On the financial aspect of final relationship between Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, and King George V

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 1220-1240
Author(s):  
Vladimir D. FETISOV
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
Mechanism Of Formation ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Main Motive ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Economy Globalization ◽  
Financial Aspect

Subject. The article considers the financial aspect of the latest relationship of Nicholas II and George V. It examines underexplored areas of foreign financial and credit activity of Nicholas II, its impact on the fate of the Royal Family and the Russian Empire. Objectives. The purpose is to reveal the mechanism of formation and the role of foreign assets of the Russian Empire in the fate of the Royal Family and Russia, identify the reasons for England's refusal to accept the abdication of Nicholas II. Methods. I apply the works by domestic and foreign scientists, archival records, memoirs of eyewitnesses and members of the Romanov Family and the British Royal Family. The article employs analytical, systems, historical, and statistical approaches. Results. The paper substantiates the version about the royal property in England as a main motive for the refusal of George V to save Nicholas II. It presents a concept of the formation of the main English assets of Nicholas II, shows the reasons and mechanism of formation, consequences and significance for Russia in modern conditions of market economy globalization, offers directions of transformation of modern international economic relations. Conclusions. The paper concludes on causes of ineffective financial and credit policy of the Romanov Family, its negative impact on the socio-economic development of Russia. It describes how to take into account the experience of international financial and credit policy of Nicholas II in modern conditions.

Prerequisites for the reforms of the Russian Empire in the 1860s: a historical analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-2) ◽  
pp. 176-184
Author(s):  
Dmitry Nechevin ◽  
Leonard Kolodkin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Political Economic

The article is devoted to the prerequisites of the reforms of the Russian Empire of the sixties of the nineteenth century, their features, contradictions: the imperial status of foreign policy and the lagging behind the countries of Western Europe in special political, economic relations. The authors studied the activities of reformers and the nobility on the peasant question, as well as legitimate conservatism.

The Russian Empire and the Countries of the African Continent: From the First Contacts to Regular Economic Interaction

2021 ◽  
pp. 216-224
Author(s):  
Aigul R. Nurieva ◽  
◽  
Marat Z. Gibadullin ◽  
Diana I. Zainutdinova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
African Continent ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Empire

The current state of the world economy is characterized by instability and mobility. In the context of a protracted crisis, aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic, competitive contradictions between the leading actors in international economic relations and world politics are exacerbating. Each of them is trying to fix the positions they have won in the world arena, resorting to the tools of economic and military diplomacy to achieve their strategic goals. The confrontation between old and new world leaders of the world economy is being transferred not only to traditional markets, but also to new ones, which were previously on the periphery of their economic interests. The African continent today, like in the nineteenth century, attracts more and more close attention of the leading states of the world. Rich in natural resources, it becomes an arena for the struggle for control over it from the United States, China, and European countries. Taking into account the fact that for Russia the field of foreign economic activity has significantly narrowed in recent years, its return to Africa should become one of the priorities of the national foreign economic strategy. In the above context, it seems relevant to comprehensively study the stages of development of economic relations between Russia and African countries and, based on historical experience, to identify the shortcomings and failures of economic policy in relations with African partners. When writing the article, the authors used general scientific research methods, primarily the dialectical method of cognition, the logical and historical method, deduction and induction, and mathematical methods. In the course of the study, the following results were achieved. (1) Based on the analysis of historical documents, the nature of the economic relations of the Russian Empire with African countries at various stages of their evolution has been determined. It has been established that, at the initial stage of interaction, Russia, in its desire to establish economic contacts with the states in the region, relied on the principle of respect for their sovereignty as independent states, independent subjects of international economic relations; however, at the following stage, associated with the beginning of the colonial division of Africa by the European powers, Russia was forced to passively participate in the colonial aggression against the countries of the region, entering into international agreements with the colonialists on the status of African countries. (2) Based on the processing of statistical data on the foreign trade of the Russian Empire with African countries and territories, a tendency has been revealed that characterizes the gradual curtailment of Russia’s economic activity in this region.

scholarly journals THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE QUARANTINE AND HEALTH POLICY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE XVIII CENTURY

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 671-674
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Shkunov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Unique Experience ◽  
Systemic Nature ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time

