes and a change in their consistency. Microscopically, the thickness of the epithelium, submucosal and muscle layer is most developed in the abomasum and was, respectively, 0.68-0.72 mm, 0.23-0.32 mm and 0.98-1.05 mm. Villi were found in the folds of the scar, numerous well – developed longitudinally oriented protrusions were found in the book, lymphocellular clusters and bottom glands were found in the rennet; folds with well – developed crypts were found in the colon. Thus, as a result of feeding coarse feed, the deceased calf has catarrhal erosive lesions of the esophageal trough; serous-catarrhal abomasitis with signs of hemorrhagic with dilation and perforation in the cardiac part; hemorrhagic omasitis against the background of a book blockage; catarrhal reticulitis; catarrhal ruminitis and catarrhal enterocolitis.

Pathology of Bone Cells in Pigs with Experimental Turbinate Osteoporosis (Atrophic Rhinitis)

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 304-305
Author(s):  
A. W. Fetter ◽  
C. C. Capen
Keyword(s):  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Atrophic Rhinitis ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Fundamental Cause ◽  
Osteocytic Osteolysis ◽  
Uncertain Etiology

Atrophic rhinitis in swine is a disease of uncertain etiology in which infectious agents, hereditary predisposition, and metabolic disturbances have been reported to be of primary etiologic importance. It shares many similarities, both clinically and pathologically, with ozena in man. The disease is characterized by deformity and reduction in volume of the nasal turbinates. The fundamental cause for the localized lesion of bone in the nasal turbinates has not been established. Reduced osteogenesis, increased resorption related to inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane, and excessive resorption due to osteocytic osteolysis stimulated by hyperparathyroidism have been suggested as possible pathogenetic mechanisms.The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate ultrastructurally bone cells in the nasal turbinates of pigs with experimentally induced atrophic rhinitis, and to compare these findings to those in control pigs of the same age and pigs with the naturally occurring disease, in order to define the fundamental lesion responsible for the progressive reduction in volume of the osseous core.

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