scholarly journals A Cognitive Approach to the Formalization of City and County Names in China’s Hunan Province

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang Liu ◽  
Dan Zhang ◽  
Yuexiang Xie
Keyword(s):  
Relative Position ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Cognitive Operation ◽  
Cognitive Operations

There were mainly six types of formalization models found in the study for 95 city and county names in China’s Hunan province, namely, the environment in a place for the place, the wish of the nomenclator for the place, the relative position of a place for the place, the resident for the place, the legend for the place, and the function of a place for the place. In the six formalization models, the environment in a place for the place was the most in number, forging 47 names. Besides, the wish of the nomenclator for the place and the relative position of a place for the place came the second, taking 20 names respectively. The cognitive operation participating in the formalization was primarily single metonymy with only a few complex metonymies. Metaphtonymy could be only noted in the model of the wish of the nomenclator for the place. It was notable that single metaphor was missing in the cognitive operations.

scholarly journals Timelines in Spectral Composition: A cognitive approach to musical creativity

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-155
Author(s):  
José L. Besada ◽  
Cristóbal Pagán Cánovas
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Composition ◽  
Meaning Construction ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Time Representation ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
Graphic Representations ◽  
Musical Practices ◽  
Cognitive Study ◽  
Challenging Question

What takes place in the minds of composers when they struggle to incorporate a given temporal concept into a musical work? Spectral composers have produced detailed theoretical proposals about time in music, but how exactly those ideas influenced their musical practices remains an extremely challenging question. Graphical representations in their sketches provide invaluable clues. Through the analyses of Gérard Grisey’s and Kaija Saariaho’s manuscripts, we show how the theoretical frameworks for the basic cognitive operations of blending and anchoring, which underlie the construction of complex meanings, can shed light on the intricate musical uses of timelines by spectral composers. We combine the universal claims of this cognitive analysis with the diachronic perspective of a musicological study, teasing out the mental paths that these composers may have followed to create novel aesthetic proposals from their experience with graphic representations of sound, mainly spectrograms, and from techniques of electroacoustic studios. Thus we pave the way towards a common language for understanding time representation across electroacoustics and music in general, based on this mixed methodology. Through such shared tenets, the cognitive study of music can reciprocally contribute to burgeoning fields such as time representation, meaning construction and creativity.

scholarly journals Introduction of Synesthetic Metaphors in English-Ukrainian Translations of Fiction

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Cognitive Operation ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
Working Together ◽  
New Type ◽  
Touch Sensation ◽  
Domain Concept

Along with the cognitive operations of reconstruction, elimination and substitution of synesthetic metaphors, translational decisions are also based on the cognitive operation of introduction of synesthetic metaphor, which does not exist in the original. The aim of the article is to reveal and describe the cases of introduction of synesthetic metaphors, absent in the original, in the Ukrainian translations of the English text. Synesthetic metaphors are named so, because of the similarity with the phenomenon of synesthesia, which is studied in psychology as the deep interaction of sense organs, in which these organs are "working" together creating a new type of sensibility, named synesthesia. Special feature of such metaphors implies the fact that in contrast to the conceptual metaphors, in which basic domains are the background for the interpretation of the abstract domains, in synesthetic metaphors both source domain/concept and target domain/concept are basic ones, embedded directly into the bodily sensations. Understanding domain we follow R. Langacker, as a concept or conceptual complex of any degree complexity, containing background information, and helping to understand the meaning of the language unit, actualized in the discourse; in other words domains are the background knowledge (basis) for the distinguishing (profiling) of concepts. Domains are distinguished into basic and abstract. Conceptual metaphor we interpred following G. Lakoff, M. Johnsons and Z. Kovecses as the result of the cognitive operation of mapping or projecting, in which abstract conceptual structure (target domain/concept) is identified in terms of concrete (embedded in our bodily experience) mental structure (source domain/concept). Application of methodological tools of conceptual metaphor theory made it possible to reveal synesthetic metaphors, introduced in the translation, based on the following cognitive models: VISION is TOUCH (SENSATION of SHARP SURFACE), HEARING is TOUCH ( SENSATION of DRY/HOT/SOFT SURFACE). Application of operation of introduction of synesthetic metaphor model helps to reveal in translation communicative sense implied by the author of the original.

scholarly journals A vizuális enthüméma metaforikus ábrázolásmódja

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eszter Deli ◽  
Gabriella Németh
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
Classical Rhetoric ◽  
Theoretical Possibility ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Visual Metaphors ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
Cognitive Levels

