A Bio-Inspired Concept for Information Security Modelling

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
O. S. Ogundele ◽  
B. K. Alese ◽  
O. O. Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Information Security ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Skin Layer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Security Model ◽  
Secure Information ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
And Algebra

Bio-inspired models for information security were designed to demonstrate the performances by which biology achieves security. Existing research focuses on borrowing partial ideas from biological systems to resolve some facet of information security in a network environment, such as intrusion detection and fault tolerance. This work uses the bio-inspired concept of the body system to demonstrate an information security model that makes use of the immune system. The white blood cells (leucocytes) produce the antibodies (lymphocyte) that fight against all antigens (foreign materials) and kill them. The skin layer of the body contains keratin that prevents microorganisms from penetrating the body. The authors relate the processes in biological systems to information security using mechanisms of the immune system in molecular biology as the key paradigm. Theory of set and algebra were used to describe the relationship between the immune system and the information security model. A simple simulator was developed to demonstrate the operation of the designed bio-inspired model. Although the simulator was tested with assumed data, the work offered insight into how the immune system of biology can be adapted to design and implement a more secure information security system.

A Bio-Inspired Concept for Information Security Modelling

2013 ◽  
pp. 247-262
Author(s):  
O. S. Ogundele ◽  
B. K. Alese ◽  
O. O. Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Information Security ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Skin Layer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Security Model ◽  
Secure Information ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
And Algebra

Bio-inspired models for information security were designed to demonstrate the performances by which biology achieves security. Existing research focuses on borrowing partial ideas from biological systems to resolve some facet of information security in a network environment, such as intrusion detection and fault tolerance. This work uses the bio-inspired concept of the body system to demonstrate an information security model that makes use of the immune system. The white blood cells (leucocytes) produce the antibodies (lymphocyte) that fight against all antigens (foreign materials) and kill them. The skin layer of the body contains keratin that prevents microorganisms from penetrating the body. The authors relate the processes in biological systems to information security using mechanisms of the immune system in molecular biology as the key paradigm. Theory of set and algebra were used to describe the relationship between the immune system and the information security model. A simple simulator was developed to demonstrate the operation of the designed bio-inspired model. Although the simulator was tested with assumed data, the work offered insight into how the immune system of biology can be adapted to design and implement a more secure information security system.

scholarly journals Developing AIDS – The Dangerous Conjugation and Transformation of HIV : An In-depth Analysis

1970 ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
K Bulbul Sarwar
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Aids

HIV/AIDS spreads so quickly and so destructively that it supersedes all disasters ever attacks human civilization. No branch of scientists can declare them aloof or abstain from it. So the agriculturists are very closely concern with its research-issues, nutritional remedies and agro-based care. We know, HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It is the virus that causes AIDS. A member of a group of viruses called retroviruses, HIV infects human cells and uses the energy and nutrients provided by those cells to grow and reproduce. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is a disease in which the body's immune system breaks down and is unable to fight off infections, known as "opportunistic infections," and other illnesses that take advantage of a weakened immune system. Opportunistic infections are various in types and it needs not only the care from health professionals rather it deserves agriculturists, nutritionists and social scientists to combat together. When a person is infected with HIV, the virus enters the body and lives and multiplies primarily in the white blood cells. These are immune cells that normally protect us from disease. The hallmark of HIV infection is the progressive loss of a specific type of immune cell called T-helper, or CD4 cells. As the virus grows, it damages or kills these and other cells, weakening the immune system and leaving the person vulnerable to various opportunistic infections and other illnesses ranging from pneumonia to cancer. Understanding how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) works inside the human cell gives all scientists important ways about how to attack it at its most vulnerable points and clues to start research. Knowing the secrets of how the virus functions and reproduces itself -- a process called its ‘life-cycle'- can help scientists design new drugs and nutritional supplements those are more effective at suppressing HIV and support the affected lives. This study will draw a clear and easy-to-understand picture for every scientist, obviously the agriculturists too, being alert and keeping their lives safe from this fatal conjugation of HIV and help to invent natural and/or plant remedies to prevent or suspend HIV's aggression, as long as we concern. Key words: HIV, AIDS, retro virus, HIV viral transformation. DOI = 10.3329/jard.v5i1.1473 J Agric Rural Dev 5(1&2), 157-166, June 2007

scholarly journals Hormonal Contraception and the Development of Autoimmunity: A Review of the Literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
William V. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Interstitial Cystitis ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Increased Risk

