scholarly journals The prophet, the mother, the avenger: An examination of Gaia's cult worship and the "bricolage" in her myth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Eilish Draper
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Greek Version ◽  
Positive Evidence ◽  
Mother Goddess ◽  
Mother Figure ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Mother Earth

<p>This thesis is a study of the cult of the Greek goddess Gaia (Gē). Gaia’s cult has long been interpreted by scholars though the lens of her mythical roles. She featured in literature as the mother of the Titans, as an oracular goddess at Delphi, and as the mythical mother of Erichthonios; she is also a force that watched over curses and oaths. Her cult has been most strongly associated with Delphi, where she was part of the Previous Owners myth, a tradition that made her the primary goddess at Delphi before Apollo took over. She is also strongly associated with Athens, where almost all of our literary evidence comes from.  Early 20th century scholarship characterised Gaia as a universally-worshipped “Mother Earth” figure; more specifically, she has been identified as the Greek version of the Anatolian Mother Goddess, Kybele. Gaia’s cult worship as an oracular goddess and as a mother figure is overstated, and I argue that these associations are examples of confirmation bias. In this thesis, I examine the sources for both myth and cult to establish where the boundaries lie between the two, both through re-examination of the primary sources and through a critical appraisal of secondary discussions.  To compare, I examine the positive evidence for Gaia’s cult, with a particular focus on the epigraphical evidence, including a 5th century BCE statue base and inscriptions from the 4th century BCE that describe a ἱερόν of Gaia at Delphi and Attic deme calendars that provide sacrifices to Gaia, some of which are expensive. Further evidence is offered by Pausanias and Plutarch, who attest to a sanctuary of Gaia at Delphi in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, cults of Gē Kourotrophos and Gē Themis in Athens, and other cults of Gaia elsewhere. I also explore the significance of Gaia as the mother of Ericthonios, the autochthonous founder of Athens, in myth and Athenian literature.  I conclude that Gaia was not worshipped at Delphi before the 5th century BCE. Gaia was receiving cult worship in Athens from the 5th century BCE in the form of deme sacrifices. Also in Athens, Gaia’s worship as Gē Themis appears arounds the 4th century BCE, while Pausanias attests to a temple of Gē Kourotrophos on the acropolis. Before the time of Pausanias, Kourotrophos appears to be a separate deity. Finally, I conclude that Gaia rarely receives cult worship under the epithet “Meter” and cannot be identified as the Greek version of Anatolian Kybele.</p>

scholarly journals The prophet, the mother, the avenger: An examination of Gaia's cult worship and the "bricolage" in her myth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Eilish Draper
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Greek Version ◽  
Positive Evidence ◽  
Mother Goddess ◽  
Mother Figure ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Mother Earth

<p>This thesis is a study of the cult of the Greek goddess Gaia (Gē). Gaia’s cult has long been interpreted by scholars though the lens of her mythical roles. She featured in literature as the mother of the Titans, as an oracular goddess at Delphi, and as the mythical mother of Erichthonios; she is also a force that watched over curses and oaths. Her cult has been most strongly associated with Delphi, where she was part of the Previous Owners myth, a tradition that made her the primary goddess at Delphi before Apollo took over. She is also strongly associated with Athens, where almost all of our literary evidence comes from.  Early 20th century scholarship characterised Gaia as a universally-worshipped “Mother Earth” figure; more specifically, she has been identified as the Greek version of the Anatolian Mother Goddess, Kybele. Gaia’s cult worship as an oracular goddess and as a mother figure is overstated, and I argue that these associations are examples of confirmation bias. In this thesis, I examine the sources for both myth and cult to establish where the boundaries lie between the two, both through re-examination of the primary sources and through a critical appraisal of secondary discussions.  To compare, I examine the positive evidence for Gaia’s cult, with a particular focus on the epigraphical evidence, including a 5th century BCE statue base and inscriptions from the 4th century BCE that describe a ἱερόν of Gaia at Delphi and Attic deme calendars that provide sacrifices to Gaia, some of which are expensive. Further evidence is offered by Pausanias and Plutarch, who attest to a sanctuary of Gaia at Delphi in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, cults of Gē Kourotrophos and Gē Themis in Athens, and other cults of Gaia elsewhere. I also explore the significance of Gaia as the mother of Ericthonios, the autochthonous founder of Athens, in myth and Athenian literature.  I conclude that Gaia was not worshipped at Delphi before the 5th century BCE. Gaia was receiving cult worship in Athens from the 5th century BCE in the form of deme sacrifices. Also in Athens, Gaia’s worship as Gē Themis appears arounds the 4th century BCE, while Pausanias attests to a temple of Gē Kourotrophos on the acropolis. Before the time of Pausanias, Kourotrophos appears to be a separate deity. Finally, I conclude that Gaia rarely receives cult worship under the epithet “Meter” and cannot be identified as the Greek version of Anatolian Kybele.</p>

