scholarly journals MUTATION BREEDING FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT: A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Rishav Pandit ◽  
Bishnu Bhusal ◽  
Rashmi Regmi ◽  
Pritika Neupane ◽  
Kushal Bhattarai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Mutation Breeding ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Rapid Phase ◽  
Induced Mutation ◽  
Chemical Mutagens ◽  
Oil Seed ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Wide Range

Despite the fact that the world is at the rapid phase of agricultural modernization, but we are still concerned about food security. To meet the demand of exponential increase in population there is requirement of 70% more food by 2050. To overcome this situation we have to improve our existing crop varieties and make them genetically diverse, adaptive to climate change, input use efficient, high yielding, enhanced nutritional attributes, and better adaptable to a wide range of agro-ecosystems and should not deteriorate existing environment. Among the various methods of breeding to improve crop varieties mutation breeding (induced mutation) plays a crucial role for the development of genetic variation among themselves. Over past five decade mutation breeding is getting more popular and till now 3,362 mutant plant varieties from 240 different plant species in more than 75 countries are released. Different types of physical, chemical and combined mutagens have been used by various breeder to induce genetic variability in various crops. 2635 varieties are developed by physical mutagens, 398 varieties are developed by chemical mutagens and 37 varieties are developed by combination of physical and chemical mutagens. Continent wise, 82 varieties are developed by Africa, 2049 by Asia, 10 by Australia and Pacific, 959 by Europe, 53 by Latin America, and 209 by North America. Similarly, 1602 major cereals, 501 major legumes and 86 major oil seed mutant crop varieties are developed by mutation breeding/induced mutation. Mutation breeding improve several qualitative and quantitative characters of crop plant and is successfully applied in several cereal, grain legume, oil seed, vegetable, fruits, medicinal plant, ornamental plants and fodder crops. With the advancement of various plant breeding, genetics, and biotechnological tools mutation breeding contribute toward the increase in global food and agriculture production which ultimately overcome global hunger and improve the nutritional status of the globe.

scholarly journals The barley pan-genome reveals the hidden legacy of mutation breeding

Nature ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 588 (7837) ◽  
pp. 284-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murukarthick Jayakodi ◽  
Sudharsan Padmarasu ◽  
Georg Haberer ◽  
Venkata Suresh Bonthala ◽  
Heidrun Gundlach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Mutation Breeding ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Genomic Structural Variation ◽  
Pan Genome ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Full Complement ◽  
High Quality Sequence ◽  
Barley Germplasm

AbstractGenetic diversity is key to crop improvement. Owing to pervasive genomic structural variation, a single reference genome assembly cannot capture the full complement of sequence diversity of a crop species (known as the ‘pan-genome’1). Multiple high-quality sequence assemblies are an indispensable component of a pan-genome infrastructure. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop with a long history of cultivation that is adapted to a wide range of agro-climatic conditions2. Here we report the construction of chromosome-scale sequence assemblies for the genotypes of 20 varieties of barley—comprising landraces, cultivars and a wild barley—that were selected as representatives of global barley diversity. We catalogued genomic presence/absence variants and explored the use of structural variants for quantitative genetic analysis through whole-genome shotgun sequencing of 300 gene bank accessions. We discovered abundant large inversion polymorphisms and analysed in detail two inversions that are frequently found in current elite barley germplasm; one is probably the product of mutation breeding and the other is tightly linked to a locus that is involved in the expansion of geographical range. This first-generation barley pan-genome makes previously hidden genetic variation accessible to genetic studies and breeding.

Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Soybean : Regulated by ncRNA