Estrogens and progestins are known to have profound effects on the immune system and may modulate the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. A comprehensive literature search was carried out using PubMed for any of 153 autoimmune disease terms and the terms contraception, contraceptive, or their chemical components with limits of Humans + Title or Abstract. Over 1,800 titles were returned and scanned, 352 papers retrieved and reviewed in depth and an additional 70 papers retrieved from the bibliographies. Based on this review, substantial evidence exists linking the use of combined oral contraceptives to a lower incidence of hyperthyroidism, an increase in multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and interstitial cystitis. Progesterone only contraceptives are linked to progesterone dermatitis and in one large developing world concurrent cohort study are associated with increases in arthropathies and related disorders, eczema and contact dermatitis, pruritis and related conditions, alopecia, acne, and urticaria. Hormonal contraceptives modulate the immune system and may influence the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases with significant increases in risk for several autoimmune diseases. Summary Hormonal contraceptives (HCs), such as the “pill,” Norplant, and vaginal rings, are very potent hormones that have effects on the immune system, which is made up of white blood cells and lymph nodes and normally defends the body against invading bacteria, viruses and parasites. This review looked at the association of HC use to the development of autoimmune diseases, where the immune system turns against the body and causes damage to organs. There is good evidence that HC use is associated with an increased risk of several serious autoimmune diseases such as Crohn's disease (which causes inflammation of the bowels), Lupus (which causes inflammation in many organs), and interstitial cystitis (which causes inflammation in the bladder). Several other rarer autoimmune diseases are also linked to HC use. People contemplating the use of HCs should be informed of these risks.

Dietary Determinants Of The White Blood Cell Count

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 1705-1705
Author(s):  
Pauline D Balkaransingh ◽  
David Wheeler ◽  
Yi Ning ◽  
Marieka A. Helou ◽  
Gita Massey
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
White Blood Cell ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Subsequent Decrease ◽  
Wbc Count

Abstract Introduction White blood cells are key components of the immune system. They defend the body against a host of diseases and infections. Various studies have explored the possible influence of dietary nutrients on the white blood cell (WBC) count. If it can be demonstrated that nutrients affect the WBC count, they may offer an inexpensive way of modulating the immune system and in turn, the body's ability to fight against disease and infection. The sample sizes of previous studies, however, have been relatively small. The results have therefore been variable and conflicting. The purpose of this study is to continue to explore the dietary determinants of the WBC count, using a database that allows for a larger sample size, the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Health Survey (NHANES). Methods The main outcome variable, WBC count, was recoded to the normal range for ages ≥ 18 years, of 4-11(±2). This was done in order to account for extreme values; particularly high and low values secondary to disease or infection. The population means and 95% confidence intervals were obtained using the statistical weights for the key variables of interest (Table 1). Multiple linear regression and backward elimination were used to predict the final model (Table 2). Variables with p < 0.1 were kept in the model. SAS 9.3 was used for all statistical analyses. Results Associations for age, gender, race and Body Mass Index (BMI) and WBC count, were consistent with previous studies and were all statistically significant (p< 0.0001). It has been shown that more intense physical activity usually leads to an increase in the WBC count. In this study, however, more vigorous forms of activity were associated with a lower WBC count (p < 0.0001). Increases in dietary copper and iron were associated with a subsequent decrease in the WBC count (Table 2, p < 0.05). An increase in vitamin K was also associated with a decrease in WBC count, however, it was not statistically significant (Table 2, p > 0.05). Increases in vitamin B1 were associated with an increase in WBC count (p < 0.05). Conclusion The results of this study suggest that further prospective studies are needed to investigate the role of these nutrients as determinants of the WBC count. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Basic concepts in clinical immunology: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-496
Author(s):  
Andrew Nakibinge Kiboneka
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Infection Pattern

Immunity is the state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances(antigens). Host defence mechanisms consist of innate immunity (natural immunity), which mediates the initial protection against infections, and adaptive immunity (specific/acquired immunity), which develops more slowly and provides more specialized and more effective defence against infections. The immune system evolved to protect multicellular organisms against pathogens. The body is protected against pathogens by a variety of effector cells and molecules that together make up the immune system. All the cellular elements of blood, including the red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells of the immune system, ultimately derive from the hematopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow. The cells of the adaptive immune system consist of lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells and effector cells that eliminate microbes. Strategies of avoidance, and tolerance represent different ways of dealing with pathogens. Anatomic barriers and chemical barriers e.g complement and antimicrobial proteins may be considered as primary forms of avoidance.Macrophages,neutrophils and dendritic cells are important cells that that detect infection. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize simple molecules and regular patterns of molecular structures called pathogen associated molecular patterns. Some PRR are transmembrane proteins e.g Toll like receptors (TLRs). Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way of protecting people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Inappropriate immune responses can result into hypersensitivity, autoimmune disease or immune deficiency.

scholarly journals Monoklonal Antikorlar ve Tedavide Kullanımı

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-530
Author(s):  
Muhammet Mükerrem Kaya ◽  
Hidayet Tutun
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Immune System ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hybrid Cells ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
Natural Barriers

