scholarly journals An Account of Intensional and Extensional Actions, and its Application to Belief, Nondeterministic Actions and Fallible Sensors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Claßen ◽  
James P. Delgrande
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Epistemic State ◽  
Situation Calculus ◽  
Basic Action ◽  
Sensing Actions ◽  
Reasoning About Action ◽  
Unified View ◽  
Action Theories ◽  
Action Taking

In general, an agent may have incomplete and inaccurate knowledge about its environment. As well, actions may not turn out as intended or may have nondeterministic effects, and sensors may on occasion give incorrect results. We present a general, qualitative approach to reasoning about action and change in such a setting. The approach is expressed as an extension to basic action theories in the situation calculus, where an agent's epistemic state is modelled by a set of situations, where each situation is assigned a non-negative integer representing its plausibility. The agent's epistemic state is updated by modifying these plausibility values after the execution of an action, taking into account the possibility of unexpected results. To this end, we consider actions to have an intensional aspect, under the control of and determined by the agent, and an extensional aspect, not directly accessible to the agent and controlled by "nature". This leads to two distinct but related related notions of belief, an extensional "bird's eye" view which models an agent's beliefs wrt actually-executed actions, and an intensional view representing beliefs from the agent's point of view. We argue that the approach is significantly more general and comprehensive than previous accounts, and leads to a unified view of failed actions and nondeterminism with respect to physical and sensing actions.

Dyadic Obligations over Complex Actions as Deontic Constraints in the Situation Calculus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Claßen ◽  
James Delgrande
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Deontic Logic ◽  
Action Theory ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Situation Calculus ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Planning Techniques ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Reasoning About Action ◽  
The Given

With the advent of artificial agents in everyday life, it is important that these agents are guided by social norms and moral guidelines. Notions of obligation, permission, and the like have traditionally been studied in the field of Deontic Logic, where deontic assertions generally refer to what an agent should or should not do; that is they refer to actions. In Artificial Intelligence, the Situation Calculus is (arguably) the best known and most studied formalism for reasoning about action and change. In this paper, we integrate these two areas by incorporating deontic notions into Situation Calculus theories. We do this by considering deontic assertions as constraints, expressed as a set of conditionals, which apply to complex actions expressed as GOLOG programs. These constraints induce a ranking of "ideality" over possible future situations. This ranking in turn is used to guide an agent in its planning deliberation, towards a course of action that adheres best to the deontic constraints. We present a formalization that includes a wide class of (dyadic) deontic assertions, lets us distinguish prima facie from all-things-considered obligations, and particularly addresses contrary-to-duty scenarios. We furthermore present results on compiling the deontic constraints directly into the Situation Calculus action theory, so as to obtain an agent that respects the given norms, but works solely based on the standard reasoning and planning techniques.

scholarly journals The Port of Manzanillo from the Point of View of Economy of Organization

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
José G. Vargas-Hernández ◽  
Irving Daniel Agustín Cruz
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Dynamic Capabilities ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Trigger Factor ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Free Access ◽  
System Data ◽  
Port System ◽  
Minimal Effort

Globalization has become a trigger factor in international trade due to its role as an integral part of the world economy and social standardization in the context of technological, cultural and universal knowledge which allows free access to resource with minimal effort.  The study is a contribution to theories based on the Industry, the Dynamic Resources and Institutions; all around the Mexican Port System. Data was gathered using a qualitative approach of literature review about the current status of the ports and its global environment. The results were organized around the statement of the problem and research objective that guide the study. The results indicated that Manzanillo Port holds dynamic capabilities that increase its competitiveness in the global port industry as strategic locations, and its natural and human resources.

scholarly journals PANDANGAN TOKOH PESANTREN TERHADAP EKSISTENSI ULAMA PEREMPUAN DI KABUPATEN ACEH BARAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
IRMA JURAIDA
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Interview Technique ◽  
Environment Domain

This study discusses about Islamic figures boarding point of view toward “ulama” woman figure existence in West Aceh Regency. “The problem of the study of this thesis is analysis about how is point of view of social about existence.. This research is done in West Aceh Regency by using qualitative approach, especially by a much deeper interview technique method by meeting directly and observation. “Ulama” woman figure point of view is assumed as dialectic process (habitus, capital and field) and by time journey (history process and usuality) and influence by social environment (domain) that creating it. The result of this study shows that social point of view about existence “Ulama” woman figure is more fix by usuality, social background, culture and religious value that is comprehended by Islamic figures boarding or people or society group pertinent as a “Ulama” man figures friends and still contribution in woman capacity (taklim, local preachers, teachers or recitation teungku). Key words: social view, Islamic figures boarding, existences “Ulama” woman figures

scholarly journals DAMPAK PENILAIAN KINERJA APARATUR SIPIL NEGARA DALAM UPAYA PENINGKATAN KAPASITAS SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA UNTUK PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-138
Author(s):  
Bertha Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Important Thing