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
YASIN JESHIMA KHAN ◽  
HUSNARA Tyagi ◽  
Anil kumar Singh ◽  
Santosh kumar. Magadum
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Plants respond through a cascade of reactions resulting in varied cellular environment leading to alterations in the patterns of protein expression resulting in phonotypic changes. Single cell genomics and global proteomics came out to be powerful tools and efficient techniques in studying stress tolerant plants. Non-coding RNAs are a distinct class of regulatory RNAs in plants and animals that control a variety of biological processes. Small ncRNAs play a vital role in post transcriptional gene regulation by either translational repression or by inducing mRNA cleavage. The major classes of small RNAs include microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which differ in their biogenesis. miRNAs control the expression of cognate target genes by binding to complementary sequences, resulting in cleavage or translational inhibition of the target RNAs. siRNAs too have a similar structure, function, and biogenesis like miRNAs but are derived from long double-stranded RNAs and can often direct DNA methylation at target sequences.In this review, we focus on the involvement of ncRNAs in comabting abiotic stresses of soybean. This review emphasis on previously known miRNAs as they play important role in several abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, chilling and heat stress by their diverse roles in mediating biological processes like gene expression, chromatin formation, defense of genome against invading viruses. This review attempts to elucidate the various kinds of non-coding RNAs explored, their discovery, biogenesis, functions, and response for different type of abiotic stresses and future aspects for crop improvement in the context of soybean, a representative grain legume.

scholarly journals Simulation Verification of the Contact Parameter Influence on the Forces’ Course of Cereal Grain Impact against a Stiff Surface

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz Kęska ◽  
Jacek Marcinkiewicz ◽  
Łukasz Gierz ◽  
Żaneta Staszak ◽  
Jarosław Selech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
Contact Parameter ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

The continuous development of computer technology has made it applicable in many scientific fields, including research into a wide range of processes in agricultural machines. It allows the simulation of very complex physical phenomena, including grain motion. A recently discovered discrete element method (DEM) is used for this purpose. It involves direct integration of equations of grain system motion under the action of various forces, the most important of which are contact forces. The method’s accuracy depends mainly on precisely developed mathematical models of contacts. The creation of such models requires empirical validation, an experiment that investigates the course of contact forces at the moment of the impact of the grains. To achieve this, specialised test stations equipped with force and speed sensors were developed. The correct selection of testing equipment and interpretation of results play a decisive role in this type of research. This paper focuses on the evaluation of the force sensor dynamic properties’ influence on the measurement accuracy of the course of the plant grain impact forces against a stiff surface. The issue was examined using the computer simulation method. A proprietary computer software with the main calculation module and data input procedures, which presents results in a graphic form, was used for calculations. From the simulation, graphs of the contact force and force signal from the sensor were obtained. This helped to clearly indicate the essence of the correct selection of parameters used in the tests of sensors, which should be characterised by high resonance frequency.

NUMERICAL ANALYSES OF LEAF AND FRUIT EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY IN Moringa oleifera LAM

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Andrawus Zhigila ◽  
Sulaiman Mohammed ◽  
Felix Ayodele Oladele ◽  
Fatima B. J. Sawa
Keyword(s):  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Numerical Analyses ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Diversity Assessment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Improvement Programme

The wide range of uses of Moringa oleifera in recent time has witnessed increasing demand of its foliar and seed products in nutritional, medical and ecological applications. The upsurge of demand for these products needs to be balanced with new varieties of improved performance to meet the supply chain. To achieve this, morphological diversity assessment is prerequisite for future crop improvement programme. Therefore, numerical analyses of the external morphology of leaf and fruit of thirty accessions of Moringa oleifera were assessed. The study was carried out on both qualitative and quantitative characters to assess the diversity at morphological level to establish the phenetic relationships and the delimitation of accessions. Relationship studies showed considerable correlation between the leaf and fruits characters that produced clear and reproducible threats and were selected for diversity study. Numerical analysis of the qualitative and quantitative characters clustered the accessions into five groups – operational taxonomic units (OTUs) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 were clustered in group one; OTUs 6 and 8 were clustered in group two and three respectively; OTUs 15 and 16 in group four and OUT 23 in group five cluster membership. Principal Component Analysis was carried out to augment the Cluster Analysis which showed large morphological diversity existing in accessions of Moringa oleifera hence, infraspecific classification is hereby proposed.  These analysis particularly traits related to leaf and fruits yield can also be utilised for crop improvement programme.

scholarly journals Mutagenic effect of EMS and DES on Tenai (Setaria italica) in M1 generation

1970 ◽  
pp. 06-08
Author(s):  
I. Anittha, L. Mullainathan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Mutagenic Effect ◽  
Mutation Breeding ◽  
Setaria Italica ◽  
Mutagenic Treatment ◽  
Genetic Manipulations ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Breeding Techniques

