scholarly journals ANALISIS KUALITAS AIR DAN BEBAN PENCEMARAN AIR PADA SUB DAS BOENTUKA KABUPATEN TIMOR TENGAH SELATAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umbu A Hamakonda ◽  
Bambang Suharto ◽  
Liliya Dewi Susanawati
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
River Water ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
River Water Pollution

Rivers in the Boentuka Sub-watershed of Timor Tengah Selatan Regency have been shown to experience pollution caused by domestic and agricultural activities. This study aims to assess water quality and identify river water pollution loads based on water quality according to Government Regulation Number 82 of 2001 concerning water pollution management and control. The parameters analyzed were physical, chemical, and biological, the length of the river in the Boentuka Sub-watershed was 15km. The method of river water pollution index from upstream to downstream in 6 sampling points with test parameters such as the biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform and total coliform in the downstream has exceeded the criteria of class I water quality standards according to PP No. 82 of 2001. Pollution index of 1.11 to 4.62. This shows that the quality of river water has been polluted with mild pollution status. While the pollution load of domestic waste dumped into the river is on the biological oxygen demand parameter of 6297,584 kg / day and chemical oxygen demand of 7871.98 kg / day, fecal coliform pollution load of 458.0108 MPN / day and totalcoli 1210.121 MPN / day

scholarly journals KAJIAN KUALITAS AIR WADUK BATUJAI DALAM UPAYA PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN AIR DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK TENGAH PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Melinda ◽  
Erlan Siswandi
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Reservoir Water

Kondisi Waduk Batujai saat ini memperihatinkan akibat pencemaran. Beragam sumber pencemar masuk dan terakumulasi di waduk diantaranya berasal dari kegiatan produktif dan non produktif dari permukiman dan dari kegiatan di badan perairan waduk sendiri. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui kondisi kualitas air, sumber dan kontribusi bahan cemaran yang mendominasi air Waduk Batujai sebagai sumber air bersih serta strategi pengendalian pencemaran air Waduk Batujai. Identifikasi kualitas air bersih menggunakan pengujian parameter fisika, kimia dan mikrobiologi dibandingkan dengan baku mutu air PP No.82/2001. Penentuan status mutu air menggunakan metode indeks pencemaran berdasarkan Kepmen LH No.115/2003. Strategi pengendalian pencemaran air menggunakan analisis SWOT. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu kualitas air Waduk Batujai  mengalami pencemaran, ditunjukkan adanya parameter TSS sebesar 527 mg/L, BOD 6,6 mg/L, COD rata-rata 48,5 mg/L, Fe 0,39 mg/L, MPN Coliform 14000 MPN/100ml dan MPN colitinja sebesar 3300 MPN/100ml yang melebihi baku mutu air bersih. Status mutu air sudah tercemar ringan dengan indeks pencemaran tertinggi sebesar 6,34. Sumber cemaran Waduk Batujai secara keseluruhan berupa limbah rumah tangga, sisa-sisa pupuk pertanian, pakan ternak dan ikan mati. Beban pencemaran Waduk Batujai yang terbesar berupa padatan tersuspensi (TSS) sebesar 527 kg/hari dan parameter COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) 48,5 kg/hari. Strategi pengendalian pencemaran air dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan inventarisasi dan identifikasi sumber pencemar, meningkatkan pengelolaan limbah, menetapkan daya tampung beban pencemaran, meningkatkan pengetahuan dan partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengelolaan limbah, meningkatkan pengawasan terhadap pembuangan air limbah dan meningkatkan pemantauan kualitas air waduk. Kata kunci: kualitas air, pengendalian pencemaran, waduk. The current condition of the Batujai reservoir is in concerned by pollution. Various sources of pollutants entered and accumulated in the reservoir, including from productive and non-productive activities from settlements and from activities in the water bodies of the reservoir itself. The aim of this research was to find out the condition of water quality, sources and contributions of contaminants that dominate the water of the Batujai reservoir as a clean water source and strategies for controlling water pollution in the Batujai reservoir. Identification of clean water quality was done by using physical, chemical and microbiological parameter testing compared to the water quality standard of Government Regulation No.82/2001. Determination of water quality status was done by using pollution index method based on the Ministerial Decree No.115/2003. Water pollution control strategy is conducted by using SWOT analysis. The results of this research was the water quality of the Batujai reservoir is polluted, it is shown that there are TSS parameters of 527 mg/L, BOD 6.6 mg/L, COD on average 48.5 mg/L, Fe 0.39 mg/L, MPN Coliform 14000 MPN/100ml and MPN Colitinja 3300 MPN/100ml which exceeds the clean water quality standard. The status of water quality has been lightly polluted with the highest pollution index being 6.34. The overall sources of contamination in the Batujai reservoir are household waste, agricultural fertilizers remnants, fodder and dead fish. The biggest pollution load of the Batujai reservoir is in the form of suspended solids (TSS) of 527 kg/day and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) 48.5 kg/day. Water pollution control strategies can be done by increasing the inventory and identification of pollutant sources, improving waste management, determining the capacity of pollution load, increasing public knowledge and participation in waste management, increasing monitoring of waste water disposal and improving reservoir water quality monitoring. Keywords: pollution control, reservoir, water quality.