In this study, one important thing will be discussed, namely about what is performance, its services, especially for the state civil apparatus (ASN). Since personnel are so important from both the employee and organizational point of view, an efficient evaluation orders related evaluations to the organization. The main objective of this research is to assess the importance of evaluating the performance of the civil service to increase public efficiency as a special type of human capital. This concludes with the steps necessary to ensure the efficient use of the capacity of the civil service of the state. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method to explain the performance of the State Civil Apparatus as a development of the quality of human resources.

scholarly journals Strategi Media Online Lensatimur dalam Mengangkat Kearifan Lokal (Studi Kasus Pariwisata Indonesia Timur)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Noviawan Rasyid Ohorella
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Graphic Design ◽  
Time Management ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Audience Segmentation ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Study Research ◽  
Current Mechanism

<p>Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi media online Lensatimur pada website dan konten yang dibuat, mengetahui mekanisme kerja Lensatimur, dan kendala yang terjadi pada produksi. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dimana peneliti mengobservasi dan mewawancarai  dengan objek yang diteliti. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa operasional Lensatimur berkembang dengan keadaan terbatas terkait pekerja dan manajemen yang ada menghasilkan konten artikel yang kreatif dan inovatif, serta relevan sesuai keunikan masyarakat Timur. Lensatimur menjadi media penyeimbang yang mengangkat kearifan lokal di wilayah Timur, mengalami peningkatan jumlah pembaca per artikel per harinya mencapai 500–700 dan pertahunnya mencapai 600 ribu pembaca. Kunci menjadi media favorit antara lain sudut pandang, konten artikel, gaya bahasa, segmentasi khalayak dan inovasi. Mekanisme saat ini ialah pembagian kerja antara editor, penulis, desain grafik dan pengelola website dalam pembuatan konten artikel. Kendala yang dihadapi berfokus pada manajemen waktu dan kurangnya kontributor. Saran yang diberikan adalah Lensatimur harus menambah informasi mendidik bagi para pembaca.</p><p><strong><em>Abstract. </em></strong><em>This study aims to find out Lensatimur's online media strategy on the website and the content created, to find out the mechanism of Lensatimur's work, and the constraints that occur in production. The method used is a qualitative approach where the researcher observes and interviews with the object under study. Research results show that Lensatimur's operations are developing with limited conditions related to existing workers and management producing creative and innovative article content, as well as relevant to the uniqueness of Eastern society. Lensatimur became a counterbalance media that raised local wisdom in the East, experiencing an increase in the number of readers per article per day reaching 500-700 and reaching 600 thousand per year. The key to being a favorite media includes point of view, article content, language style, audience segmentation and innovation. The current mechanism is the division of labor between editors, writers, graphic design and website managers in making article content. Constraints faced focus on time management and lack of contributors. The advice given is Lensatimur must add educational information to readers.</em></p>

scholarly journals Reasoning and planning with sensing actions, incomplete information, and static causal laws using answer set programming

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHAN HUY TU ◽  
TRAN CAO SON ◽  
CHITTA BARAL
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Answer Set Programming ◽  
Planning Problem ◽  
Possible World ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Possible World Semantics ◽  
Sensing Actions ◽  
Action Theories ◽  
Causal Laws ◽  
Answer Set

AbstractWe extend the 0-approximation of sensing actions and incomplete information in Son and Baral (2001) to action theories with static causal laws and prove its soundness with respect to the possible world semantics. We also show that the conditional planning problem with respect to this approximation isNP-complete. We then present an answer set programming based conditional planner, called ASCP, that is capable of generating both conformant plans and conditional plans in the presence of sensing actions, incomplete information about the initial state, and static causal laws. We prove the correctness of our implementation and argue that our planner is sound and complete with respect to the proposed approximation. Finally, we present experimental results comparing ASCP to other planners.

