scholarly journals KAJIAN TERHADAP KADAR IMUNOGLOBULIN A (IgA) SERUM YANG DIINDUKSI OLAHRAGA PADA PAGI HARI Penelitian pada Rattus novergicus (Sprague Dawley)

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivonny M. Sapulete
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Medium Intensity ◽  
Circardian Rhythm

Abstract: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a glycoprotein molecule which is produced by plasma cells. It functions as an antibody and the first line defender towards assorted pathogens that get into the body. Physical exercise is influenced by circardian rhythm. This circardian rhythm causes physiological changes in the body including the immune system. Doing physical exercise in the morning decreases the level of IgA serum due to the increase of cortisol hormone. IgA secretion is influenced by physical exercise which depends on the intensity, time of duration, and type of physical exercise. The physical exercise of medium intensity increases glutamine production due to glutaminase enzyme causing proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. These B lymphocytes secrete IgA resulting in the increase of immune system. However, the physical exercise of heavy intensity degrades the production of glutamine, therefore, lymphocyte proliferation decreases resulting in the decrease of IgA secretion. This decrease of IgA secretion is caused by the existence of stress, cortisol hormone, and oxidative stress. Conclusion: Regular physical exercise of medium intensity can prevent the decrease of IgA serum level in Rattus Novergicus (Sprague Dawley) rats in the morning.Keywords: physical exercise, IgAAbstrak: Imunoglobulin A (IgA) adalah molekul glikoprotein yang dihasilkan oleh sel plasma yang berfungsi sebagai antibodi dan garis pertahanan pertama terhadap berbagai macam patogen yang masuk ke dalam tubuh. Olahraga dipengaruhi oleh irama sirkardian. Irama sirkardian ini menyebabkan perubahan dalam tubuh termasuk sistem kekebalan. Olahraga pada pagi hari menurunkan kadar IgA serum karena adanya peningkatan hormon korisol. Sekresi IgA dipengaruhi oleh olahraga yang tergantung dari intensitas, durasi dan jenis olahraga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran kadar IgA setelah olahraga intensitas sedang dan berat. Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental murni dengan pre post control group design. Sampel yang digunakan ialah 15 ekor Rattus novergicus (Sprague Dawley) berjenis kelamin jantan, usia 12 minggu, dan berat badan 200-300g. Sampel dibagi atas 3 kelompok: kelompok kontrol (K1), kelompok olahraga intensitas sedang (K2), dan kelompok olahraga intensitas berat (K3). Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan selisih kadar IgA (%) setelah olahraga terbesar pada K1 (-15,8±6,3), diikuti oleh K3 (-12,5±18,7), dan K2 (-2,2±26,2). Simpulan: Olahraga teratur intensitas sedang dapat mengurangi penurunan kadar IgA serum tikus Rattus novergicus (Sprague Dawley) pada pagi hari.Kata kunci: olahraga, IgA

PENGARUH MENGKONSUMSI GULA AREN (Arenga pinnata) SEBELUM OLAHRAGA TERHADAP DAYA TAHAN OTOT

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Cecep Muhammad Alawi ◽  
Hamidie Ronald Daniel Ray
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Muscular Endurance ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Squat Jump ◽  
Jump Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Palm Sugar

Two kinds of carbohydrates that are used with the body as energy, is blood glucose and muscular glycogen. Savings glycogen in muscular is one of the factors that is affecting muscular endurance when physical exercise. The aim of this study is to find out the significant influence of consuming palm sugar to muscular endurance before physical exercise. The method that is used in this study is to experiment with design pretest-posttest control group design. Total of sample of this study is 18 trained mans that is divided into three groups. The first experiment group is given palm sugar that is dissolved in water, the second experiment group is given sugar that is dissolved in water, and the control group is given mineral water. The instrument of this study is used push up test, sit up test, and squat jump test to measures the upper muscular endurance, middle, and bottom. All of the samples have done pretest and posttest in different day. When posttest, all of the sample is consumed beverage based on the treatment 30 minutes before do the posttest. Data analysis by Paired Sample t-test and continued by One Way ANOVA to see the influence and comparison between groups. The result of this study has showed that there is a significant difference, the raising of muscular endurance is proved by the score (sig) 0.00>0.05, which the highest increasing is the palm sugar group. Therefore, it could be concluded that there is a significant influence of consuming palm sugar to muscular endurance before physical exercise.