scholarly journals Penentuan Status Mutu Air Dengan Metode Indeks Pencemaran Dan Strategi Pengendalian Pencemaran Sungai Ogan Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 486
Author(s):  
Enda Kartika Sari ◽  
Oki Endrata Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
River Water ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Water Bodies

Sungai Ogan merupakan sumber air bagi intake PDAM  Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu. Kenyataan tersebut, dipandang perlu untuk menentukan evaluasi kualitas air Sungai Ogan yang bersifat kompleks dengan melibatkan banyak parameter yang berpengaruh terhadap badan air serta perlu merumuskan strategi pengendalian pencemaan air yang perlu dilakukan. Penggunaan indeks kualitas air dapat mempermudah penentuan kualitas badan air serta mempermudah juga dalam pemberian informasi kepada pihak yang membutuhkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan status mutu air dan strategi pengendalian pencemaran air sungai Ogan Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode purposive sampling dengan menggunaan perhitungan indeks pencemaran air di 5 titik lokasi sampling. Penentuan status mutu air menggunakan metode indeks pencemaran menurut Kepmen LH 115/2003. Parameter yang diamati dan diukur ada 10 paramater dengan menggunakan metode Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) pengukuran kualitas air dan limbah, Menurut Peraturan Gubernur Sumatera Selatan No 16/2005 meliputi sifat fisika, kimia dan biologi dari badan air sungai yaitu suhu, kekeruhan, TSS, pH, DO, BOD, Nitrat, Phospat, MBAS dan Fecal Coliform. Hasil yang didapatkan Status mutu air dengan menggunakan indeks pencemaran stasiun 1-5. termasuk dalam kategori tercemar ringan dengan kisaran nilai 1,3 – 2,3. Strategi pengendalian pencemaran sungai dapat dilakukan dengan pengurangan beban pencemaran yaitu dengan melibatkan masyarakat dalam pengelolaan lingkungan sungai dan perlu melakukan efektifitas pengelolaan dan manajemen IPAL yang lebih baik yang lebih melibatkan peran serta masyarakat dalam teknis pengelolaannya, serta perlunya pemantauan rutin kualitas air sungai dan memetakan sumber-sumber pencemar potensial pada setiap lokasi sehingga permasalahan akan cepat teratasi.The Ogan River is a source of water for the intake of the Ogan Komering Ulu Regency PDAM. This fact is deemed necessary to determine the evaluation of the water quality of the Ogan River which is complex by involving many parameters that affect the water body and needs to formulate a water pollution control strategy that needs to be done. The use of a water quality index can facilitate the determination of the quality of water bodies and also facilitate the provision of information to those in need. The purpose of this study was to determine the status of water quality and the control strategy of Ogan Komering Ulu District water pollution. The method used in this study was purposive sampling method by using the calculation of the water pollution index in 5 sampling locations. Determination of water quality status using the pollution index method according to Kepmen LH 115/2003. The parameters observed and measured were 10 parameters using the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) method of measuring water and waste quality, According to the Governor of South Sumatra Regulation No. 16/2005 covering physical, chemical and biological properties of river water bodies namely temperature, turbidity, TSS, pH, DO, BOD, Nitrate, Phosphate, MBAS and Fecal Coliform. Results obtained status of water quality by using station pollution index 1-5. included in the category of light polluted with a range of values 1.3 - 2.3. River pollution control strategies can be carried out by reducing pollution load, namely by involving the community in managing the river environment and need to make better management and management of WWTPs that are more involved community in its technical management, as well as the need for regular monitoring of river water quality and mapping potential pollutant sources at each location so that problems will be quickly resolved

