Nowe surowce roślinne w Farmakopei Europejskiej. Część 6. Paullinia cupana (P. guarana) – źródło nowego surowca alkaloidowego

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Kubica ◽  
Agnieszka Kulig ◽  
Agnieszka Szopa ◽  
Karolina Turcza ◽  
Halina Ekiert
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Present Species ◽  
South American ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pharmacological Characterization ◽  
Paullinia Cupana ◽  
Tea Leaf

One of the most recent pharmacopoeial documents, the European Pharmacopoeia Supplement 9.4, inventories five new raw materials long known in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Part 1 and 2 present species providing new saponin raw materials: Bupleurum sp. and Platycodon grandiflorus. Part 3 describes Ligusticum chuanxiong which is a source of a new volatile oil-containing material. Part 4 is focused on Houttuynia cordata and Part 5 on Paeonia x suffruticosa (sources of a new flavonoid and terpenoid-phenolic raw material, respectively). Moreover, Supplement 9.4 describes two South American raw materials: guarana seed and mate leaf and an East Asian raw material – green tea leaf. Part 6 of the series of articles deals with botanical, ecological, chemical and pharmacological characterization of Paullinia cupana (guarana) which is a source of new alkaloid raw material – Guaranae semen. This material has long been known and used not only in South American countries but also in Europe as a psychostimulant due to a high content of caffeine. Currently, it advanced to be included in the list of pharmacopoeial raw materials in the European Union countries. The aim of the article is to provide the pharmaceutical and medical community with professional knowledge on Paullinia cupana, indispensable in contacts with patients.

Nowe surowce roślinne w Farmakopei Europejskiej. Cz. 8. Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Herbata chińska) – źródło surowca katechinowo-alkaloidowego

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Halina Ekiert ◽  
Agnieszka Kulig ◽  
Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz ◽  
Agnieszka Szopa
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Ilex Paraguariensis ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Protein Amino Acid

In Supplement 9.4 to the European Pharmacopoeia, one of the newest pharmacopoeial documents, there are eight new monographs raw materials of plant origin. They are derived from both East Asian and South American species. The first two parts of the series of articles are devoted to the characteristics of plants, which are a source of saponin raw materials: Bupleurum sp. and Platycodon grandiflorus. The next parts: 3, 4 and 5 describe the East Asian species: Ligusticum huanxiong, Houttuynia cordata and Paeonia x suffruticosa, which provide raw materials rich in volatile oil, flavonoids and terpenoid-phenolic compounds, respectively. Two South American alkaloid-rich species: Paullinia cupana and Ilex paraguariensis are presented in parts 6 and 7. Part 8 characterizes Camellia sinensis, as a source of Camelliae sinensis non fermentata folia. This raw material is a rich source of polyphenols: catechins (e.g. epigallocatechin, gallocatechin and epicatechin gallates), purine alkaloids (mostly caffeine) and a unique non-protein amino acid, theanine. It has been proven that the raw material possesses among others a number of medicinal properties, including antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, hypolipemic, hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective and antidiabetic properties. The aim of the present article is to draw attention of pharmaceutical and medical community to the numerous therapeutic, health-promoting and cosmetic values of this raw material proven by professional scientific studies.

Nowe surowce roślinne w Farmakopei Europejskiej. Część 7. Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. (ostrokrzew paragwajski) – źródło nowego surowca alkaloidowego

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Halina Ekiert ◽  
Agnieszka Kulig ◽  
Radosław Jan Ekiert ◽  
Agnieszka Szopa
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Ilex Paraguariensis ◽  
South American ◽  
Houttuynia Cordata ◽  
Hand Part ◽  
American Medicine ◽  
Lifestyle Diseases