scholarly journals Pengaruh pemberian vitamin E terhadap kadar neutrofil setelah latihan fisik

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristo Warong ◽  
Damajanty H.C. Pangemanan ◽  
Joice N.A. Engka
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Test Control

Absract: Physical exercise can improve and maintain physical fitness. However, physical exercise can lead to oxidative stress that can reduce the activity of antioxidants. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that could free radicals in the body. Neutrophils play an active role in the process of phagocytosis of bacteria and other microorganisms the damaged tissue caused by tissue injury. This study was aimed to obtain the effect of vitamin E on neutrophil count after physical exercise. This was a field experimental study with a pre post test control group design. Data were analyzed with the Mann Whitney U (α = 0.05). The physical exercise was playing futsal for 60 minutes. Respondents were 30 male respondents divided into 2 groups: treatment and control groups. The levels of neutrophils were examined after physical exercise and after the administration of vitamin E 400 IU for seven days. Data analysis of the effect of vitamin E on neutrophil level after physical exercise showed a p value of 0.031. Conclusion: Vitamin E influenced the levels of neutrophils after physical exercise.Keywords: physical exercise, oxidative stress, vitamin E, neutrophil Abstrak: Latihan fisik merupakan aktivitas yang dilakukan seseorang untuk meningkatkan atau memelihara kebugaran tubuh. Latihan fisik dapat menimbulkan stres oksidatif sehingga dapat menurunkan aktivitas antioksidan. Vitamin E merupakan antioksidan yang larut dalam lemak dan berfungsi untuk mengurangi radikal bebas yang terdapat dalam tubuh. Neutrofil berperan aktif dalam proses fagositosis bakteri, mikroorganisme, dan membersihkan sisa jaringan rusak yang disebabkan oleh cedera jaringan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh vitamin E terhadap kadar neutrofil setelah latihan fisik. Jenis penelitian ialah eksperimental lapangan dengan pre post test control group design. Untuk menguji signifikansi penelitian digunakan uji Mann Whitney U (α = 0,05). Latihan fisik berupa olahraga futsal selama 60 menit dilakukan oleh 30 responden laki-laki yang dibagi dalam 2 kelompok yaitu perlakuan dan kontrol. Kadar neutrofil diukur setelah latihan fisik dan setelah pemberian vitamin E 400 IU selama 7 hari. Hasil statistik menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh bermakna dari vitamin E pada kelompok perlakuan (p=0,031). Simpulan: Terdapat pengaruh vitamin E terhadap kadar neutrofil setelah latihan fisik. Kata kunci: latihan fisik, stres oksidatif, vitamin E, neutrofil

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Susu Coklat Terhadap Kadar F2Isoprostan pada Siswa di Pusat Pendidikan dan Latihan Olahraga Pelajar (PPLP) Sumatera Barat

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dezi Ilham ◽  
Afriwardi Afriwardi ◽  
Eti Yerizel
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Milk Chocolate ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
Before And After