scholarly journals New about the little-known and missing works of Oleksandr Murashko: the attribution of portraits of the German consul Erich Hering’s wife, artist A. Babenko, Tetiana Yashvil, Lidia Murashko, paintings "Evening"

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
Daria Dobriian
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Artistic Works

The author attempts to attribute the lesser-known artistic works by Oleksandr Murashko (1875–1919). Some of them were considered lost, e.g. the images of Tetiana Jashvil or Lidia Murashko. Others, including a portrait of the German consul Erich Hering’s wife, as well as a portrait of the artist A. Babenko (Murashko’s pupil) and the painting "Evening", can still appear in the field of view of researchers. The author describes primary sources that allowed her to carry out the attribution, and details that suggested the correct way for the scientific search. A number of iconic paintings by Oleksandr Murashko are known only from some black-and-white or colour reproductions. First and foremost, we are talking about such works of the artist as "Merry-go-round", "Sunday" (1909), "On terrace", "Over the old pond", which trails were lost in the early 20th century. The author already touched upon the question of these paintings’ fate (except for "Merry-go-round"). Nevertheless for a deeper understanding of the artist's work, it is necessary to explore the lesser-known, even lost pieces. The primary source for studying the heritage of the artist are listings of his works, that were compiled around 1919 by Marharyta Murashko. Despite the fact that they contain many inaccuracies and errors, the value of these listings cannot be overemphasized. Inter alia, there are works, which locations are unknown by far. But the idea of some of them can be formed from photos from the documentary and archival trust of the National Art Museum of Ukraine. Some researchers have managed to establish the names of many persons portrayed by Murashko, but there is a need to make further researches in this field. The attribution of each painting proves that even a limited amount of sources can give us an idea of the appearance of lost works, regardless the fact that not all of them were reproduced on the pages of printed publications or as photographs. At the same time, the assessment of various sources allows us to attribute the little-known portraits, because the names of many depicted persons remain unknown. But with each passing year it becomes more complex to set them.

The Russian Silver Age: Dionysianism Versus Principium Individuationis

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Oleg A. Matveychev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Important Idea ◽  
Russian Intelligentsia ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Cultural Reality ◽  
Original Concept

The article examines the existence, development and historical fate of the famous Nietzschean antithesis “Apollonian and Dionysian” in Russian culture of the late 19th - early 20th century. The author considers reasons for the true triumph of Nietzsche in Russia during the Silver Age and the peculiarities of the reception of his ideas by the Russian intelligentsia. The emphasis in the work is on the ideas of V. Ivanov - the main guide, herald and living embodiment of the idea of Dionysianism in Russia (the works of almost all other authors who addressed this topic were written under his influence). The main stages of the formation of his original concept of the cult of Dionysus, perceived by Ivanov as a primarily a religious phenomenon, are analyzed (the thinker refuses to use the concepts “Apollonian” and “Dionysian” as metaphors to describe a particular cultural reality). Ivanov&#x27;s most important idea was the presentation of the cult of Dionysus and the “religion of the suffering god” as a “preparation” for Christianity. In the &quot;restoration&quot; of the Dionysian cult, Ivanov sees the way to overcome the crisis of the modern world, based on the principium individuationis.

scholarly journals El Instituto Internacional de Agricultura: España y la «cuestión social», 1905-1923