One of the newest pharmacopoeial documents, the European Pharmacopoeia Supplement 9.4 contains monographs of several new raw materials of plant origin, long used in East Asian and South American medicine. Part 1 and 2 presents characteristics of the plant species providing new saponin raw materials (Bupleurum sp., Platycodon grandiflorus). Part 3 describes Ligusticum chuanxiong, which is the source of a new raw material rich in volatile oil. Part 4 is dedicated to Houttuynia cordata and Part 5 to Paeonia x suffruticosa. These plants supply a new flavonoid and terpenoid-phenolic raw materials. Part 6 is focused on characteristics of Paullinia cupana (a source of alkaloid raw material). On the other hand, Part 7 presents botanical, ecological and chemical characteristics of Ilex paraguariensis (yerba-mate). Mate folium, a raw material derived from this species has long been used by indigenous peoples of Argentine, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay in the form of infusion as a traditional stimulating drink. This raw material is particularly rich in caffeine and theobromine, chlorogenic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acids and catechins. The backbone of the article is made up of a review of therapeutic applications of this raw material confirmed by scientific studies. Mate folium appears as a kind of “panacea” efficient in lifestyle diseases currently threatening the mankind. The aim of the article is to popularize professional knowledge of this species, to date insufficiently known in Poland, in pharmaceutical and medical community.

scholarly journals Crushed Bricks: Demolition Waste as a Sustainable Raw Material for Geopolymers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7572
Author(s):  
Gigliola D’Angelo ◽  
Marina Fumo ◽  
Mercedes del Rio Merino ◽  
Ilaria Capasso ◽  
Assunta Campanile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Demolition Waste ◽  
Crushed Brick

Demolition activity plays an important role in the total energy consumption of the construction industry in the European Union. The indiscriminate use of non-renewable raw materials, energy consumption, and unsustainable design has led to a redefinition of the criteria to ensure environmental protection. This article introduces an experimental plan that determines the viability of a new type of construction material, obtained from crushed brick waste, to be introduced into the construction market. The potential of crushed brick waste as a raw material in the production of building precast products, obtained by curing a geopolymeric blend at 60 °C for 3 days, has been exploited. Geopolymers represent an important alternative in reducing emissions and energy consumption, whilst, at the same time, achieving a considerable mechanical performance. The results obtained from this study show that the geopolymers produced from crushed brick were characterized by good properties in terms of open porosity, water absorption, mechanical strength, and surface resistance values when compared to building materials produced using traditional technologies.

scholarly journals Macroeconomic indicators of raw material policy in Slovakia

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 ◽  
pp. 03017
Author(s):  
Henrieta Pavolová ◽  
Zuzana Šimková ◽  
Andrea Seňová ◽  
Gabriel Wittenberger
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
The State ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Material Policy ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
National Economic Policy

This paper points to the development tendencies of selected macroeconomic indicators of raw material policy in Slovakia, which forms an integral part of the national economic policy of the state. It describes in detail selected macroeconomic indicators of exploitation of raw materials, which form the basic platform of functioning of all national economic sectors in Slovakia. It also points out the benefits for the Slovak economy in the form of revenues from mining activities to the state budget, municipal budget and environmental fund. At the end the article summarizes the partial findings from the development tendencies of macroeconomic indicators of raw material policy, which is currently an integral part of the industrial policy of the European Union.

scholarly journals European Union Legislation Overview about Used Vegetable Oils Recycling: The Spanish and Italian Case Studies

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 798
Author(s):  
Jesus Ibanez ◽  
Sonia Martel Martín ◽  
Salvatore Baldino ◽  
Cristina Prandi ◽  
Alberto Mannu
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Production ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Eu

The employment of used vegetable oils (UVOs) as raw materials in key sectors as energy production or bio-lubricant synthesis represents one of the most relevant priorities in the European Union (EU) normative context. In many countries, the development of new production processes based on the circular economy model, as well as the definition of future energy and production targets, involve the utilization of wastes as raw material. In this context, the main currently applied EU regulations are presented and discussed. As in the EU, the general legislative process consists of the definition in each State Member of specific legislation, which transposes the EU indications. Two relevant countries are herein considered: Italy and Spain. Through the analysis of the conditions required in both countries for UVOs’ collection, disposal, storage, and recycling, a wide panorama of the current situation is provided.