scholarly journals Temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of water environment quality in Heze

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 01014
Author(s):  
Qian Gao ◽  
Qiang Zhao ◽  
Xiumei Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
River Water Quality ◽  
Spatial Evolution ◽  
Evolution Characteristics

The evolution of water environment is relatively complicated. The study of its characteristics is helpful to grasp the general direction of spatial and temporal evolution of water environment in Heze city, and to carry out water resources development and water environment protection more rationally. The comprehensive pollution index method for calculation, and the observed data are handled by Excel. In order to facilitate the analysis of the basin, Arcgis is utilized to map the watershed map. In addition, for the spatial evolution, surfer12 is used to analyze the spatial evolution characteristics the spatial evolution, and to draw the pictures of spatial evolution of chemical oxygen demand and water quality evolution. The study shows that: (1) In Heze, the quality of water environment has been improved year by year from 2006 to 2013. In 2014, the water environment has deteriorated. The content of volatile phenol has increased greatly, and the evolution trend of COD is close to the trend of the comprehensive pollution index. (2) In terms of Spatial state of water environment, the water quality of Zhuzhao New River and Wanfu River is poor, and Dongyu River water quality is better. Zhuzhao New River and Wanfu River water qualityis often worse than grade V or V, and Dongyu River water quality is mostly maintained in the grade Ⅳ. Through the analysis on the spatial revolution characteristics of water quality and chemical oxygen demand(COD),as a result, water quality is poor in the northern region,and the water quality in the southern region is better in Heze. Although the water quality has changed in recent years, the overall pattern is relatively stable.

scholarly journals Penanganan Parameter yang Hilang dalam Aplikasi Penilaian Kualitas Air IKA-INA

Jurnal Ecolab ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
Dewi Ratnaningsih ◽  
◽  
Retno Puji Lestari ◽  
Ernawita Nazir
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Phosphate ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid

Kualitas air di suatu wilayah yang merupakan salah satu indikator lingkungan dapat dievaluasi menggunakan parameter fisika, kimia, dan biologi. Indeks Kualitas Air Indonesia (IKA-INA) dapat digunakan untuk menilai kondisi kualitas air secara menyeluruh pada lokasi dan waktu tertentu. IKA-INA dihitung dengan menggunakan sepuluh (10) parameter yaitu pH, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), NO3, NH3, Total Phosphate (TP) dan fecal coliform. IKA-INA tersebut merupakan indeks kualitas air yang dapat memberikan informasi secara sederhana. Dalam pemanfaatannya, tidak semua data parameter dalam IKA-INA tersebut dapat terpenuhi karena adanya data tidak valid atau data yang hilang. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memberi alternatif rumusan IKA-INA dengan parameter yang tidak lengkap atau jika tidak semua data dalam parameters tersebut tersedia. Metode yang digunakan dalam menyusun rumusan adalah dengan melakukan koreksi faktor bobot parameter IKA-INA terhadap parameter yang hilang dan nilai Q (nilai sub-indeks). Setelah itu dilakukan uji coba pada nilai baku mutu air dalam Peraturan Pemerintah No. 22/2021 Lampiran VI serta pada data kualitas air sungai yang mewakili kualitas baik dan buruk. Hasil uji coba menunjukkan bahwa bobot parameter terkoreksi dapat digunakan untuk penanganan parameter yang hilang dalam penilaian kualitas air dengan metode IKA-INA. Hasil IKA-INA dengan parameter hilang yang menggunakan bobot terkoreksi dan hasil IKA-INA dengan parameter lengkap mayoritas memberikan status IKA yang tidak berbeda, kecuali untuk parameter fecal coli dan parameter yang mempunyai kadar jauh berbeda terhadap kondisi air secara keseluruhan.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Shatt Al-Arab River Using Organic Pollution Index