Abstrak Latihan fisik yang berlebihan dapat meningkatkan produksi radikal bebas di dalam tubuh. Peningkatan radikalbebas ini kalau tidak dinetralisasi oleh antioksidan di dalam tubuh, maka terjadilah stres oksidatif yang dapatmenyebabkan terjadinya peroksidasi lipid, sehingga menghasilkan produk senyawa F2-isoprostan yang dapatberdampak terhadap berbagai masalah kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan pengaruhpemberian susu coklat terhadap kadar F2-isoprostan. Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimental pre and post test controlgrup design terhadap 36 siswa atlet, yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi. Subjek dibagi dua kelompok yaituyang diberikan perlakuan susu coklat dan kontrol susu putih. Susu diminum setelah latihan fisik rutin atlet sebanyaksatu kali sehari selama 15 hari. Kadar F2-isoprostan dinilai sebelum dan sesudah secara ELISA. Data dianalisisdengan paired sample t-Test, bermakna bila p<0,05. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rerata kadar F2-isoprostan sebelumperlakuan pada kelompok susu coklat adalah 65,98±14,61 pg/ml dan sesudah perlakuan adalah 45,55±13,74 pg/ml.Rerata kadar F2-isoprostan sebelum perlakuan pada kelompok kontrol susu putih adalah 54,24±20,44 pg/ml dansesudah perlakuan adalah 48,80±20,23 pg/ml. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh ada pengaruh yang bermakna dari reratakadar F2-isoprostan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan baik pada kelompok perlakuan susu coklat dan kelompok kontrolsusu putih.Kata kunci: latihan fisik, radikal bebas, F2-isoprostan, susu coklatAbstract Excessive physical exercise can increase the production of free radicals in the body. The increase in freeradicals if not neutralized by antioxidants in the body and it caused oxidative stress which can cause lipid peroxidation,resulting in F2-isoprostane product compounds that can affect a variety of health problems. The objective of this studywas to determine the influence of milk chocolate on F2-isoprostane levels. This study was an experimental pre andpost test control group design to the 36 student athletes, who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjectswere divided in two groups: the treatment given milk chocolate and white milk is given control, drunk after a routinephysical exercise athlete, once a day for 15 days. F2-isoprostane levels were assessed before (pre) and after (post) byELISA, the data were analyzed by Paired Sample t-Test, significant if p <0.05. The results showed average levels ofF2-isoprostane before treatment group was 65.98 ± chocolate milk 14.61 pg / ml and after treatment was 45.55 ±13.74 pg / ml. Average F2-isoprostane levels before treatment in the control group was 54.24 ± white milk 20.44 pg /ml and after treatment was 48.80 ± 20.23 pg / ml. There is a significant influence on the mean levels of F2-isoprostaneboth before and after treatment in the treatment group and the control group of milk chocolate and white milkKeywords: physical exercise, free radicals, f2-isoprostane, milk chocolate

scholarly journals PENGARUH MENGKONSUMSI GULA AREN (Arenga pinnata) SEBELUM OLAHRAGA TERHADAP DAYA TAHAN OTOT

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Cecep Muhammad Alawi ◽  
Hamidie Ronald Daniel Ray
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Muscular Endurance ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Squat Jump ◽  
Jump Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Palm Sugar

Two kinds of carbohydrates that are used with the body as energy, is blood glucose and muscular glycogen. Savings glycogen in muscular is one of the factors that is affecting muscular endurance when physical exercise. The aim of this study is to find out the significant influence of consuming palm sugar to muscular endurance before physical exercise. The method that is used in this study is to experiment with design pretest-posttest control group design. Total of sample of this study is 18 trained mans that is divided into three groups. The first experiment group is given palm sugar that is dissolved in water, the second experiment group is given sugar that is dissolved in water, and the control group is given mineral water. The instrument of this study is used push up test, sit up test, and squat jump test to measures the upper muscular endurance, middle, and bottom. All of the samples have done pretest and posttest in different day. When posttest, all of the sample is consumed beverage based on the treatment 30 minutes before do the posttest. Data analysis by Paired Sample t-test and continued by One Way ANOVA to see the influence and comparison between groups. The result of this study has showed that there is a significant difference, the raising of muscular endurance is proved by the score (sig) 0.00>0.05, which the highest increasing is the palm sugar group. Therefore, it could be concluded that there is a significant influence of consuming palm sugar to muscular endurance before physical exercise.

