A Guide to Water Free Lithium Bis(oxalate) Borate (LiBOB)

The use of LiBOB is limited due to slight instability issues under ambient conditions that might require extra purification steps and might result in poorer performances in real systems. Here, we address some of these issues and report the high purity water free LiBOB synthesized with fewer processing steps employing lithium carbonate, oxalic acid, and boric acid as low-cost starting materials, and via ceramic processing methods under protective atmosphere. The physical and chemical characterizations of both anhydrous and monohydrate phases are performed with X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses to determine the degree of the purity and the formation of impurities like LiBOB.H2O, HBO2 and Li2C2O4 as a result of the aging investigations performed. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is applied to determine the optimum synthesis conditions for anhydrous LiBOB and to analyze the water loss and the decomposition of LiBOB.H2O. Aging experiments with the water free LiBOB are carried out to evaluate the effect of humidity in the phase changes and resulting impurities under various conditions. The detrimental effect of even slightest humidity conditions is shown, and protective measures during and after the synthesis of LiBOB are discussed.

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A review of biomass materials for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries

Chemical Science ◽

10.1039/c9sc02743b ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (32) ◽

pp. 7484-7495 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Huadong Yuan ◽

Tiefeng Liu ◽

Yujing Liu ◽

Jianwei Nai ◽

Yao Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Recent Progress ◽

Low Cost ◽

High Abundance ◽

Chemical Adsorption ◽

Environmental Friendliness ◽

Lithium Sulfur Batteries ◽

Biomass Materials ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Lithium Sulfur

This review summarizes recent progress of biomass-derived materials in Li–S batteries. These materials are promising due to their advantages including strong physical and chemical adsorption, high abundance, low cost, and environmental friendliness.

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Synthesis of short-range ordered aluminosilicates at ambient conditions

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83643-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Katharina R. Lenhardt ◽

Hergen Breitzke ◽

Gerd Buntkowsky ◽

Erik Reimhult ◽

Max Willinger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Short Range ◽

Spatial Arrangement ◽

Aluminium Chloride ◽

Ambient Conditions ◽

Soils And Sediments ◽

Submicron Scale ◽

Mineral Structure ◽

Temperature And Pressure ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Microscopic Techniques

AbstractWe report here on structure-related aggregation effects of short-range ordered aluminosilicates (SROAS) that have to be considered in the development of synthesis protocols and may be relevant for the properties of SROAS in the environment. We synthesized SROAS of variable composition by neutralizing aqueous aluminium chloride with sodium orthosilicate at ambient temperature and pressure. We determined elemental composition, visualized morphology by microscopic techniques, and resolved mineral structure by solid-state 29Si and 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Nitrogen sorption revealed substantial surface loss of Al-rich SROAS that resembled proto-imogolite formed in soils and sediments due to aggregation upon freezing. The effect was less pronounced in Si-rich SROAS, indicating a structure-dependent effect on spatial arrangement of mass at the submicron scale. Cryomilling efficiently fractured aggregates but did not change the magnitude of specific surface area. Since accessibility of surface functional groups is a prerequisite for sequestration of substances, elucidating physical and chemical processes of aggregation as a function of composition and crystallinity may improve our understanding of the reactivity of SROAS in the environment.

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Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications

Open Chemistry ◽

10.1515/chem-2020-0159 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 1148-1166

Author(s):

Ganjar Fadillah ◽

Septian Perwira Yudha ◽

Suresh Sagadevan ◽

Is Fatimah ◽

Oki Muraza

Keyword(s):

Iron Oxide ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Photocatalytic Oxidation ◽

Low Cost ◽

Synthesis Method ◽

Chemical Oxidation ◽

Magnetic Iron Oxide ◽

Oxidation Processes ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Physical And Chemical

AbstractPhysical and chemical methods have been developed for water and wastewater treatments. Adsorption is an attractive method due to its simplicity and low cost, and it has been widely employed in industrial treatment. In advanced schemes, chemical oxidation and photocatalytic oxidation have been recognized as effective methods for wastewater-containing organic compounds. The use of magnetic iron oxide in these methods has received much attention. Magnetic iron oxide nanocomposite adsorbents have been recognized as favorable materials due to their stability, high adsorption capacities, and recoverability, compared to conventional sorbents. Magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites have also been reported to be effective in photocatalytic and chemical oxidation processes. The current review has presented recent developments in techniques using magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites for water treatment applications. The review highlights the synthesis method and compares modifications for adsorbent, photocatalytic oxidation, and chemical oxidation processes. Future prospects for the use of nanocomposites have been presented.