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 153-162
Author(s):  
Nada M. Al-Baghdadi ◽  
Abdulaziz M. Abdullah ◽  
Entisar N. Sultan
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Organic Pollution ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
The Third

The current study has evaluated Shatt Al-Arab water using organic pollution index. The study included three stations, the first Al-Sharash, the second Al-Salhiya and the third area Al-Dweab. Water samples were monthly collected from December 2017 to November 2018. Five environmental parameters were used to calculate the organic pollution index (OPI) including Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Active nitrate (NO3), Ammonium ion (NH4) and Total Phosphate (TP). The highest biological oxygen demand was 9 mg.l-1 at Al-Sharash station in July and the lowest values 1mg.l-1 in the Al- Dweab station during December, January, February and April. The highest chemical oxygen demand (250 mg.l-1 was recorded at Al-Sharash station in September and the lowest value was 6.2 mg.l-1 in Al-Dweab station during December. Nitrates was recorded the highest value 41.51 mg nitrogen-nitrate.l-1 at Al-Salhiya station in May and lowest value 1.49 mg nitrogen- nitrate.l-1 at Al-Sharash station during December. The ammonium ion was recorded in highest value 7.7 mg.l-1 at Al- Salhiya station in December and the lowest value 0.5 mg. l-1 at Al-Sharash station during June, while phosphate value was 0.23 and 1.99 mg.l-1 were recorded at Al-Sharash station in August and July respectively. The highest value of organic pollution index was 2.56 at Al-Salihiya station in August and lowest value 0.69 in the Al-Dweab station in April, while the annual rate of organic pollution index for the first, second and third stations were 1.55, 1.81 and 1.47 respectively, and 1.61 for Shatt Al-Arab water.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Parameters of Gomati River at Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh (India)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 875-886
Author(s):  
Azad Kannaujiya
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
River Water ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Gomati River ◽  
The Impact

Gomati River originate from Madhoganj Tanda village in Pilibhit district, U.P. it passes through the district of Shahjahanpur, kheri, Hardoi, Sitapur, Janpur and ultimately merge in Ganga. River water is significant for every living organism as well as aquatic life. Water pollution is a major global problem. Modernization and urbanization have polluted the river water and degraded the status. All over the world we are seeing that drain is the main source of water pollution especially for rivers flowing within the city. This drain generally carries industrial effluent, domestic waste, sewage and medicinal waste resulting in poor water quality. Gomati River receives industrial as well as domestic waste from various drains of Lucknow city. As Gomati river is the only source of surface water near the communities. A total 20 parameters namely Temperature, pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), Total solids (TS), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biological oxygen demand (BOD) Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Alkalinity, Total hardness, Calcium as ca, Magnesium as Mg, Chloride, Fluoride, Sulphate as So4, Nickel as Ni, Lead as Pb, and Zinc as Zn where analysed and their variation is discussed to obtain the impact of effluents on water quality. From the result it was found higher than the permissible limit of WHO and BIS.

Survey of the Water Quality of the Bahar County Streams (Iran) by NSFWQI

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (SE) ◽  
pp. 395-403
Author(s):  
Abbas Ghaffari Habib ◽  
Seyed Hadi Khatami
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
The Mean

In Bahar County (Iran), rivers are among the important sources of water for the agricultural sector. Therefore, this research evaluated the parameters of temperature, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), turbidity, nitrate, total phosphate, dissolved oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), and fecal coliform at five stations for five months (from February 2015 to June 2015) to determine water quality in the rivers. Based on this evaluation, the NSFWQI index was calculated and, finally, the routes of the rivers were zoned. The best water quality was recorded at Station Number 3 with the NSFWQI Value of 80 in January, and the worst at Station Number 5 (latgah) with the NSFWQI Value of 37 in June. Based on the mean NSFWQI indices, water quality was Medium at Stations Number 1, 2, and 4, good at Station Number 3, and bad at Station number 5.