Collecting, harmonizing and sharing data on European Raw Materials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisbeth Flindt Jørgensen ◽  
Špela Kumelj ◽  
Teresa Brown
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
National Level ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Central Database

<p>Geological raw materials cover a wide range of materials from sand and gravel over granites and marbles to precious or critical metals and minerals. Man has extracted these materials from the (sub)surface since prehistorical eras, and these indispensable substances have to a very large extent contributed to the evolution of humankind.</p><p>In the latest decades, raw materials of economically and strategically importance for society but with high-risks associated with their supply, referred to as Critical Raw Materials (CRMs). To a large extent they form the basis for modern society as they are essential in key industry sectors. In the latest years, access to CRMs is a strategic security question for Europe’s road towards the green transition.</p><p>In September 2020, The European Commission launched a new list of CRMs as well as a strategy to enhance Europe’s resilience as most of these substances are sourced from other continents, and as the global competitions is increasing (EC, 2020). Among others, one of the suggested actions in this strategy is to ‘strengthen the sustainable and responsible domestic sourcing ……. in the European Union’. Although Europe has a long tradition of mining and extractive activities, it is acknowledged that there are several challenges to reach a situation with European sourcing of a certain amount of CRMs. Challenges include lack of interest in investment, strict permitting procedures or low levels of public acceptance. Nevertheless, it is recognized that the European geological conditions carry significant potential for CRMs, but more harmonised knowledge across borders is needed. This is where the Geological Survey Organisations of Europe play an important role as they are key partners in collecting and storing information on raw materials at national levels, and in making these available for endusers as policy and decision makers.  </p><p>All European countries have a national geological survey organization, some in addition a number of regional surveys. Most host data on raw materials, however, data are typically organized in different ways from one country to another based on different geological traditions and legal commitments. In the GeoERA MINTELL4EU project we build on previous projects as Minerals4EU, ProSUM, SCRREEN, ORAMA, and cooperate with ongoing projects as RESEERVE to collect raw material data in central database and to visualize these data in harmonized way at the European Geological Data Infrastructure (EGDI). Data includes, among other things, the location of individual mineral occurrences, mines, etc. stored in a central database called MIN4EU, and aggregated statistical data at national level on production, trade and reserves etc, compiled in what we know as the electronic Minerals Yearbook. The methods used for collecting (harvesting) and storing data will be discussed, and examples of harmonized visualizations will be shared.</p><p>MINTELL4EU is a part of the GeoERA programme supported by European Union's Horizon 2020, grant agreement no. 731166. </p>

RockCheck the rocks – innovative pedagogical approaches for active learning about rock

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Žvab Rožič ◽  
Nina Valand ◽  
Helena Gabrijelčič Tomc ◽  
Jože Guna ◽  
Žiga Fon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Learning ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Individual

<p>Application RockCheck (original version KamenCheck in Slovenian) was developed as an e-learning material, which can be used for teaching and learning geological contents in formal and non-formal education. Our aim was to create the teaching aid that will contribute to the improvement and quality of teaching and learning of basic geological contents within natural science subjects. It was created to be used in classrooms, as an additional motivation tool combined with active learning methods, and also in challenges for lessons in nature. Since the application uses the approach of experimental and observational based learning no pre-existing knowledge is needed, and users can determine names of typical rocks only by following the app's instructions.</p><p>The application consists of three main chapters  whose contents are interrelated. The main chapter presents the Rock key where through a simple decision key, by answering the question with yes or no, the user identifies the name of the individual rock. The application enables independent research by observing and experimenting with using simple tools. The other two chapters, Encyclopaedia and School of rock, help the user to enable further learning about rocks in general, about their appearance, formation and usage as well as help to understand geological concepts and procedures. The contents of the chapters are cautiously connected with the links. The last two chapters are a crucial support for planning and teaching the geological contents and present also the good base for preparing active learning challenges. All contents within the application were carefully designed and based on learning objectives of the Slovenian curriculum.</p><p>As an important project upgrade the interactive and experimental workshop was created which provides an insight to use the application as a learning aid. The workshop provides the examples and concepts of how the teachers through experiential learning can teach geology and thus increase the understanding and sustainability of knowledge. In order to actively involve the participants in the learning process, the workshop covers a variety of challenges that are addressed through different teaching methods. Besides, the special interactive learning sheets were created, which were designed with a specific goal and level. We also created a  board game called RockGame. It uses the RockCheck app for solving challenges and answering questions in the game. The main aim of the RockGame is to raise awareness about the topic of raw materials. Trough gamification pupils learn about geologist’s role in the raw material value chain. We did so by including the connection between minerals, rocks, raw mineral resources and final products in the game.</p><p>The application was made within the student project StoneKey (call "On the creative path to knowledge 2017-2020"). The project involved 9 students of different degrees and study programs, three teaching mentors and a working mentor from the company DigiEd. The project was co-financed by the Republic of Slovenia and the European Union from the European Social Fund.  The application was later upgraded and translated within the EU project RM@Schools 3.0. funded by the European Institute of Innovation and technology.</p>

scholarly journals New data on the resources of sand and grave aggregates for road investment and construction in Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-118
Author(s):  
Olimpia Kozłowska ◽  
Marta Sołomacha ◽  
Iwona Walentek
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Natural Sand ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Economic Criteria