The article is devoted to the history and development of the sanitary service in the Russian Empire in the XVIII century, the implementation of state quarantine policy in the territory of a vast state. Special attention is given to legislative measures to ensure relevant measures for the prevention and spread of epidemics and epizootics in connection with the expansion of trade and economic relations of Russia with foreign countries. There was proposed the periodization of state quarantine policies during the XVIII century. The establishment of quarantine at customs houses marked the beginning of a new phase in the implementation of state quarantine policies that have received systemic nature. For the first time in Russian history, there were worked out unified approaches to organizing primary health care. The expansion of trade relations of Russia with foreign countries has caused the need to gather information on the presence of epidemics abroad. With this goal, our diplomats, and the Russian merchants arriving from abroad were obliged to inform the border service of the spread of infectious diseases. The article proves both the level of the development of sanitary and quarantine cases in the XVIII century are not inferior to European. This was due, in particular, the fact that the service in the Russian Empire invited the best physicians from different European countries. Also by the end of the century, Russia has accumulated a unique experience in the sphere of health protection, hygiene, and quarantine. Special attention has been paid to the rules of trade in foodstuffs in the settlements. In the army and navy, there were legally established measures to comply with sanitary-hygienic and preventive requirements. A significant role in health education of the population in the Russian Empire played the Russian Orthodox Church

scholarly journals The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Its Policy Towards the Terek and Dagestan (the Second Half of 1919 – the beginning of 1920)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1140-1173
Author(s):  
Arsen M. Kambiev
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article examines the little-studied and complex issue of relations between the new Caucasian state entities during the collapse of the Russian Empire and the following Civil War. The Revolution of 1917 led to the appearance on the political map of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia of a number of new state entities that fought for the recognition of their sovereignty. However, the political and military chaos in the region hindered both the internal process of consolidation of the self-proclaimed states, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Mountainous Republic of the North Caucasus in particular, and their entry into the international community. The civil war in Russia and the confrontation between the Red and the White forces instigated even more contradictions. Transcaucasian countries, primarily Azerbaijan and Georgia, support both the insurrectionary movement in the Terek-Dagestan region and the leaders of the overthrown Mountainous Republic who stayed in their territory. However, any attempts to create stable allied military, political and economic relations, undertaken by the leaders of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Mountainous Republic, were not successful.

scholarly journals The Issue Of The Central Asian Northern Pilgrimage Route In The Russian-Bukhara Diplomatic Relations In The XVIII Century (On The Example Of The Activities Of Ambassador Ernazar Maqsud Oglu)

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (11) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Tanieva Guldona Mamanovna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Direction ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

In the Middle Ages, Central Asian pilgrims traveled to Mecca in three directions: the North direction ‒ through the Russian Empire, the central direction‒ through the territory of Persia, and the south direction ‒ along roads through India and the Arabian Sea. Therefore, the question of the directions of the Hajj was reflected in the diplomatic correspondence of the Central Asian khanates with Persia, India, the Russian and Ottoman empires тоо. Depending on the political, economic and ideological interests of these states, sometimes pilgrims were given permits to be sent to Mecca through their territories, and sometimes not. The degree of intensity of pilgrimage movements, in most cases, depended on the activities of interstate ambassadors. On the issue of eliminating various prohibitions and obstacles in the movements of pilgrimage roads, the Central Asian ambassadors were active and historical documents reveal these data to us. In this period the Central Asian ambassadors, who were sent to the reception of the governors those neighbor states on other issues, in most cases negotiated precisely on the direction of the Hajj of the Central Asian pilgrims also. One of such far-sighted ambassadors was a rich merchant from Bukhara, who lived in the XVIII c. Ernazar Maksud ogli officially sent several times by the Central Asian rulers to the Russian Empire. In this article analyzes the question of how the problems of the Hajj road were solved at the international diplomatic level by the example of the activities this ambassador. The history of negotiations between Ernazar and the Russian emperors on matters of the northern direction of the Hajj road and their results illuminated on base documents on this issue, which stored in the fund of the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AFPRE). The scientific conclusions of this article serve for an extensive study of the issues of diplomatic and economic relations between the Central Asian khanates and the Russian Empire in the XVIII century, revealing the history of the embassy relations of the khanates and the history of the pilgrimage of the Hajj of the Central Asian people and the features of the directions of roads from Central Asia to Mecca.

scholarly journals The origin and formation of socio-economic relations between Russia and Armenia

