scholarly journals The pure relationship and below replacement fertility

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Family Formation ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Union Formation ◽  
Anthony Giddens ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
The Many ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Below Replacement Fertility

Of the many changes which have characterized the second demographic transition, shifts in fertility and union formation have attracted a great deal of interest from demographers. Despite the fact that researchers have extensively modeled recent demographic changes such as skyrocketing divorce rates, rising common-law union formation, delayed childbearing, and the decline to belowreplacement fertility levels, our understanding of the causes of these trends, and the possible connections between them remains theoretically fragmented and incomplete. The goal of this paper is to advance our understanding in this area by exploring the insights on modern family formation of prominent sociologist Anthony Giddens. Specifically, this study examines whether Giddens’ “pure relationship” concept can shed light on the trend toward very low fertility. The results of this inquiry suggest that couples in both marriages and common-law unions who conform to key aspects of Giddens pure relationship are more likely to have uncertain or below-replacement fertility intentions, and less likely to embrace above-replacement fertility goals.

Divorce in the family and its psychological impact on the adolescent

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 132-139
Author(s):  
M. Iskakova ◽  
◽  
T. Nurzhanova ◽  
A. Sapargaliyeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Strong Shock ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
Methodological Considerations

The purpose of this article is to review and describe the psychosocial impact of divorce on children and adolescents facing divorce situations in their lives, as well as to provide psychological intervention for their emotional well- being. Recently, problems related to the family have become increasingly relevant in society. The modern family has undergone major changes: its size and number of children have decreased, the roles of the older brother and sister have not become so great, and the influence of the older generation is not unconditional. But the most important thing is that the number of divorces has increased dramatically — almost every second marriage breaks up. But divorce is a strong shock for all family members, and first of all, for children. High divorce rates recorded in Kazakhstan, especially in cities, are one of the most serious consequences of the imbalance in family relationships. Finally, some suggestions were included regarding methodological considerations in conducting prospective research.

scholarly journals The roads more or less traveled - A sequence analysis of family formation and parenthood for a cohort of Danish women born in the 1970s

2017 ◽  
pp. 47-66
Author(s):  
Tinne Steffensen
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Assisted Reproduction Technologies ◽  
Ideal Family ◽  
First Child ◽  
Civil Status

Relatively low fertility and an increased age at first birth, along with the development of assisted reproduction technologies have increased attention to when and how many times Danish women give birth. While some argue that family formation has become increasingly plural and differentiated, others maintain that the nuclear family remains the ideal family for the majority of women. In this article, I investigate family formation trajectories for a random sample of 1,500 women born in 1973 and 1974. For this sample, I perform sequence analysis of longitudinal registry data on civil status, fertility, education and income through the ages 22 to 37. Focusing on timing, order and duration in the sequences studied, I identify seven distinct clusters (i.e. typologies) of family formations in Denmark. The majority (68 percent) of the women’s trajectories represent varieties of the nuclear family. For all clusters, my results confirm the event of the first child as a constituting factor of the nuclear family, which often precedes marriage. However, the identified clusters also show great variation when it comes to age at birth of first child, socio-economic status and overall turbulence in their trajectories.

scholarly journals PARENTAL RELATIONSHIP QUALITY, FAMILY STRUCTURE HISTORY, AND THE FORMATION OF FIRST UNION IN THE UNITED STATES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Roghani
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Parental Divorce ◽  
Union Formation ◽  
Parental Relationship ◽  
First Union ◽  
Parental Relationship Quality

This research examines the influence of family structure and parental relationship quality on young adults' first union formation (marriage and cohabitation) from the ages of 16 to 35. This study also examines whether the impact of the family varies significantly by age. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, an event history analysis is conducted to address how the mechanisms of social learning by family affect the timing and types of first union formation. This research shows an individual with lower parental relationship quality and parental divorce cohabit during adolescence and early adulthood to leave the familial conflict home environment. Furthermore, intact family and higher relationship quality between parents are associated with a greater likelihood of marriage than cohabitation. This study suggests that parental divorce during adolescence affects the timing and types of the first union formation. In contrast, parental divorce in the later stage of the transition to adulthood is not associated with the first family formation behavior. Although young adults with different levels of parental relationship quality had the same rates of marriage, lower marital relationship quality is associated with higher rates of cohabitating. Adolescents who suffer from parental divorce and lower parental relationship quality with better socioeconomic status have lower rates of cohabitating but the same odds of marrying with lower socioeconomic status counterparts. These findings suggest that future policy should include socioeconomic factors in assessing parents' relationships and their offspring's family formation behaviors

Conclusion and Outlook

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Cervellati ◽  
Uwe Sunde
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Interdisciplinary Work ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Many

This concluding chapter discusses this book's origins in the argument that the demographic transition is a key turning point for long-run development, not only in terms of a change in the regime of population dynamics toward low fertility and mortality, but also in the process of long-run economic development. The observed similarities in the transition process across space and time suggest that a better understanding of the reasons for such occurrences as the delay in the development of some countries might provide insights that are relevant beyond academic interest. The chapter argues that more interdisciplinary work between economists, demographers, and historians are needed to address the many facets that are covered only in passing, or not at all.