Abstract Upon accession to the European Union, economic growth became accelerated in Poland, resulting in a boost in infrastructure development. This led to a marked growth in demand for natural sand-gravel aggregates and other raw materials used in road construction. To meet the demand for suitable raw materials, the Ministry of Environment commissioned the Polish Geological Institute–National Research Institute to start a re-evaluation of earlier raw material prognoses assessments in order to delineate prognostic areas for development of new resources. The re-evaluation has been conducted by the PGI-NRI within the frame of the compilation of the Geoenvironmental Map of Poland at the scale of 1:50 000, making it possible to identify potential conflicts with land-use plans as well as already established NATURA 2000 and other natural heritage conservation designations and more or less continuous built up areas which preclude or at least impede exploitation of mineral raw materials. The analyses also covered economic factors related to costs of transport and the current economic criteria of mineral resources and reserves. At the first stage of the project (between 2008 and 2012) the re-evaluation was conducted in 432 prognostic areas with a total area of over 33 thousands of hectares. According to the current economic criteria of sand-gravel aggregate deposits there were estimated resources of over 5 mld tons, of which around 3 mld tons of aggregates were suitable for road investments and over 2 mld tons of aggregates were suitable for construction. The work has made it possible to re-evaluate the occurrences of natural aggregates in the vicinities of urban centers and along corridors delineated for selected planned motorways and expressways as well as those under construction. The study was compiled especially for business entities involved in construction projects or the exploitation of mineral resources and state administrative units as a tool to support land-use planning and management at the level of individual communes, counties (poviats) and voivodeships. Re-evaluated prognostic areas data are gathered in spatial database and are available through WMS service on the Geoenvironmental Map of Poland portal (emgsp.pgi.gov.pl).

scholarly journals The Economics of Coking Coal Mining: A Fossil Fuel Still Needed for Steel Production

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7682
Author(s):  
Adam Duda ◽  
Gregorio Fidalgo Valverde
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Coking Coal ◽  
Technological Readiness ◽  
Mining Project ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Coking coal has been on the European list of critical raw materials since 2014 due to its high economic importance and high supply risk. In 2017, coking coal narrowly missed passing the threshold of economic importance. However, out of caution, it remained on the list of critical raw materials, as the steel industry still needs it. It is likely to be phased out of the list below when it does not fully meet the required criteria. As there are no significant alternatives for this energy intensive industry and neither electrification nor material or energy efficiency improvements are yet available at a sufficient level of technological readiness, the European Union remains dependent on coking coal imports. Therefore, any coking coal mining project in Europe is of great importance and an important alternative to solving the problems of providing this raw material. In this study, the Dębieńsko coking coal project in Poland is analyzed using a scientifically proven methodology based on world-class analysis of coking coal projects submitted for financing to financial institutions.

scholarly journals Critical raw materials as a part of sustainable development

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Michal Cehlár ◽  
Zuzana Šimková
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Area ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Committee Of The Regions ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

The presented article deals with the issue of critical raw materials in the European Union with an emphasis on sustainable development and also barite, as an only one critical raw material mined in Slovakia. The article points out in detail the deposits of individual critical raw materials within the European Union. They clearly profile the European area´s dependence on imports of critical raw materials in accordance with the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the European Union's list of critical raw materials. Based on a defined Herfindahl-Hirschman index, which is clearly methodologically described, the article also points to the exploitation of critical raw materials in the European Union, what is in consideration of sustainable development crucial because some inventions are fundamentally dependent on them, as is their production on world markets. This article deals with critical raw materials in the EU, because it is in this area that we would like to experience the 4th industrial revolution, which is characterized by "new products" with a short life cycle, products with the least possible impact on the environment, i.e. innovations that are often impossible without important raw materials. Is it at all possible to talk about sustainable development with such raw material sources in European Union?

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