Mutation breeding gives better results for crop improvement through genetic manipulations when compared  to  other conventional breeding techniques. The present work focused in order to find out the effect of chemical mutagens; EMS and DES on Setaria italica in M1 generation. The seeds of Tenai, variety CO(Te)7 treated with different concentration of EMS and DES. The LD50 was observed at 30mM in EMS and 40mM in DES. Selection studies were conducted to improve the yield and to generate genetic variability in different quantitative traits such as days to first bloom, plant height, number of leaves, number of nodes, length and breadth of ear head, 1000 seed weight and yield per plant. The results revealed that, all the parameters were decreased with increasing concentration in both EMS and DES, while days to first bloom was increasing with increasing concentration. According to the result all the parameters  studied  shows a negative direction towards crop improvement in M1 generation because of the stress caused by mutagenic treatment.

scholarly journals Applications and Major Achievements of Genome Editing in Vegetable Crops: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Cheon Kim ◽  
Yeeun Kang ◽  
Eun-Young Yang ◽  
Myeong-Cheoul Cho ◽  
Roland Schafleitner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Mutation Breeding ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Nutrient Sources ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Genomics Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Essential Nutrient

The emergence of genome-editing technology has allowed manipulation of DNA sequences in genomes to precisely remove or replace specific sequences in organisms resulting in targeted mutations. In plants, genome editing is an attractive method to alter gene functions to generate improved crop varieties. Genome editing is thought to be simple to use and has a lower risk of off-target effects compared to classical mutation breeding. Furthermore, genome-editing technology tools can also be applied directly to crops that contain complex genomes and/or are not easily bred using traditional methods. Currently, highly versatile genome-editing tools for precise and predictable editing of almost any locus in the plant genome make it possible to extend the range of application, including functional genomics research and molecular crop breeding. Vegetables are essential nutrient sources for humans and provide vitamins, minerals, and fiber to diets, thereby contributing to human health. In this review, we provide an overview of the brief history of genome-editing technologies and the components of genome-editing tool boxes, and illustrate basic modes of operation in representative systems. We describe the current and potential practical application of genome editing for the development of improved nutritious vegetables and present several case studies demonstrating the potential of the technology. Finally, we highlight future directions and challenges in applying genome-editing systems to vegetable crops for research and product development.

The cereal grain trade in the United Kingdom: the problem of cereal variety

1984 ◽  
Vol 304 (1120) ◽  
pp. 395-407 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Variety Identification ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Current Frequency ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

The production of cereals in the United Kingdom has increased steadily over recent years from 12.6 million tonnes in 1964 to 21.8 million tonnes in 1982. During this period, the United Kingdom’s accession to the E.E.C. in 1973 caused a reverse in the milling industry’s policy of including only a small proportion of home-grown wheat with imported wheat in breadmaking grists. Home-grown wheat is now the major constituent of mass produced bread. Since the passing of the Plant Varieties Rights Act in 1964, plant breeders have been able to collect royalties on the sale of seed of their varieties; this led within a decade to a large number of high yielding varieties on offer to the farmer. Thus during the period of adjustment to home-grown wheat after 1973, the milling industry had to select from a wide range of varieties of different milling and baking qualities. Selection was aided by the offer of a ‘premium’ (extra payment) for wheat of the right variety. The millers’ problem then was to be able to check that the wheat received was of the variety claimed by the supplier. Investigations of the heterogeneity ofgliadins by electrophoresis had been conducted by several workers, but a refined procedure was developed that used starch gel electrophoresis that was able to distinguish most varieties of wheat grown in France and the E.E.C. Different electrophoretic patterns were obtained from individual grains of different varieties: grains of the same variety gave similar patterns irrespective of growth environment. Subsequent developments of variety identification by electrophoresis have improved the resolution and time of analysis. Use of electrophoresis to check the varietal composition of grain being supplied to a British miller revealed that contracts that specified varietal content were usually, but not always, complied with. It was found that the miller was able to seek financial reimbursement from his supplier to compensate for the poorer grade of wheat received in about one in eight deliveries from France; and in about one in seven deliveries from the British farmer. Farmers have now adjusted to growing, storing and supplying varieties separately, such that the current frequency of erroneous grain delivery is about one in 50. The impact of variety identification by electrophoresis in barley trading has been less than in wheat trading. This is partly because it is sometimes possible to verify a purchase through examination of grain morphology, and partly because the alternative electrophoretic analysis is often impractical, because of frequently large numbers of barley varieties carrying identical hordein proteins.