A klasszikus retorika öt nagy területe közül az inventio foglalkozik az érveléssel, azon belül az enthümémával, míg a kutatók többsége a trópusokat (pl. metafora) az elocutio-ba helyezi. A 21. századi retorika kevésbé szegmentáltan kezeli az érvelő és díszítő funkciókat. Jelen tanulmány az enthüméma és a metafora együttes előfordulását vizsgálja a modern vizuális kultúra képi artefaktumaiban. Az érvelés és stílus, tartalom és forma, forma és gondolati műveletek szorosan összefonódnak a 21. századi vizuális kultúrában. A stílus nemcsak formaként, hanem a kognitív műveletek alakítójaként is funkcionálhat. Az ékesség és szemléletesség eszközei, a trópusok pragmatikai-szemantikai alapokon nyugszanak. Az a tény, hogy a képi enthümémákat gyakran képi metaforák kísérik, megerősíteni látszik ezt a feltevést. Az enthümémát és a metaforát kognitív megközelítésben vizsgálva vetjük fel annak elméleti lehetőségét, hogy a felszíni struktúrákon túl a mélyebb kognitív szinteken összefügg a vizuális enthüméma és a vizuális metafora. Among the five major areas of classical rhetoric, inventio deals with reasoning, including enthymemes, while majority of researchers put tropes (eg. metaphors) into elocutio. The 21st century rhetoric, however, treats reasoning and decorating functions in a less segmented way. The present study examines the coexistence of enthymemes and metaphors in the pictorial artifacts of modern visual culture. Arguments and style, content and form, form and thought mechanisms are closely intertwined within the visual culture of the 21st century. Style may function not only as a form, but also as a shaper of cognitive operations. Tools of eloquence and expressiveness, namely the tropes are based on a pragmatic-semantic principle. The fact that pictorial enthymemes are often accompanied by pictorial metaphors seems to confirm this assumption. By examining enthymemes and metaphors with a cognitive approach, we raise the theoretical possibility that beyond surface structures, deeper cognitive levels are associated with visual enthymemes and visual metaphors.

Reading Strategies and Impossible Worlds in Fiction: With Reference to Lincoln in the Bardo

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-327
Author(s):  
Roghayeh Farsi
Keyword(s):  
Reading Strategies ◽  
Reading Strategy ◽  
Impossible Worlds ◽  
Postmodern Fiction ◽  
Cognitive Operation ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Unnatural Narrative ◽  
Experimental Novel

AbstractPostmodern fiction is marked by impossible worlds, the appreciation of which challenges readers and draws upon different cognitive operations. The present study reacts to the reading strategies proposed by Alber, J. 2016. Unnatural Narrative: Impossible Worlds in Fiction and Drama. Lincoln, NB and London: University of Nebraska Press. It adopts and adapts these strategies in a case study of Saunders’s experimental novel, Lincoln in the Bardo (2017). There is an attempt to investigate the cognitive operations that are activated in the process of communicating with and understanding such texts. The study evinces the pros and cons of Alber’s reading strategies. It proposes the cognitive operation of schematization in both online and offline forms as another reading strategy which helps readers understand impossibilities in texts.

scholarly journals Aprendizagem da álgebra segundo Raymond Duval

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Celia Finck Brandt ◽  
Méricles Thadeu Moretti
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Cognitive Perspective ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
Cognitive Operation ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
The Given ◽  
Global Objective

Resumo: O artigo apresenta especificidades para o ensino da álgebra. Essas ideias contemplam uma abordagem cognitiva necessária para a aprendizagem da álgebra de acordo com Raymond Duval. Segundo o autor o ponto de vista cognitivo é incompatível com o ponto de vista matemático segundo o qual os objetivos globais são resolver equações e, para isso o importante é conhecer as letras. De acordo com o ponto de vista cognitivo o conhecimento das letras não é o objetivo principal. Para o autor a operação cognitiva de designação de objetos e relações é essencial. Também é preciso levar os alunos a elaborarem problemas, trabalhar com fórmulas, com tabelas de dupla entrada e com listas abertas para colocar em cena a função de condensação do padrão de regularidade na qual as letras entram para designar esse padrão. No texto são contemplados exemplos e dados empíricos resultantes de pesquisa desenvolvida pelos autores na aplicação das ideias em situações de ensino.Palavras-chave: Aprendizagem da álgebra; Operações de designação; Abordagem semio-cognitiva. Learning algebra, according to Raymond DuvalAbstract: This article presents certain aspects for the teaching of algebra. The following ideas contemplate a cognitive approach, which is necessary for learning algebra, according to Duval. The author defends that the cognitive perspective is incompatible with the mathematical perspective, whose global objective is to solve equations; to achieve that goal, the important thing is to know the given letters. According to the cognitive point of view, the knowledge of letters is not the main objective. For the author, the cognitive operation of designating objects and relations is essential. One must also get students to work out problems and work with formulas, double-entry tables, and open lists, in order to prioritize the function of condensing the regularity pattern, in which the letters come in to designate exactly this pattern. In the article, there are examples and empirical data, resulting from a research developed by the authors in the application of ideas in teaching situations.Keywords: Learning algebra; Designation operations; Semio-cognitive approach. 