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrián Sánchez Castillo
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Social ◽  
Transnational Connections ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Labour Regulation

In the agrarian context of the early 20th century, networks of experts and interest groups were created. These formed institutions across state borders to achieve prestige derived from their supranational character and ostensible technical and scientific capacity. The objective of this article is to analyse the impact in Spain of the International Institute of Agriculture (IIA), from the year of its creation until the advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship, through the lens of the “social question”: a concept that popularized the proposals and disagreements surrounding labour regulation. The research draws from the latest contributions in transnational history and internationalism, recent secondary sources about the IIA and primary sources that reflect how transnational IIA networks worked in and with Spain to address agricultural labour issues. The article concludes that the intensely transnational connections between agrarian elites, owners and technicians in the early 20th century transformed social relations in agriculture and agrarian public policies in Spain.

Preserving Patchogue: A Small Institution Rehouses and Digitizes Glass Plate Negatives

Collections ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-205
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Menzo
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Graduate Student ◽  
Glass Plate ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Multiple Points ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Student Intern ◽  
Ongoing Project

In 2015, the Greater Patchogue Historical Society in Long Island, New York, received a gift of nearly 2,000 glass plate negatives dating from the early 20th century. While the donor alluded to rare images of this small town and its people, the collection presented a series of preservation concerns. Many of the objects were soiled, and almost all were still in their original acidic paper sleeves. Determined to both protect and utilize the collection, this small institution, with the assistance of a graduate student intern, formalized a preservation plan that also created multiple points of access to the visual and historical information that these objects contained. After minimally cleaning, rehousing, and photographing a selected portion of the negatives, the digital files were later processed with editing software so that the organization's members and local citizens could see the historic images. In addition to digitizing the negatives, the original sleeves were imaged to preserve valuable information, such as people's names, the location of views, or a negative's date. This ongoing project is an example of how smaller institutions can make a meaningful influence in their local communities by preserving photographic objects and implementing methods of digitization.

Was würde Schumpeter tun? Entrepreneurship in Zeiten der Covid-Pandemie

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
Alexander Brem
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Creative Destruction ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Joseph Schumpeter ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Speculative Discussion ◽  
Innovation And Entrepreneurship ◽  
Key Questions

Zweifelsohne markiert die Corona-Pandemie eine Zäsur in fast allen Lebensbereichen – und das nicht nur in einem oder wenigen Ländern, sondern annähernd weltweit. Die damit einhergehenden, radikalen Veränderungen in der Art und Weise wie wir leben und arbeiten, verleiht klassischen Konzepten wie der „schöpferischen Zerstörung“ wieder neue Aktualität. 70 Jahre nach dem Tod von Joseph A. Schumpeter sind seine grundlegenden Ideen zu Innovation und Entrepreneurship relevant und wichtig wie selten zuvor. Was würde also Schumpeter zur aktuellen Corona-Pandemie sagen, welche Schlussfolgerungen würde er ziehen? Dieser Beitrag nähert sich dieser Frage mit einer Reflektion der Kernbotschaften von Joseph Schumpeter, welche dann den aktuellen Fragestellungen der Pandemie gegenübergestellt werden. Der Artikel schließt mit einem spekulativen Einwurf ab, was Schumpeter konkret empfohlen hätte. The corona pandemic is a unique phenomenon in the younger history of humanity. It affects almost all countries on earth in all aspects of life. This leads to a revival of traditional ideas such as the established thinking of “creative destruction”. 70 years after the death of Joseph A. Schumpeter, his groundbreaking ideas of innovation and entrepreneurship are timely and relevant since their inception in the early 20th century. So, what would Schumpeter comment on the current corona pandemic? To approach this question, key messages of Schumpeter are introduced and reflected against key questions of the corona pandemic. The article closes with a speculative discussion on concrete actions Schumpeter would have taken living these days.

scholarly journals Become Boyan: The Arrival and Development of Baweanese in Singapore in the 19-20th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Mohammad Farihan Aziri ◽  
Ahmad Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Passenger Transportation ◽  
Mode Of Transportation ◽  
Transportation Routes ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