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-250
Author(s):  
Valery Vitalevich Safarian
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Comprehensive Development ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article, dedicated to the 190th anniversary of the accession of Western Armenia to the Russian Empire, is aimed at drawing attention to the monumentality of this historical event, characterized by the comprehensive development of Russian-Armenian relations. It focuses on such important aspects as the possibility of compromises in the process of allied associations for the benefit of further cooperation, the construction of joint socio-economic steps, the development of a common cultural heritage, defense, etc. An important part of the article is the consideration of the evolution of Russian-Armenian relations up to the beginning of the 21st century including the main milestones and events that influenced the relations under consideration are highlighted.

scholarly journals IN THE XVIII-XIX CENTURY AND THE POLICY OF TSARIST RUSSIA IN KAZAKHSTAN CONSEQUENCES OF INFLUENCE ON THE STRUCTURE OF TRADITIONAL KAZAKH SOCIETY

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
U.K. Zhangaliev ◽  
◽  
K.B. Bolatova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Influence ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Traditional Structure ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Traditional Economy

During the period of colonial policy in the Russian Empire, the influence on the Kazakh land is reflected, as well as the main results of changes in the mechanism of adaptation and ways of countering the traditional structure of Kazakh society during the period of colonization. The role of the colonial policy of the Empire is described in the XVIII - XIX centuries with administrative and political reforms carried out by tsarist Russia in Kazakhstan. At the same time, the ethno – social structure of the Kazakh society has undergone significant changes in the system of socio-economic relations, changing all the realities of the traditional economy. During the first half of the XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries, the political influence of a significant social group of warriors - batyrs was explained in Kazakh society. The article uses sorting, analysis, and comparison methods. The article presents new sources and reviews the works of the first and modern researchers.

To Nicholas II's deposits held with the English banks

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2215-2229
Author(s):  
V.D. Fetisov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Real Situation ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
Globalized Economy ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Foreign Loans ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Imperial Family

Subject. The article focuses on unknown aspects of foreign financial and credit operations of the Russian Empire. Objectives. The article attempts to unfold the mechanism and role of foreign loans taken by the imperial family from perspectives of modern Russia. What distinguished the economic policy of Nicholas II? Why did relatives, clergy, noblemen and military elite of Russia turn their backs to the Emperor? I try to bridge the gap between the traditional perception and real situation with respect to loans of the last Emperor of Russia. Methods. I relied upon proceedings of the Russian and foreign scholars, archives, memoirs of contemporaries and those who were close to the Romanovs. What makes the study complicated is the secrecy of materials and information on the imperial family’s financial position. The article involves the analytical, systems, historical and statistical methods of research. Results. I set forth my own concept of key deposits made by Nicholas II with the English banks, reveals reasons and mechanisms for placing them, and describe the consequences and the significance for Russia in the current circumstances of the globalized economy. I also suggest how modern credit relations should be transformed. Conclusions and Relevance. The article provides my conclusions about causes of the ineffective financial and credit policy of the Romanovs, its negative effect on Russia's socio-economic development. As a conclusion, I suggest considering the financial and credit policy of the Russian tzars and Nicholas II from contemporary perspectives. The article justifies the hypothesis that the Turkish contribution as a result of the 1878–1879 Russo-Turkish War became the basis for making secret deposits of the Russian emperors with the English banks. I also make some guess about their use.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Disciplinary Liability of Civil Servants in the Russian Empire

2020 ◽  
pp. 007-017
Author(s):  
M. B. Dobrobaba ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Exhaustive List

The article considers disciplinary liability of officials of the Russian Empire from the point of view of assessing the effectiveness of its application. The author concludes that the establishment of an exhaustive list of disciplinary offences in the 19th century legislation was primarily due to the fact that disciplinary liability had not yet been separated from criminal liability, had a negative impact on it as a means of influencing the conduct of officials. Thus, the existence of an exhaustive list of disciplinary offences made it difficult to impose effective disciplinary measures on officials who did not fully cope with their work, but whose actions did not fall within any particular composition. At the same time, certain rules on disciplinary liability of that period deserve attention and the experience of their use can be taken into account at present. In particular, the legislation of the Russian Empire flexibly regulated the admission to public service of persons dismissed on guilty grounds: depending on the penalty applied, they could re-enter the service immediately; three years after the enforcement of the penalty, or have been deprived of that right. The article justifies that this experience can still be applied to public servants dismissed for loss of trust.

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