A cognitive approach to semantic approximations in monolingual English-speaking children

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-313
Author(s):  
Lorena Pérez-Hernández ◽  
Karine Duvignau
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
First Language ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Early Age ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Cognitive Modelling ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
English Speaking

AbstractThis paper represents a foray into the largely unexplored territory of the cognition of semantic approximations in first language acquisition. Current advances on cognitive modelling are applied to a corpus of 500 semantic approximations produced by 20 children between 1;06 and 5;00 years old. The results reveal that a large number of those semantic approximations are the output of a set of cognitive operations including those of comparison and correlation (i.e. metaphorical projections), domain expansion and reduction (i.e. metonymic mappings), and mitigation and strengthening (i.e. scalar operations). Far for being an impediment to communication, most semantic approximations in our data are found to help children capitalize on their incomplete lexical pool, maximizing its communicative potential. The set of cognitive strategies involved is available from an early age, underlying the use of language throughout our lifespan, and adapting its functions to diverse communicative needs in different stages of our lives.

scholarly journals Strategies of English-Ukrainian and English-Arabic translations of fear metaphors: cognitive analysis

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Conceptual Models ◽  
Cognitive Analysis ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Cognitive Operation ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
Translation Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics ◽  
Grammatical Structures

This article reports results of a cognitive translation analysis of English-Ukrainian and English-Arabic translations of FEAR conceptual metaphors instantiated in linguistic expressions. The data includes 100 instantiations of FEAR conceptual metaphors, found in Steven King’s novels “Carrie”, “Lisey′s story”, “Petsematary” and their Ukrainian and Arabic translations. The research presupposed constructing conceptual models of FEAR metaphors used in the source and target texts and revealing cases of retention, substitution, omission and introduction of metaphors in the target texts. It also included finding correlations between similarity/difference of conceptual models and strategies of translating metaphors; establishing quantitative characteristics of the cognitive operations of retention, substitution, omission and introduction of metaphors in English-Ukrainian and English-Arabic translations. The results of the analysis show that the retention cognitive operation takes place in cases of similarity of conceptual metaphoric models in the source and target text linguacultures, which results in isomorphism of grammatical structures. The strategy that is chosen to translate such structures is neutral as to domestication or foreignization. Cognitive operations of substitution, omission and introduction of conceptual metaphors take place in cases of linguacultural differences, which creates translation problems. To solve such problems translators resort to domestication strategy. The results of the quantitative analysis reveal that contrary to English-Ukrainian translations where source metaphors are mostly retained, in English-Arabic translations they are mostly substituted. A relatively high percentage of retention is explained by the universality of the EMOTION IS THE INTERIOR OF A CONTAINER-EXPERIENCER conceptual model.

Social transmission bias and the cultural evolution of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hirshleifer ◽  
Siew Hong Teoh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Social Transmission ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Economic Attitudes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Over Time

AbstractEvolved dispositions influence, but do not determine, how people think about economic problems. The evolutionary cognitive approach offers important insights but underweights the social transmission of ideas as a level of explanation. The need for asocialexplanation for the evolution of economic attitudes is evidenced, for example, by immense variations in folk-economic beliefs over time and across individuals.

A cognitive approach to cumulative technological culture is useful and necessary but only if it also applies to other species

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibaud Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Technological Culture ◽  
Social Learning Processes

Abstract The debate on cumulative technological culture (CTC) is dominated by social-learning discussions, at the expense of other cognitive processes, leading to flawed circular arguments. I welcome the authors' approach to decouple CTC from social-learning processes without minimizing their impact. Yet, this model will only be informative to understand the evolution of CTC if tested in other cultural species.

The self and schizophrenia: a cognitive approach

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Nieznanski
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Self Schema ◽  
Persons With Schizophrenia ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Trait Words ◽  
Patients Experience ◽  
Normal Controls

The aim of the study was to explore the basic features of self-schema in persons with schizophrenia. Thirty two schizophrenic patients and 32 normal controls were asked to select personality trait words from a check-list that described themselves, themselves as they were five years ago, and what most people are like. Compared with the control group, participants from the experimental group chose significantly more adjectives that were common to descriptions of self and others, and significantly less that were common to self and past-self descriptions. These results suggest that schizophrenic patients experience their personality as changing over time much more than do healthy subjects. Moreover, their self-representation seems to be less differentiated from others-representation and less clearly defined than in normal subjects.

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