Immune system is the basic defense system that protects the body against disease causing pathogens. The immun system use the most effective mechanisms and protects body against foreign materials called antigen. The antigens encounter primarily natural barriers. The antigens that cross natural barriers encounter immune cells in organs such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus. In the first stage, macrophages and phagocytes become active, and in the next stage, B and T lymphocytes are involved in the process. Antibodies produced by B lymphocytes form one of the most important defense mechanism in immune system. This importance of antibody molecules in the immun system has led to scientists work in the field. In 1975, Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein combined B lymphocytes from mice immunized with sheep red blood cells with the infinite growth of mouse myeloma cells to obtain monoclonal antibody-producing hybrid cells and paving the way for the development of therapeutic antibodies. This hybrid cells have ability to produce monoclonal antibodies just binding only to the desired antigen. Monoclonal antibodies have been used in many areas such as diagnosis, treatment and biochemical analysis of diseases worlwide. Nowadays, studies on monoclonal antibody-based treatment and treatment options are still ongoing. This review will focus on monoclonal antibodies and their uses in therapy.

1. What is the immune system?

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Paul Klenerman
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
System P ◽  
Lymphoid Structures ◽  
Complex Activities

The immune system resists threats from outside as well as from within the body. ‘What is the immune system?’ considers the basic mechanisms of immunity and describes the specific structures in the immune system where more complex activities take place. The critical cells—‘white blood cells’ or leukocytes—are generated in the bone marrow. Leukocytes are highly diverse, each with its own specialist function, but broadly divided into the myeloid (develops in the marrow) and the lymphoid (develops in lymphoid structures including the thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen) leukocyte. We have both ‘innate’ (which we are born with) and ‘adaptive’ (which encompasses learned, very specific responses to individual infections) immunity.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Awareness about Natural Immune Booster Among General Public

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL3) ◽  
pp. 1156-1164
Author(s):  
Sree lakshmi S B ◽  
Geetha R V
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
General Public ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Natural Remedies

The immune system plays a vital role in protecting the body against diseases, fighting against foreign bodies and does a remarkable job in defending against microorganism and distinguishing bodies' own health issues and protecting them from infectious agents. Natural immune boosters are the product, which helps in boosting the immune system. Even some pharmaceutical preparation includes medicinal plants as they are compound extract again is a variety of diseases. Ayurvedic theory states that balance between the humours of the body that is “vayu, pitta and kaffa” leads to healthy living. The bottom line Herbs have been used as natural remedies like mouthwash, toothpaste, etc. since ancient times. An online survey was conducted among 100 general public to assess their knowledge and awareness about natural immune boosters. The online survey includes 15 questions based on immune boosters. The Results said that about 97% are aware of immune boosters and also about 95% think it's important to boost immunity. A total of hundred people of Chennai, Kancheepuram and Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu attended this survey. In the study, we observe that about 97 % of them are aware of natural boosters, and 95 % say it is important to boost their immunity. Eating a low-fat, plant-based diet may help give the immune system to boost. The immune system relies on white blood cells that produce antibodies to combat bacteria, viruses, and other invaders.

A Novel Information Security Model for Securing Information Systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 685 ◽  
pp. 493-496
Author(s):  
Xia Yang
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Information Security ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Security Model ◽  
Current Information ◽  
Secure Information ◽  
Development Lifecycle ◽  
And Control

Securing information system in current information era is very important task. This paper presents a novel security model in order to secure sensitive information systems. This model combines protection, detection, recovery and control mechanisms to secure information system in their development lifecycle, which is more effective than the traditional ones.

scholarly journals Biomaterials-Based Modulation of the Immune System

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin B. Gardner ◽  
Simon K. C. Lee ◽  
Elliot C. Woods ◽  
Abhinav P. Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antigen Delivery ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
Molecular Signals

The immune system is traditionally considered from the perspective of defending against bacterial or viral infections. However, foreign materials like implants can also illicit immune responses. These immune responses are mediated by a large number of molecular signals, including cytokines, antibodies and reactive radical species, and cell types, including macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, T-cells, B-cells, and dendritic cells. Most often, these molecular signals lead to the generation of fibrous encapsulation of the biomaterials, thereby shielding the body from these biomaterials. In this review we will focus on two different types of biomaterials: those that actively modulate the immune response, as seen in antigen delivery vehicles for vaccines, and those that illicit relatively small immune response, which are important for implantable materials. The first serves to actively influence the immune response by co-opting certain immune pathways, while the second tries to mimic the properties of the host in an attempt to remain undetected by the immune system. As these are two very different end points, each type of biomaterial has been studied and developed separately and in recent years, many advances have been made in each respective area, which will be highlighted in this review.

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