scholarly journals THE MARKET CONCEPT OF THE XXI CENTURY: A NEW APPROACH TO CONSUMER SEGMENTATION

2016 ◽  
pp. 205-213
Author(s):  
M. I. Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Central Place ◽  
New Approach ◽  
World Community ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Population Segment ◽  
Market Concept

World economic development in the 21st century keeps tendencies and contradictions of the previous century. Economic growth in a number of the countries and, as a result, growth of consumption adjoins to an aggravation of global problems of the present. It not only ecology and climatic changes that undoubtedly worth the attention of world community, but also the aggravation of social problems. Among the last the question of poverty takes the central place. Poverty is a universal problem, in solution of which take part local authorities, the international organizations, commercial and noncommercial structures. It is intolerable to ignore a catastrophic situation in fight against this problem. It is necessary to look for ways of resolving it not only by using the existing methods, but also developing new approaches. One of the most significant tendencies in the sphere of fight against poverty is the development of the commercial enterprises working in the population segment with a low income level which by means of the activity help millions of people worldwide to get out of poverty. In other words, attraction of the commercial capital by an economic justification of profitability and prospects of investments into the companies working in the population segment with a low income level can be one of the methods allowing to solve effectively a poverty problem. This approach includes this population in economic activity, makes them by full-fledged participants of the market, which benefits to the creation of potential for economic growth and is a key step to getting out of poverty.

The different effects of basic research in enterprises on economic growth: Income-level quantile analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euy-Young Jung ◽  
Xielin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
National Income ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Research Investment

Abstract In the open innovation era, enterprises should conduct more of their own basic research or not rely on contextual factors. We use quantile regression to determine that basic research in the business sector has different effects on economic performance by national income level using thirty-one Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and non-OECD countries including China during 1996–2014. We find that basic research expenditure has a negative relationship with economic growth in low-income countries, whereas in high-income countries, the relationship is positive. Furthermore, the greater the national income, the higher the importance of basic research for economic growth. However, increased absorptive capacity mediates the positive relationship between basic research investment and economic growth in high-income countries, and, in low-income countries, it mediates the negative relationship between the two. In this study, we provide a more detailed understanding of the relationships between basic research investment in the business sector and economic growth.

Remarks from the President of IDA

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-14
Author(s):  
Michael Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cultural Imperialism ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Ultimate Objective ◽  
Rich Countries

The Institute for Development Anthropology is a non-profit scientific and educational organization that specializes in activities relating to Third World economic and social development. The Institute's ultimate objective is the enhancement of human rights among disadvantaged rural and urban peoples in the developing world, by maximizing their participation in programs and projects that are supposed to benefit them. We believe that the social sciences should be informed by a moral purpose, and to the traditional anthropological objection to racism and to cultural imperialism, we add an objection to the oppression of poverty. The Institute rejects the notion that there is an inherent incompatibility between economic growth and social equity, and it rejects the claim that individual liberty is a luxury affordable by rich countries only. We believe that genuine economic growth is facilitated by equity, and that freedom is a necessity for all people. We seek to contribute to development actions that expand opportunities and that increase the ability of low-income populations to make meaningful decisions about the directions of their own lives. For these reasons IDA was organized.

scholarly journals Does more energy consumption support economic growth in net energy-importing countries?

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (42) ◽  
pp. 75-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ömer Esen ◽  
Metin Bayrak
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Content Type

Purpose This study aims to examine the effects of energy consumption on economic growth by means of a panel data analysis of 75 net energy-importing countries for the period 1990 to 2012. Design/methodology/approach For the purpose of the analysis, the countries are classified into two groups, and each group is then classified into subgroups. The first group is formed based on the energy import dependence of the countries and is classified into two subgroups according to whether their dependence is greater than or less than 50 per cent. The second group is formed based on the income level of the countries and is classified into four subgroups, specifically, low-income economies, lower-middle-income economies, upper-middle-income economies and high-income economies. Findings The findings obtained for both panel data and for each country indicate that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between energy consumption and economic growth over the long term such that energy consumption contributes more to economic growth as the import dependence of the country decreases. Moreover, the effect of energy consumption on economic growth decreases as the income level of the country increases. This indicates that the efficient use of energy is as important as energy consumption, which is regarded as an important indicator of economic development. Originality/value The authors expect that these findings will make a valuable contribution to the results of future studies, as they analyze the relationships among the variables by including the energy intensities of the countries.