scholarly journals TELEPON SELULER DAN PERGAULAN BEBAS REMAJA DI KABUPATEN MAMASA SULAWESI BARAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.Nur Aisyah Rusnali
Keyword(s):  
Cell Phone ◽  
Cellular Phone ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Close Friend ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mobile Telephone ◽  
Cell Phone Use ◽  
Lack Of Control ◽  
Descriptive Method

Information Technology, especially mobile telephone, has to develop its technology to cope with the need of the consumers. The purpose of this study to determine how cell phone use among teens from the point of view of teenage promiscuity and criminality in Mamasa, West Sulawesi.  The method used is descriptive method with qualitative approach through direct observation of the object of research and interviews with informants related cases of promiscuity and criminality. Then analyzed using interactive model of Miles and Huberman. The results showed that the lack of control and the closeness to the elderly, causing teen cell phone users Mamasa addiction to technology. Teens using cell phones as a medium of communication to build closeness with others and a close friend. juvenile-related cases and crime free peregaulan manggunakan mobile phone without supervision and guidance of parents. Keywords: cellular phone, promisquity.

scholarly journals Embedded Philanthropic CSR in Digital China: Unified View of Prosocial and Pro-environmental Practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Ye ◽  
Zain Rafique ◽  
Rongting Zhou ◽  
Fahad Asmi ◽  
Muhammad Azfar Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Application ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Activation Model ◽  
Environmental Practices ◽  
Public Benefits ◽  
Unified View ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Digital China

In recent decades, China has transformed from a conventional society into a digitally competitive nation. From an economic perspective, embedded corporate social responsibility (CSR) is gaining a new height where gamified charity is a trendy approach. By adopting the norm activation model from the point of view of the stimulus–organism–response framework, this research theoretically conceptualized the role of the mobile application environment (including telepresence, functional transparency, and accessibility) to map the cognition and philanthropic behavioral intentions of consumers in the gamified setting. The quantified survey comprised 669 respondents. The findings highlighted the critical role of functional transparency and telepresence of a mobile application in driving consumers’ warm glow and ascribed responsibility. The research underlined the presence of the unique DNA of Internet Plus Charity (Public Benefits) for prosocial and pro-environmental purposes in China under the umbrella of philanthropic CSR.

scholarly journals Harmonization of the Education Curriculum at Pesantren Al Falah Gorontalo: An Educational Philosophy Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shely Cathrin ◽  
Reno Wikandaru ◽  
Indah Listiana ◽  
Devi Ratnasari ◽  
Warsidah Warsidah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Philosophy ◽  
Boarding Schools ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Education Curriculum ◽  
National Education ◽  
Educational Curriculum ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
Character Building

Pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) have become character-building institutions trusted by the Indonesian people; however, as educational institutions, pesantren must adapt to the national education curriculum which can be challenging. The purpose of this study was to critically identify and analyze the implementation of the educational curriculum at the pesantren Al Falah Gorontalo, based on the educational philosophy point of view. A qualitative approach was employed, using the hermeneutics method. Interpretation, description, synthetic analysis, internal coherence, holistic, reflection, and heuristics were used. The results indicated that the pesantren Al Falah Gorontalo combined two educational curriculums. Analysis from the educational philosophy perspective found that the implementation of education was based on essentialism educational philosophical ideas, which assume that education is full of flexibility and helps students to adhere to noble values, spiritual characteristics, and human guidance to achieve a more noble life. Keywords: pesantren, curriculum, combination, essentialism, education

scholarly journals Estetisasi Jilbab Syar’i Jama’ah Salafi: Studi Kasus di Pondok Pesantren Imam Muslim Kota Kediri

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Prima Ayu Rizqi Mahanani ◽  
Irwan Abdullah ◽  
Ratna Noviani
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Participatory Observation

<p>Industry of fashion that get into the life of Salafi members makes shar'i hijab become aesthetics. Approximately 30% of Salafi women in Imam Muslim Islamic Boarding School Kediri have worn hijab shar’i as their preference. This article describes the aesthetic practices of shar’i hijab and the factors behind it. This study applies a qualitative approach using a case study as a research method in which it observes the social reality of shar’i hijab aesthetic practices among Salafi women at Imam Muslim Islamic Boarding School. The research analyzes the case and situation that occurred and also attempts to understand the informants’ point of view. Through literature studies, participatory observation, and in-depth interviews, the study found that the informants have been wearing two different shar’i hijab; dark colors and bright colors. The informants also combine their "gamis" in terms of its pattern consisting of ornaments and accents in different colors. The informants also prefer to wear a unique and funny, in order to make them look flexible, younger and up to date.</p>

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