scholarly journals The Effect of Black Garlic (Allium sativum Linn) on Cardiac and Aortic Histopathology in Experimental Studies in Obesity Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-68
Author(s):  
Andreas Arie Setiawan ◽  
Fairuz Azmila Purnomo ◽  
Vega Karlowee ◽  
Noor Wijayahadi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
White Rats

ABSTRACTBackground: Obesity is a disorder or disease characterized by the accumulation of excess fat in the body due to an imbalance in energy intake that is used for a long time. Accumulation of fat can reduce adiponectin, causing cardiac hypertrophy, endothelial vasodilation, and other cardiovascular diseases. Black garlic have high antioxidants in the form of S-Allylcysteine(SAC) which functions to increase adiponectin. Objective: To determine the effect of Black garlic on the histopathological picture of the heart and aorta of obese rats. Methods: This study was an experimental study with a randomized post-test only design with control group design with 5 groups of male white rats Sprague Dawley (Rattus novergicus) fed High Fat Fructose. Diet (HFFD) enriched with 1.25% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid for 8 weeks and was given black garlic intervention at doses of 450 mg / 200BW, 900mg / 200BW and 1350mg200 / BW for 4 weeks. Results: Giving black garlic significantly reduced body weight of rats (p = 0.001), and the results did not significantly reduce heart weight (p = 0.147), aortic weight (p = 0.061), histopathological changes in heart wall thickness (p = 0.423) and aortic wall thickness (p = 0.802). The effective doses of black garlic in this study were 450 mg / 200 grams BW, 900 mg / 200 grams rat BW and 1350 mg / 200 grams BW of rats. The optimal dose is 900 mg / 200 grams BW. Conclusion: Black garlic gave a significant reduction in body weight of rats and no significant reduction in heart weight, aortic weight, cardiac and aortic histopathological features. 

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Glutamin pada Kemampuan Fagositosis Makrofag terhadap Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daslina Daslina ◽  
Eryati Darwin ◽  
Aziz Djamal
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test

Abstrak Pseudomonas aeruginosa adalah bakteri penyebab infeksi terbanyak yang resisten terhadap antibiotik. Glutamin adalah asam amino yang terdapat dalam tubuh yang salah satu fungsinya dapat memodulasi imunitas tubuh. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan potensi glutamin dalam meningkatkan kemampuan sistem imun terhadap infeksi P. aeruginosa. Penelitian eksperimental dengan post test only control group design telah dilakukan terhadap 24 ekor mencit usia 6-8 minggu dengan berat 30 gr. Mencit dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok, yaitu kontrol (K) danperlakuan (P) yang diberi glutamin dengan dosis 30 mg/kg/hari selama 14 hari. Isolasi makrofag peritoneum mencit dilakukan pada hari ke-15 dan dilakukan uji fagositosis menggunakan latex dan bakteri P. aeruginosa. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap persentase makrofag aktif terhadap latex dan P. aeruginosa. Hasil pengamatan dan analisisstatistik menggunakan metode t-test menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antara kontrol dan perlakuan (p<0.05). Persentase makrofag aktif terhadap latex adalah 0,63 ± 0,058 (K) dan 0,84 ± 0,04 (P), sedangkan terhadap P. aeruginosa adalah 0,56± 0,07 (K) dan 0,80± 0,03 (P). Terlihat bahwa angka persentase fagositosis terhadap P.aeruginosa lebih kecil karena adanya kemampuan bakteri untuk menghadapi makrofag dibandingkan latex. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa asam amino non-esensial glutamin memiliki pengaruh untuk meningkatkan kemampuan sistem imun tubuh. Kata kunci: glutamin, fagositosis makrofag, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common cause of bacterial infections that are resistant to antibiotics. Glutamine is an amino acid  in the body that able to modulate the body's immune function. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of glutamine in enhancing the ability of the immune system against infection of P.aeruginosa. Experimental research with post test only control group design was conducted on 24 male minutes 6-8 weeks of age weighing 30 grams. Mice were divided into two groups: control (K) and treatment (P) are given glutamine at a dose of 30 mg / kg / day for 14 days. Isolation of peritoneal macrophages of mice performed on day-15 and testedusing latex and bacterial phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa. Observations were made of the percentage of activated macrophages toward latex and P. aeruginosa. The observation result and statistical analysis using t -test showed a significant difference between the control and treatment (p <0.05). The percentage of active macrophages to latex was0.63 ± 0.058 (K) and 0.84 ± 0.04 (P), while to P. aeruginosa is 0.56 ± 0.07 (K) and 0.80 ± 0.03 (P). That seein it percentage of phagocytosis against P. aeruginosa smaller than compared to latex. Because of the ability of bacteria to confront macrophages. The conclusion from this study is a non-essensial amino acid glutamine has the effect to increase the ability of the body's immune system. Keywords: glutamin, immunity phagocytosis macrophage, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 