The Case of the Impoverished Sophisticate: Human Capital and Swedish Economic Growth before World War I

1979 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars G. Sandberg
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
World War I ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Capital Stock ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Growth Spurt ◽  
World War ◽  
Rapid Accumulation ◽  
Short Run

Around 1850 Sweden had a stock of human capital wildly disproportionate to its very low income level. This situation contributed significantly to the speed of the growth spurt that occurred between that time and World War I. In the short run, this large human capital stock allowed Sweden to take fuller advantage of the new opportunities for exports which appeared around 1860. In the longer run Sweden benefited because it is easier to achieve a rapid accumulation of physical than of human capital. The disproportionate early accumulation of human capital is explained in terms of religious, political, and military events of the previous three centuries.

scholarly journals Causal Relationship Between Air Transport and Economic Growth: Evidence from Panel Data for High, Upper-Middle, Lower-Middle and Low-Income Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-43
Author(s):  
Kasım Kiracı ◽  
Mahmut Bakır
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Panel Causality ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Study Panel

This study aims to find out the causal relationship between air transport and economic growth based on income level. To this end, selected countries with high-income, uppermiddle-income, lower-middle-income, and low-income levels were included in the analyses for this study. Focusing on the 1990-2016 period, a total of 70 countries were classified according to their income levels and were analyzed empirically. In the study, panel causality analyzes by Kónya (2006) and Emirmahmutoğlu & Köse (2011) were used. Our findings show that GDP has a certain degree of effect on air transport. They also indicate that the unidirectional or bidirectional causal relationships running from GDP to air transport and air transport to GDP vary by the income level of countries.

scholarly journals Do China’s Urban–Environmental Quality and Economic Growth Conform to the Environmental Kuznets Curve?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13420
Author(s):  
Wenhao Song ◽  
Chunhui Ye ◽  
Yuheng Liu ◽  
Weisong Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Inflection Point ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Second Tier

The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) expresses the relationship between environmental quality and economic growth. Based on the defects of previous studies on EKC using only environmental pollution indicators, this study holds that environmental quality is the result of pollutants after treatment, absorption, and self-purification, including two dimensions of pollution and absorption. Therefore, the environmental pollution and absorption data of 74 key environmental monitoring cities in China from 2005 to 2017 were selected, and a comprehensive index of environmental quality was constructed using the vertical and horizontal grading method. Then, based on the relevant economic growth indicators of these cities, they were divided into first-tier and new first-tier, second-tier, third-tier, and below. It was found that the EKC of the total sample, the first-tier and new first-tier cities, and the second-tier cities presented an inverted N-shape and had passed the second inflection point, where environmental quality continues to improve with the deepening of economic growth. There was no EKC in the third-tier and below cities. The findings have important implications. China can cross the second inflection point of the EKC and improve environmental quality at a low income level. Therefore, by vigorously developing cleaner production technologies and raising residents’ awareness of environmental protection, it is possible to improve environmental quality at a lower income level than expected, which provides a useful reference for other developing countries.

Inter-country inequality as a dynamic process and the problem of post-industrial development

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Grigoryev ◽  
V. A. Pavlyushina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Modern World ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Development Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Post Industrial

The phenomenon of economic growth is studied by economists and statisticians in various aspects for a long time. Economic theory is devoted to assessing factors of growth in the tradition of R. Solow, R. Barrow, W. Easterly and others. During the last quarter of the century, however, the institutionalists, namely D. North, D. Wallis, B. Weingast as well as D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson, have shown the complexity of the problem of development on the part of socioeconomic and political institutions. As a result, solving the problem of how economic growth affects inequality between countries has proved extremely difficult. The modern world is very diverse in terms of development level, and the article offers a new approach to the formation of the idea of stylized facts using cluster analysis. The existing statistics allows to estimate on a unified basis the level of GDP production by 174 countries of the world for 1992—2016. The article presents a structured picture of the world: the distribution of countries in seven clusters, different in levels of development. During the period under review, there was a strong per capita GDP growth in PPP in the middle of the distribution, poverty in various countries declined markedly. At the same time, in 1992—2016, the difference increased not only between rich and poor groups of countries, but also between clusters.

Peculiarities of Modern Dynamics of the Global Economy

2010 ◽  
pp. 78-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Klinov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Long Waves ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Business Taxation ◽  
Modern World ◽  
China And India ◽  
World Economic

Rates and factors of modern world economic growth and the consequences of rapid expansion of the economies of China and India are analyzed in the article. Modification of business cycles and long waves of economic development are evaluated. The need of reforming business taxation is demonstrated.

The world and Russia: Inflation is minimal, economic growth is slowing, risks are rising

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail V. Ershov ◽  
Anna S. Tanasova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Domestic Demand ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Money Creation ◽  
Main Factors

Russian economy has reached the low level of inflation, but economic growth has not accelerated. Moreover, according to official forecasts, in the following years it will still be low. The article concludes that domestic demand, which is one of the main factors of growth, is significantly constrained by monetary, budgetary and fiscal spheres. The situation in the Russian economy is still hampered by the decline of the world economic growth. The prospects of financial markets are highly uncertain. This increases the possibility of crisis in the world. Leading countries widely use non-traditional measures to support their economies in the similar environment. In the world economy as well as in Russia a principally new combination of factors has emerged, which create specific features of economic growth. It requires special set of measures to stimulate such growth. The article proves that Russian regulators have large unused potential to stimulate growth. It includes monetization, long-money creation, budget and tax stimuli. It is important that the instruments, which will be used, should be based on domestic mechanisms. This will strengthen financial basis of the economy and may encourage economic growth. Some specific suggestions as to their use are made.

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