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Kaolin-Enhanced Superabsorbent Composites: Synthesis, Characterization and Swelling Behaviors

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13081204 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1204

Author(s):

Mengna Chen ◽

Xuelong Chen ◽

Caiyan Zhang ◽

Baozheng Cui ◽

Zewen Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

Low Cost ◽

High Water ◽

Kinetic Mechanism ◽

Swelling Kinetics ◽

Synthesis Conditions ◽

Ph Tolerance ◽

Monovalent Salt ◽

Infrared Spectrometer ◽

Pseudo Second Order

One type of low-cost and eco-friendly organic‒inorganic superabsorbent composite (SAPC) was synthesized by free radical polymerization of acrylic acid (AA), starch (ST), sodium alginate (SA) and kaolin (KL) in aqueous solution. The structure and morphology of the SAPC were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The influence of different reaction conditions on water absorption of SAPC, i.e., SA and KL contents, AA neutralization degree (ND), potassium persulfate (KPS) and N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) loading were systematically studied. Under the optimal synthesis conditions, very high water absorption of 1200 g/g was achieved. The swelling kinetic mechanism of SAPC was studied by pseudo-second order swelling kinetics model and Ritger‒Peppas model. The performances of SAPC under different environments were tested and results revealed that this new SAPC had excellent swelling capacity, high water retention, good salt tolerance in monovalent salt solution (NaCl solution) and good pH tolerance between 4 and 10.

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Synthesis, Analysis, and Testing of BiOBr-Bi2WO6Photocatalytic Heterojunction Semiconductors

International Journal of Photoenergy ◽

10.1155/2015/630476 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Xiangchao Meng ◽

Zisheng Zhang

Keyword(s):

Visible Light ◽

Visible Light Irradiation ◽

Degradation Process ◽

Light Irradiation ◽

Enhancement Effect ◽

Electron Hole ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Synthesis Conditions ◽

Optimum Synthesis ◽

Photocatalytic Activities

In photocatalysis, the recombination of electron-hole pairs is generally regarded as one of its most serious drawbacks. The synthesis of various composites with heterojunction structures has increasingly shed light on preventing this recombination. In this work, a BiOBr-Bi2WO6photocatalytic heterojunction semiconductor was synthesized by the facile hydrothermal method and applied in the photocatalytic degradation process. It was determined that both reaction time and temperature significantly affected the crystal structure and morphologies of the photocatalysts. BiOBr (50 at%)-Bi2WO6composites were prepared under optimum synthesis conditions (120°C for 6 h) and by theoretically analyzing the DRS results, it was determined that they possessed the suitable band gap (2.61 eV) to be stimulated by visible-light irradiation. The photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared photocatalysts were evaluated by the degradation ofRhodamine B (RhB)under visible-light irradiation. The experimental conditions, including initial concentration, pH, and catalyst dosage, were explored and the photocatalysts in this system were proven stable enough to be reused for several runs. Moreover, the interpreted mechanism of the heterojunction enhancement effect proved that the synthesis of a heterojunction structure provided an effective method to decrease the recombination rate of the electron-hole pairs, thereby improving the photocatalytic activity.

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Lifetime Analysis of Rubber Gasket Composed of Methyl Vinyl Silicone Rubber with Low-Temperature Resistance

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2015/101068 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Young-Doo Kwon ◽

Seong-Hwa Jun ◽

Ji-Min Song

Keyword(s):

Silicone Rubber ◽

Mechanical Load ◽

Low Cost ◽

Accelerated Life Test ◽

Parameter Method ◽

Ambient Conditions ◽

Methyl Vinyl ◽

Accelerated Life ◽

Elastomeric Materials ◽

Lifetime Analysis

Most machines and instruments constantly require elastomeric materials like rubber for the purposes of shock absorption, noise attenuation, and sealing. The material properties and accurate lifetime prediction of rubber are closely related to the quality of machines, especially their durability and reliability. The properties of rubber-like elastomers are influenced by ambient conditions, such as temperature, environment, and mechanical load. Moreover, the initial properties of rubber gaskets must be sustained under working conditions to satisfy their required function. Because of its technical merits, as well as its low cost, the highly accelerated life test (HALT) is used by many researchers to predict the long-term lifetime of rubber materials. Methyl vinyl silicone rubber (VMQ) has recently been adopted to improve the lifetime of automobile radiator gaskets. A four-parameter method of determining the recovery ability of the gaskets was recently published, and two revised methods of obtaining the recovery were proposed for polyacrylate (ACM) rubber. The recovery rate curves for VMQ were acquired using the successive zooming genetic algorithm (SZGA). The gasket lifetime for the target recovery (60%) of a compressed gasket was computed somewhat differently depending on the selected regression model.