scholarly journals Physical Exercises By Giving Glutathione for Changes of Leukocytes, Neutrophils, and Lymphocytes Amounts

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
Tuty Yanuarti ◽  
Sugiharto Sugiharto
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Profile Measurement ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
The Third ◽  
Physical Exercises ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
Age Range

Physical exercise changes the antibody endurance of each person. This study aims to determine in depth changes in the number of leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes using physical exercise after being given glutathione. The method used experimentally using a posttest randomized control group design. The study was conducted in three groups where each group consisting of men and women who are in the age range of 20-30 years. Each group consisted of 10 people (n), K1 was given a placebo, K2 was given glutathione 54 mg / kg BW, K3 given 108 mg / kg BW. All treatments are given intraperitoneally twice a day until the third day. Maximum physical exercise is swimming. On the third day after 3 hours of treatment (placebo or glutathione), then participants take a leukocyte profile measurement. The findings show that the number of leukocytes: K2> K1; P = 0.005; K2 - K3; P = 0.168; - K3; P 0.105, neutrophils: Kl, K2 and K3 are not different, even though K2 is highest, lymphocyte: K2> K1; P = 0.003, K1 - K3 and K2 - K3 is not different even though K2 is highest. The conclusion of this study is the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes treated with glutathione 54 mg / kg BW (K2) is significantly higher than K1 after strenuous physical exercise. Thus, the content of glutathione must be balanced with the body’s needs so that the body is healthy and is able to do the heavy activities.

scholarly journals Effectiveness Of Balance Physical Exercise And Muscle Strength About Fall Incident Elderly In Rensing Raya Village, West Sakra District, East Lombok Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 524-535
Author(s):  
M Miftahuzzubaidi
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Paired T Test

Balance exercise is one of the exercises that can be applied to the elderly. This exercise is a physical activity that is done to improve the stability of the body by increasing muscle strength in the legs. Muscle strength is a driving force for movement in completing tasks and can reduce falls especially for the elderly. A fall event is an event reported by a patient or witness, who sees an incident resulting in a person suddenly lying / sitting on the lower floor / place with or without loss of consciousness or injury. This type of research is quantitative, with a Quasi Experimental research design with a Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design approach. The sampling technique used is non probability sampling: purposive sampling with a sample of 34 respondents. data analysis techniques using paired t test. Based on the results of multivariate analysis paired t test on the fall event variable for the treatment group, the results obtained p value 0.006 <0.05. it means that there is a significant effect after being given the treatment of physical exercise balance and muscle strength on the incidence of falls in the elderly. Whereas in the control group, the result was p value 0.018 <0.05. it means that there is a significant effect after being given another treatment, namely gymnastics in the elderly towards the event of falling in the elderly. Balance and muscle strength training is very effective in reducing the number of falls in the elderly. Whereas the control group given elderly exercise also had the effectiveness to reduce the incidence of falls in the elderly. In an effort to reduce the incidence of falls, the elderly can do physical exercise balance and muscle strength regularly

scholarly journals Modulation of experimental cystitis induced by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) JJ079 by homeopathic and isopathic remedies