This article aimes to discuss the arrival and development of Baweanese people who called Boyan in Singapore in the 19-20th century. Boyan is a term for residents of Bawean Island in Singapore and Malaysia which occurs due to an error pronunciation. Baweanese people since the 19th century has visited Singapore to seek for a job. By using historical method with emphasize on the using primary sources, this research has been successfully reveal the motifs of Baweanese people migrated. In its development, Baweanese people who went to Singapore experienced a change of orientation. At the beginning of the 20th century, they preferred to settle in Singapore. The Baweanese’s migration to Singapore increased in the early 20th century after the use of steamers as their mode of transportation to go to Singapore. The emergence of mass passenger transportation routes from service agents using steam vessels has an impact on the mobility of Baweanese who migrate to Singapore. KPM's passenger agent is a catalyst for the growth and activity of Baweanese in Singapore. The aim of this stu is to explain when the Bawean people migrated to Singapore as well as the way they moved and settled in Singapore in the mid 19th century until the 20th century.

scholarly journals Who wrote the book "Svestena istorija", translated by Jovan Rajic?

2015 ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Zarko Vojnovic
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Real ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Sacred History

In 1793 in Vienna was published the book called "Svestena istorija" ("Sacred history"), in Serbian language. It was known that the translator was Jovan Rajic, but the author remained unknown at that time. In the early 20th century Dimitrije Ruvarac attributed the book to Platon Levsin. As relevant information it became a part of almost all bibliographic sources. The paper deals with the issue, trying to establish, on the basis of bibliographical and literaryhistorical research, identity of the real author. In addition, it considers the 18th century poetics of translation, as a necessary context for understanding the book and literary issues.

scholarly journals LOKALITAS TARJAMAH HADITS BAHASA BETAWI: Respon Guru Mughni Terhadap Nilai Religius dalam Kitab Taudhih al Dalail fi Tarjamah Hadits al Syamail

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umaiyatus Syarifah
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Clerical Work ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Dutch Colonial

<p><em>Taudhih al-Dalail fi Tarjamah Hadits al-Syamail is the manuscript hadith of Betawi’s clerical work. The book is a translation of Muhammadiyah Syamail written by al-Tirmidhi which teaches about the person and the attitude of the Prophet both in worship and social. It is translated by Guru Mughni of Kuningan, using the Arabic alphabet in Betawi Malay in 1926 AD.  Guru Mughni categorized on the most popular one of the clergy late 19th and early 20th century in Batavia. With his compatriot friend, he was able to widen the intellectual influences that reach almost all parts of Batavia at the time.  Social conditions of the religious community in Betawi during the Dutch colonial inspire Guru Mughni to build strong personal and character of Betawi community by making the Holy Prophet as a role model in life. Family background and education also makes his work has its own uniqueness over the works of Indonesian scholars at that time.</em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><strong><em></em></strong></p>

Nerve stretching: a history of tension

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 252-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Mahan
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Testing Conditions ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Stretch injuries are among the most devastating forms of peripheral nerve injury; unfortunately, the scientific understanding of nerve biomechanics is widely and impressively conflicting. Experimental models are unique and disparate, victim to different testing conditions, and thus yield gulfs between conclusions. The details of the divergent reports on nerve biomechanics are essential for critical appraisal as we try to understand clinical stretch injuries in light of research evidence. These conflicts preclude broad conclusion, but they highlight a duality in thought on nerve stretch and, within the details, some agreement exists. To synthesize trends in nerve stretch understanding, the author describes the literature since its introduction in the 19th century. Research has paralleled clinical inquiry, so nerve research can be divided into epochs based largely on clinical or scientific technique. The first epoch revolves around therapeutic nerve stretching—a procedure known as neurectasy—in the late 19th century. The second epoch involves studies of nerves repaired under tension in the early 20th century, often the result of war. The third epoch occurs later in the 20th century and is notable for increasing scientific refinement and disagreement. A fourth epoch of research from the 21st century is just dawning. More than 150 years of research has demonstrated a stable and inherent duality: the terribly destructive impact of stretch injuries, as well as the therapeutic benefits from nerve stretching. Yet, despite significant study, the precise border between safe and damaging stretch remains an enigma.

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