scholarly journals Role of humic substances as refractory organic matter in sustainable water quality assessment and management

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 538-549
Author(s):  
Maoqing Duan ◽  
Xia Du ◽  
Wenqi Peng ◽  
Cuiling Jiang ◽  
Shijie Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
River Water ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
National Development ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In northern China, river water originating from or flowing through forests often contains large amounts of oxygen-consuming organic substances, mainly humic substances. These substances are stable and not easily biodegradable, resulting in very high detection values of chemical oxygen demand. However, under natural conditions, the dissolved oxygen demand is not as high. Using experimental values to evaluate river water quality and the impact of human activities on water quality is thus unscientific and does not meet national development goals. In this study, the potential sources of high-concentration chemical oxygen demand in river water in two areas exposed to virtually no anthropogenic activities and strongly affected by humic substances, were analysed. The chemical oxygen demand contributed by humic substances (COD-HSs) was quantified using three methods. The results of water quality monitoring in 2017 and 2018 revealed that the chemical oxygen demand concentrations (5–44 mg/L) predominantly exceeded the standard (15 mg/L). The study results suggest that COD-HSs should be considered separately for objective evaluation and management of water quality, particularly in areas that are seriously affected by COD-HSs, to provide a scientific basis for formulating sustainable water quality management policies.

scholarly journals Assessment of Cau River water quality assessment using a combination of water quality and pollution indices

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cao Truong Son ◽  
Nguyen Thị Huong Giang ◽  
Trieu Phuong Thao ◽  
Nguyen Hai Nui ◽  
Nguyen Thanh Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
River Water Quality ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Pollution Indices

Abstract This research aims at using a combined water quality index (WQI) and pollution index (PI) to assess and characterize river water quality of Cau River which is one of the longest rivers in the north of Vietnam. Five different water quality and water pollution indices were used including the Water Quality Index (WQI), Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI), Organic Pollution Index (OPI), Eutrophication Index (EI), and Trace Metal Pollution Index (TPI). The combined water pollution indices show more serious pollution towards the river downstream. In particular, CPI and OPI reveal a high risk of eutrophication. Cluster analysis was applied to classify water monitoring points into different quality groups in order to provide a better understanding of the water status in the river. This study indicates that a combined water quality analysis could be an option for decision making water use purposes while its single index shows the current situation of water quality.

scholarly journals The Assessment of the Surface Water Quality Using the Water Pollution Index: A Case Study of the Timok River (The Danube River Basin), Serbia

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Brankov ◽  
Dragana Milijašević ◽  
Ana Milanović
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Water Pollution Index ◽  
The Danube River ◽  
The Republic

The Assessment of the Surface Water Quality Using the Water Pollution Index: A Case Study of the Timok River (The Danube River Basin), Serbia The Timok River (202 km long, 4547 km2 basin area) is located in East Serbia. It is a right tributary of the Danube River and one of the most polluted watercourses in Serbia. On the basis of the data provided by the Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia, the paper presents an analysis of water quality and pollution using the combined physico-chemical WPI index (Water Pollution Index) calculated for two periods - 1993-96 and 2006-2009 at four hydrological stations: Zaječar-Gamzigrad (Crni Timok River), Zaječar (Beli Timok River), Rgotina (Borska Reka River) and Čokonjar (Timok River). The following parameters were taken into consideration: dissolved O2, O2 saturation, pH, suspended sediments, Five Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (CODMn), nitrites, nitrates, orthophosphates, ammonium, metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Hg, Ni, Zn, Cd), sulphates and coliform germs. The average WPI values were calculated for the observed periods based on the comparison of the annual average values of the listed parameters and defined standard values for the I water quality class (according to the Regulation on the Hygienic Acceptability of Potable Water of the Republic of Serbia). The highest pollution degree was recorded in the Borska Reka River, where heavy metal levels (especially manganese and iron) were significantly increased. These metals are indicators of inorganic pollution (primarily caused by copper mining). Also, increased values of the organic pollution indicators (ammonium, coliform germs, Five-Day Biological Oxygen Demand - BOD5) in the Borska Reka and the Timok rivers are the result of uncontrolled domestic wastewater discharge.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document