scholarly journals Primary care: A renewed strategy

2011 ◽  
pp. 379-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold Brommet ◽  
Jaime Lee ◽  
José A. Serna
Keyword(s):  
Health Sector ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Regional Governance ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Health Determinants ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The Individual

This review explores changes established by various groups worldwide about the concept and method of implementing the Strategy for Primary Health Care (PHC) originated in Alma Ata in 1978. It establishes four key pillars to introduce Health Systems as its axis with the APS, which are achieving universal coverage for all people, providing medical attention focused on the individual patient, promoting public health policies that benefit the entire community, and engaging in a concerted national and regional governance in all sectors that influence health determinants of individuals and their environment. The implementation of such in each health system depends on the context of each country and the growth and development rate of its health sector.

Economic Development and Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1850274 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Mayer-Foulkes ◽  
Claudia Pescetto-Villouta
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Comprehensive Data ◽  
Lack Of Exercise ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Research Initiatives ◽  
The Impact

This article outlines the economics of non communicable chronic diseases (NCDs), necessary for designing evidence-based health policies to reduce the prevalence of NCDs. The main risk factors of NCDs are manmade: abuse of alcohol, tobacco, junk food, and lack of exercise. Hence we define an economic category of analysis, unwholesome goods. The analysis tackles the two dimensions of NCDs: individual and collective. The first one linked to how much NCDs are a result of consumer’s choice and the second one, the recognition that NCDs are result of a complex interrelated environment at the society level, evidencing the need for a multisectoral approach. An economic analysis includes the study of 1) NCD in the context of intergenerational life cycle dynamics; 2) demand, supply, externalities, and political economy of NCD factors; 3) the incidence of lifestyle risks according to socioeconomic status, and changes under the impact of economic growth and the demographic transition. Where do the different countries lie on the development pathway? How much of the burden lies on the individual and on the collective dimensions of NCDs? What are the most effective policies for immediate application tackling both, the individual and collective dimensions? To what extent are households affected by financial catastrophe and impoverishment due to NCDs? What are the essential requirements for the health systems to respond with efficiency and efficacy to the NCDs phenomenon? Policy and research initiatives include health sector capability for NCDs, prevention of NCD factors, promotion of multisectoral approaches, and a comprehensive data initiative. Conclusions point to the need to simultaneously implement health policy and construct the necessary evidence bases. A comprehensive data initiative is proposed as needed in addition to expanding data availability in tandem with policy implementation. Finally an initiative is proposed to formulate sufficiently effective multisectoral policies and to establish the necessary links between the health sector and other sectors involved.

Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Health Determinants ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Law And Ethics ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Development Goals

This opening volume of the Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health showcases the breadth of public health in terms of the range of topics that are covered and the number of disciplines on which public health now draws. The scope of public health has continued to evolve and a strong public health base will be a key to meeting the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals that relate to both the need for health improvement and for a reduction in inequalities in health. The contributions in this volume provide an introduction to the development of public health as a discipline in countries at different stages of development and give a detailed overview of areas of critical importance. It covers this over three sections: the development of the discipline of public health, determinants of health and disease, and public health policies, law, and ethics.

Economy, Politics, and Health Status in Cuba

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Rojas Ochoa ◽  
Cándido M. López Pardo
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
The State ◽  
Health Determinants ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Positive Results

An economic contraction occurred in Cuba at the beginning of the 1990s, of a magnitude greater than in any developed country in the last half century. This resulted primarily from the disappearance of the European socialist bloc and simultaneous tightening of the U.S. government's blockade at a time when Cuba was engaged in correcting its main economic problems. The economic crisis affected a number of areas of Cuban society. The state adopted a series of measures to cope with the socioeconomic situation, which have yielded positive results in the social and economic fields, as well as some undesirable results. In the health sector, the economic crisis has mainly reduced the availability of resources and has adversely affected some health determinants and some aspects of the population's health status. Despite the prevailing economic difficulties, the government is determined to preserve the country's achievements in health, and to develop them still further. The solution is not privatization or the introduction of health insurance systems or similar measures. Rather, Cuba will seek greater rationality and economic efficiency in the health sector. It has ratified the principles that the state should continue to finance the health system and maintain universal coverage and accessibility through free services.