scholarly journals Using Genomics to Exploit Grain Legume Biodiversity in Crop Improvement

2010 ◽  
pp. 171-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangam L. Dwivedi ◽  
Hari D. Upadhyaya ◽  
Jayashree Balaji ◽  
Hutokshi K. Buhariwalla ◽  
Matthew W. Blair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Grain Legume

New and novel genetic tools for improving crops.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (028) ◽  
Author(s):  
Penna Suprasanna
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
New Novel ◽  
High Throughput Phenotyping ◽  
Sequencing Platforms

Abstract The basic tenet of crop improvement is the novel genetic variability that is achieved through selection, hybridization, mutation and recombination. The new technological innovations of plant breeding offer scope for transforming crop improvement with more precision and resolution. Advances in genomic-based tools and high-throughput phenotyping have enabled the analysis of genetic variation and identification of molecular signatures of agronomic traits. Molecular markers and molecular-marker-assisted breeding have facilitated the speedy selection of new, novel genetic combinations in breeding for high-yielding, stress-tolerant and nutritionally enriched crops. Transgenic methods have revolutionized modification for stress tolerance and higher productivity, and several genetically modified crops are under cultivation. Availability of genome sequencing platforms and genomic resources has significantly contributed to accessing novel genes and validating their functions. Genome-editing tools and recent advances of prime editing are now accessible for precise genetic alteration of plant traits. The new plant breeding tools will certainly foster development of highly productive, improved crop varieties for achieving food security and climate resilience.

Mutation breeding in rice for sustainable crop production and food security in India.

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Vikash Kumar ◽  
Anjali Chauhan ◽  
Avinash Kumar Shinde ◽  
Ramesh L. Kunkerkar ◽  
Deepak Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Mutation Breeding ◽  
Crop Diversity ◽  
World Population ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
The World ◽  
Traditional Landraces ◽  
Rice Improvement

Abstract With the inevitable risk posed by global climate change affecting crop yield and the ever-increasing demands of agricultural produce, crop improvement techniques need to be more precise in developing smart crop varieties. The rice crop, a staple food for the majority of the world population, has a significant role to play in alleviating the global hunger problem. With the world population burgeoning at an unprecedented rate, limited fertile land resources, climate change, emerging new races of pests and diseases and consumer preferences for quality attributes, it is imperative to increase crop diversity, and this requires better selection efficiency addressing the challenges of future rice production. Mutation breeding is a fundamental and very successful tool helping to increase crop diversity and allowing plant breeders to exercise their skill in developing desirable crop varieties. The induction of mutations has been used to enhance yield, improve nutritional quality and widen the adaptability of the world's most important crops such as wheat, rice, pulses, millets and oilseeds. India is considered to be one of the primary centres of origin of crop species with the concomitant very high genetic diversity in traditional landraces for different agronomic traits of economic importance. Plant architecture, such as plant height, branching habit (tiller number), leaf shape and patterns, floral and grain traits and quality traits such as aroma, amylose content and cooking quality are of tremendous importance for rice improvement programmes. Traditional landraces of rice have premium grain quality, fetching a premium price, but their cultivation is being marginalized due to their tall stature, proneness to lodging, late maturity and poor yield. Mutation breeding technology has been successfully implemented in rice improvement programmes, which have resulted in the improvement of aromatic rice varieties, such as 'Pusa Basmati 1', 'Dubraj and Jawaphool'. Two high-yielding mutant rice varieties, TCDM-1 ('Trombay Chhattisgarh Dubraj Mutant-1') and TKR Kolam ('Trombay Karjat Rice Kolam'), have been released for cultivation in Chhattisgarh and the Konkan region of Maharashtra. Both these varieties possess dwarf plant stature (110 cm), medium maturity (130 days), premium grain quality and resistance to major pests and diseases. Improvement of other traditional rice varieties is underway which will bring these varieties back into cultivation and help in improving the tribal and marginal farmers' economy.

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