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Some physical and chemical properties of substrates designed for container production of spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst)

Glasnik Sumarskog fakulteta ◽

10.2298/gsf0490079v ◽

2004 ◽

pp. 79-90

Author(s):

Vesna Vratusa

Keyword(s):

Woody Plants ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Foreign Markets ◽

Urban Green Spaces ◽

Nursery Production ◽

Countries In Transition ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Efficient nursery production of woody plants, as well as the level of their successful application in urban green spaces, greatly depends upon properties of substrates in which these individuals grow, develop and endure. Furthermore, quality of substrate does not only affect the quality of future product (plant individual or green space), but distinctly determines its price. This element, extremely significant for all countries in transition, thus Serbia as well, commands finding ways of making qualitative, but least expensive substrate. The most logical solution is to use mixtures/substrates of precisely defined properties, composed of domestic components. Results presented in this paper imply that it is possible to create precisely such standard mixtures from domestic resources at relatively low cost, adjusted to needs of particular species, which would ultimately lead to successful, non-expensive nursery production and application of produced stock, both on domestic and foreign markets.

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LOW ENERGY BACTERIA PRESERVATION OF EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA HALOFERAX LUCENTENSE AND HALOFERAX CHUDINOVII IMMOBILIZED USING NATURAL ZEOLITE

Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri ◽

10.21771/jrtppi.2019.v10.no2.p16-28 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 16-28

Author(s):

Rizal Awaludin Malik ◽

Nilawati Nilawati ◽

Novarina Irnaning Handayani ◽

Rame Rame ◽

Silvy Djayanti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Pore Volume ◽

Low Cost ◽

Halophilic Archaea ◽

High Energy ◽

Slight Reduction ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Preservation Method ◽

Chemical Content ◽

Physical And Chemical

The methods of microbial cells preservation were already known by liquid drying, freeze-drying, and freezing. Those methods could preserve bacteria cells in a long period of time but its survivability was relatively low and used relatively high energy during preservation. Immobilization was known as entrapping, attaching or encapsulating bacterial cells in a suitable matrix. This research was conducted to know the suitability of zeolite as immobilization carrier and also as preservation matrix of two halophilic archaea Haloferax chudinovii and Haloferax lucentense. Variable of this research was the type of the carrier which was raw zeolite, 110oC and 300oC heat-activated zeolite carrier, parameters measured in this study was physical and chemical of zeolite such as chemical content, Si/Al ratio, surface area and pore volume, and biochemical assay, bacterial cells numbers after immobilization and bacterial cells after preservation as bacterial response to the immobilization and preservation. Heat activation was significantly affecting the chemical composition, carrier surface area, and pore volume. Highest surface area, pore volume, and Si/Al ratio were obtained in 110oC pretreated zeolite followed by 300oC pretreated zeolite. The bacterial cells obtained after immobilization process was 1,8x107 cfu/g, 3,0 x 107 cfu/g, and 2,1x107 for raw zeolite, 110oC pretreated zeolite and 300oC zeolite respectively. After 4 months preservation, the slight reduction of the bacterial cells was observed. Immobilization halophilic archaeae using zeolite as carrier was proven as low cost and effective preservation method due to relatively simple process and unspecific preservation temperature requirements.

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M-Polynomials and Associated Topological Indices of Sodalite Materials

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2021/5924409 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Ghazanfar Abbas ◽

Muhammad Ibrahim ◽

Ali Ahmad ◽

Muhammad Azeem ◽

Kashif Elahi

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Topological Index ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Topological Indices ◽

Mathematical Tool ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Natural Zeolites ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Natural zeolites are commonly described as macromolecular sieves. Zeolite networks are very trendy chemical networks due to their low-cost implementation. Sodalite network is one of the most studied types of zeolite networks. It helps in the removal of greenhouse gases. To study this rich network, we use an authentic mathematical tool known as M-polynomials of the topological index and show some physical and chemical properties in numerical form, and to understand the structure deeply, we compare different legitimate M-polynomials of topological indices, concluding in the form of graphical comparisons.

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