scholarly journals Agency and Health Policies

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Lopez Barreda
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Current Medical ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Collective Levels ◽  
The Individual

In the current medical ethics literature, the concept of agency is receiving growing attention. Nevertheless, many of those definitions are narrow in scope. This article intends to provide a deeper understanding of this concept, allowing for its use in clinical practice and public health policies. First, it revises the current concept of agency and some of its shortcomings. Then, the article presents two philosophical accounts of agency, identifying three relevant features, namely time-extended organised planfulness, endorsement of their own actions, and identification with the activity. Lastly, the article depicts how those features may help in the application of agency to the analysis of health issues by means of a number of examples at the individual and collective levels. When analysing health issues, the health status is a key component, but the process that brought about the outcome must be examined; agency informs about this procedural dimension.

Wir müssen abwägen – aber wie sollen wir abwägen?

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-66
Author(s):  
Lutz Wingert
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Individual Health ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Prospect Of Success ◽  
Moral Questions

Abstract The global Covid-19 crisis raises at least three moral questions, which my contribution answers as follows: (1) Which patient should get treatment according to triage criteria? The patient whose treatment has the best prospect of success. (2) How should we resolve the conflict between public health measures and economic needs? Public health should have priority, but reaches its limits where the individual right to stay afloat through one’s own work is violated. (3) How should we resolve the conflict between public health measures and civil liberties? Public health should have priority, but reaches its limits where the restriction of freedom violates the integrity of individual health and personal freedom. The answers and the arguments behind these are developed through the discussion of a wide range of current public health policies, concrete measures, and competing approaches to moral questions in the Covid-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Data as promise: Reconfiguring Danish public health through personalized medicine

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Hoeyer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Population Science ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Existing Data

‘Personalized medicine’ might sound like the very antithesis of population science and public health, with the individual taking the place of the population. However, in practice, personalized medicine generates heavy investments in the population sciences – particularly in data-sourcing initiatives. Intensified data sourcing implies new roles and responsibilities for patients and health professionals, who become responsible not only for data contributions, but also for responding to new uses of data in personalized prevention, drawing upon detailed mapping of risk distribution in the population. Although this population-based ‘personalization’ of prevention and treatment is said to be about making the health services ‘data-driven’, the policies and plans themselves use existing data and evidence in a very selective manner. It is as if data-driven decision-making is a promise for an unspecified future, not a demand on its planning in the present. I therefore suggest interrogating how ‘promissory data’ interact with ideas about accountability in public health policies, and also with the data initiatives that the promises bring about. Intensified data collection might not just be interesting for what it allows authorities to do and know, but also for how its promises of future evidence can be used to postpone action and sidestep uncomfortable knowledge in the present.

scholarly journals Influence of Masks Protecting against SARS-CoV-2 on Thermal Comfort

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3315
Author(s):  
Ewa Zender-Świercz ◽  
Marek Telejko ◽  
Beata Galiszewska
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Protective Shield ◽  
Full Face ◽  
The Impact

Due to the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, most countries have tightened their public health policies. One way to limit the spread of the virus is to make mouth and nose cover compulsory in public spaces. The article presents the impact of wearing masks on the perception of thermal comfort. The following masks were analysed: FFP2, cotton, medical, PM2.5, half-face protective shield plastic and full-face protective shield plastic. The research was carried out for two scenarios of an ambient temperature: −20 and 30 °C. A thermal manikin was used for the tests. In the case of when a temperature equals 20 °C, the dry masks increase comfort, both general and local, while wet masks reduce comfort. On the other hand, at 30 °C, only wet masks do not increase discomfort. In addition, moist masks require less heat flux to achieve a certain skin temperature. However, it should be remembered that it is not advisable to wet the masks from the health point of view.

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