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-32
Author(s):  
Cideli de Paula Coelho ◽  
Vania Maria Carvalho ◽  
Renata de Oliveira Iovine ◽  
Luana de Ramos Soares ◽  
Luciene Costa Dalboni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Alcoholic Solution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Access ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Tract Infections

Introduction: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most common agent involved in digestive and urinary tract infections (UTI). Aims: The objective of this study was to explore whether homeopathic/isotherapic preparations could interfere with pathophysiological aspects of murine cystitis induced by E. coli in an experimental model. Materials and Methods: Balb/c female mice underwent urethral inoculation of E. coli (UPEC) JJ079 (urosepsis prototype) in a concentration of 7.5x1011 CFU/ml. The animals were divided into four groups: control group; group treated with hydro-alcoholic solution; group treated with biotherapic pure strain of E. coli and group treated with Cantharis 6cH. The drugs were prepared according to the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia and were administered orally, with free access to drinking water for two days after infection. After euthanasia, bladder and kidney were weighed and collected for histopathology and immunohistochemistry analysis. The following markers were used: CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD79 (B lymphocytes), MIF, NK (Natural killer), VEGF-e (inflammatory mediators). Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA followed by the Fisher’s Test, p≤0.05 being significant. Results: ANOVA test revealed no significance in relation to the mean and standard deviation values. Fisher Test was used to analyze proportions differences. Cantharis 6cH and E. coli 30cH treatment significantly increased B lymphocytes in relation to T lymphocytes, NK cells and macrophages in bladder mucosae (p≤0.05). In renal pelvis, the medicines caused significant reduction of B lymphocytes in relation to T Lymphocytes and macrophages. VEGF-e cells reduction was seen in the pelvis in relation to phagocytes (p≤0.05). Discussion and conclusion: B lymphocytes are able to differentiate into plasma cells, for the production of immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) are the group of antibodies produced in the immune response. Its function is to protect the mucous membranes, which form a protective barrier (bladder, for example). Since mucous membranes represent the main route of pathogens access to the body the protection provided by IgA is of paramount importance. Therefore, this study suggests that the studied drugs could interfere in the migration of B lymphocytes from pelvis to the bladder, so as to produce IgA. VEGF-e could stimulate the recruitment of inflammatory cells.

Effectiveness Of Toilet Training Education On Mother's Behavior And Toddler Age Toilet Training Ability (18-36 Months)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Hafiko Andresni ◽  
Zahtamal Zahtamal ◽  
Winda Septiani ◽  
Mitra Mitra ◽  
Lita Lita
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toilet Training ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maternal Knowledge ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACT Toilet training is an effort to train children to be able to control and urinate (BAK) and defecate (BAB). Toilet training is one of the main tasks of children at toddler age. Toilet training is one of the main tasks of children in toddler age which is very important to be done to create independence in children in controlling BAK and BAB and children know the parts of the body and their functions. Data in 2012 shows that ± 60% of parents do not teach toilet training to children from an early age. The aim of the study was to find out the effectiveness of toilet training education on maternal behavior and toilet skills in toddler age training (18-36 months). The study was conducted in July-August 2018. This type of quantitative research used the design of the Quasy pretest and posttest experiment with non-equivalent control group design. Samples were 36 mothers and 36 children with purposive sampling technique. Data analysis used Paired t test, Wilcoxon test, Man-Whitney test an Independent t test. The results showed that toilet training education through lecture methods, modules and maze games was more effective than toilet training education through lecture and leaflet methods on children's knowledge and abilities. Conversely, for the role of mothers in supervision there is no significant difference in effectiveness. Health education is recommended in health promotion programs to increase maternal knowledge, the role of mothers and the ability of toilet training children independently. Keywords: Toilet training, Lecture method, Module, Maze game, Leaflet, Knowledge, Role of mother, Children's ability.

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