Solving Low Fertility Rate with Technology?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-ok Ha
Keyword(s):  
Population Policy ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
National Crisis ◽  
Planning Project ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
National Family Planning ◽  
The Government

South Korea's total fertility rate (TFR) in 2005 was 1.08, the lowest in the world. The government launched the National Support Program for Infertile Couples (“the Program”) in 2006 which expenditures for diverse assisted reproductive treatments are subsidized. This chapter seeks to critique three aspects of the Program. First, the Program is a population policy that has not kept up with changes in family values and practices. Second, the Program’s very implementation has created demand, ‘those diagnosed as infertile’ have become ‘infertile members of the population’. Lastly, the Program has resulted in a meaningful increase in the number of in vitro fertilization treatments, and this increase has negatively impacted the health of women and children. Reproduction has always been a field for political struggle, and political imagination-created reproduction is revealed most strikingly when reproduction becomes a “population problem”. South Korea’s National Family Planning Project was brought by the Park Chung-hee government, which emphasized the value of the “modern family,” specifically, “Modernization of the Fatherland,” as part of economic development in the 1970s. The low fertility rate that South Korea is now facing is considered a national crisis and the Program represents the government’s will to solve the crisis through medical technologies. However, the bodies of women are still considered objects in TFR statistics, much as they were in the 1970s. This has led to a situation in which the health and even the lives of women are being endangered once again

10. Industrial action

2019 ◽  
pp. 704-794
Author(s):  
Ian Smith ◽  
Aaron Baker ◽  
Owen Warnock
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Common Law ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Industrial Action ◽  
Unfair Dismissal ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Many ◽  
Contractual Rights ◽  
The Impact

This chapter considers the law relating to strikes and other industrial action including the important changes made by the Trade Union Act 2016. It deals with the historical development of common law and statute in this field to illuminate the current law. The relevance of the European Convention on Human Rights is considered. The tortious and criminal liabilities flowing from industrial action are considered and the crucial immunity for tortious liability provided by the ‘golden formula’ including the exceptions to this immunity and the preconditions of complying with rules on balloting and notice of industrial action. Picketing is considered in relation to the many legal liabilities and the statutory immunity for some peaceful picketing. The granting of injunctions to stop industrial action is examined. The impact of industrial action on individual employees is considered in relation to their contractual rights and liabilities and the law of unfair dismissal.

The Lost European Aspirations of U.S. Constitutional Law

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 595-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Abernathy
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The Many ◽  
The U.S

Most European and American attorneys and judges think the U.S.A. has its legal roots in English common law, and that is probably true for the many areas of U.S. law that are still controlled by the traditional common-law process of simultaneously making and applying law. Yet, with respect to constitutional law – America's greatest legal contribution to modern respect for the rule of law, the roots of the U.S. legal system are firmly planted in Europe, not England. The U.S. Constitution was inspired by French revolutionary ideas of rationalism in law; it was intended as an integrated document just like codes; and it has been interpreted by American judges to be not just a political document but binding law – law that is binding on all three branches of government, legislative, executive, and judiciary. In fact that was the holding in Marbury v. Madison, the case decided exactly two hundred years ago.

scholarly journals Late, But Not Too Late? Postponement of First Birth Among Highly Educated US Women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Nitsche ◽  
Hannah Brückner
Keyword(s):  
Family Formation ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
College Education ◽  
Postgraduate Education ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Postponement

AbstractWe examine the link between the postponement of parenthood and fertility outcomes among highly educated women in the USA born in 1920–1986, using data from the CPS June Supplement 1979–2016. We argue that the postponement–low fertility nexus noted in demographic and biomedical research is especially relevant for women who pursue postgraduate education because of the potential overlap of education completion, early career stages, and family formation. The results show that women with postgraduate education differ from women with college education in terms of the timing of the first birth, childlessness, and completed fertility. While the postponement trend, which began with the cohorts born in the 1940s, has continued among highly educated women in the USA, its associations with childlessness and completed parity have changed considerably over subsequent cohorts. We delineate five distinct postponement phases over the 80-year observation window, consistent with variation over time in the prevalence of strategies for combining tertiary education and employment with family formation.

Migration, Family Formation and Fertility in the Americas

2020 ◽  
pp. 019791832092335
Author(s):  
David P. Lindstrom ◽  
Anairis Hernandez-Jabalera ◽  
Silvia Giorguli Saucedo
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Marital Dissolution ◽  
Marital Stability ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Mexican Migration ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Migration Experience ◽  
Early Migration

In many low- and medium-income countries that are the traditional sources of international migrants, total fertility rates have dropped to levels at or near replacement. In this context of low fertility, we expect migration’s effects on fertility to operate primarily through marital timing and marital stability. We examine the effects of international migration on age at first marriage, union dissolution, timing of first birth, and completed fertility, using retrospective life-history data collected in Mexico and eight other Latin American countries by the Mexican Migration Project (MMP) and the Latin American Migration Project (LAMP). Using discrete-time hazards and Poisson regression models, we find clear evidence that early migration experience results in delayed marriage, delayed first birth, and a higher rate of marital dissolution. We also find evidence among women that cumulative international migration experience is associated with fewer births and that the estimated effects of migration experience are attenuated after taking into account age at union formation and husbands’ prior union experiences. As fertility levels in migrant origin and destination countries continue on their path toward convergence, migrant fertility below native fertility may become more common due to migration’s disruptive effects on marital timing and marital stability and the selection of divorced or separated adults into migration.

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