scholarly journals Mineral Extraction Tax: Evolution and New Realities

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 142-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Yumayev
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Mineral Extraction ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
State Compliance ◽  
Social Economic Development ◽  
Taxation System

The subject of the research is mineral extraction tax evolution as the main rental payment in mineral resources sector.The purposesof the work are to determine the role of the mineral extraction tax in the current taxation system, assessment of its influence on the extracting industries development, studying key problems in taxation methodology and policy, proposals on the development of mineral extraction tax mechanisms submission. The author analyses the tax current state, compliance to the criteria of economic efficiency and principles of taxation, the reforming of the mineral extraction tax and the newest trends in the sphere are assessed.The author emphasizes scientific basis for oil metering perfection, correlation between metrological and economic aspects of this metering, assessment of influence of systemic approach to the raw materials transported by oil-trunk pipelines quality.The author also analyses special tax relieves in mineral extraction taxation and their influence on the budget revenue, considers the unsolved problems of cost of extracted solid minerals and tax  incentives for import substitution of some minerals basing on the public statistics, tax statistics, forecasts for social economic development and the main directions of budget, tax and customs policies. The research resulted in arguments for the necessity of transition to specific tax rates for solid mineral extraction taxation that should be adjusted taking into consideration some factors that are used for tax differentiation in taxation of hydrocarbon extraction; also conceptual features of reliable inventory-making for hydrocarbons have been developed; an assessment of special tax relieves in mineral extraction taxation is given. It is concluded that application of the rated method of calculating taxation base in mineral extraction taxation is economically meaningless as the real value of the extracted materials is not taken into account. Taxation base for mineral extraction must be defined not as value, but as the amount of the extracted mineral, and tax rate should be defined according a proposed formular.

Multi-component complex ores: Special aspects of using ad valorem and specific mineral extraction tax rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1297-1314
Author(s):  
T.A. Loginova
Keyword(s):  
Krasnoyarsk Krai ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Rent Extraction ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Mineral Extraction ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Significant Differentiation ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Ad Valorem

Subject. This article discusses the issues related to the taxation for multi-component complex ores and commercial components using ad valorem and specific mineral extraction tax (MET) rates. Objectives. The article aims to assess some results of the application of specific MET rates in the Krasnoyarsk Krai and ad valorem rates in other subjects of the Russian Federation, taking into account the specifics of the current taxation procedure for multi-component complex ores and their commercial components. Methods. For the study, I used a comparative analysis, synthesis, and the method of extrapolation. Results. The article shows that the change in the type of MET rate for multi-component complex ores and commercial components has led to a significant increase in the effective tax rate. This led to an increase in the corresponding MET revenues in the Krasnoyarsk Krai. The article also substantiates that the introduction of specific rates in other Russian regions requires a significant differentiation of specific MET rates. However, this is risk-bearing concerning unfair distribution of the tax burden and the complexity of tax administration. Conclusions. The issue of identifying multi-component complex ores and their commercial components is controversial. Extending specific MET rates to other regions may complicate the mechanism of rent extraction.

scholarly journals Personal Income Taxation in Poland

Ekonomika ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edyta Małecka-Zieńska
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Exemptions ◽  
Tax Deductions ◽  
The One ◽  
Taxation System

The Polish taxation system has been undergoing substantial changes in recent years, aimed at creating a more transparent system and conforming to the taxation standards of market economy countries. The two most important changes were introduction of the personal income tax (PIT) in 1992 and replacement of the turnover tax with the value added tax (VAT) in 1993. The uniform personal income tax covered all incomes generated by natural persons irrespective of where the sources of income are located. The reform provided also a more equitable distribution of the tax burden by introducing a progressive system with three nominal tax rates (in 1992-20%, 30%, 40%).A comparative study of the effective PIT rate for pensioners and other groups of PIT payers is the main goal of this paper. The study refers to our own research on data received from The information of Polish Ministry of Finance about accounting of PIT in several subsequent years. Statistics cover a period from 1993 to 2003. However, numbers of taxpayers refer also to year 1992 when the PIT has been established and a period from 2004 to 2006.Concluding the situation in Poland, taxpayers with the highest income make exhaustive use of tax reductions. There are occurring situations when well-off people benefit more than people with relatively minor income (e. g. pensioners). It happens even if most of deductions were aimed generally at all taxpayers. Such a situation reduces the impression of the system fairness. Because tax deductions reduce budgetary revenues, the foregone revenues have to be compensated by other taxes or / and higher rates. Therefore, the system of deductions and relief, on the one hand, supports the special gains (e. g. house building), however, on the other it generates costs. It is possible that the reduction of tax rate for the I tax bracket and removal of some tax exemptions and deductions would make the Polish personal income tax more transparent, equal and simple.

scholarly journals The regionalization of territorial combinations of mineral deposits and mining territories of Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Resource ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Mineral Raw Materials ◽  
Current State

The purpose of the article is using the data of Geoinform of Ukraine on the current state of the mineral resource base of the country, to regionalize its territory by combining explored mineral deposits and production-territorial complexes formed on their basis with a mineral raw material orientation. Research results. The article is written in the context of the constructive-geographical direction of studying the geography of mineral resources, which has been developing in the last decades in Ukraine. In particular, three approaches to regionalization of territorial combinations of mineral deposits are compared and analyzed: geological, economic-geographical and mining, which will contribute to their interconnection in characterizing the mineral-raw materials complexes of individual regions. The authors’ own interpretations of discussion definitions of mining terminology are proposed. Based on the results of previous studies and taking into account the current state of the mineral resource base, economic-geographical and mining zoning of the territory of Ukraine has been carried out for groups of explored mineral deposits. Within Ukraine, four mineral resource zones are allocated: Prydniprovsko-Pryazovska, Eastern Ukrainian, Donetsko-Slovianska and Prykarpatska, as well as several territorially separate structures: Zakarpatskyi, Lvivsko-Volynskyi, Podilskyi, Kerchenskyi, Krymskyi macrodistricts, Zhytomyrskyi and Pobuzkyi districts. A detailed description of the mineral and raw material specifications of these structures and their constituent parts, the features and prospects of their exploitation, the formation of territorial-production complexes of mineral and raw materials orientation are submitted. Scientific novelty. For the first time, various approaches to the regionalization of territorial groupings of mineral deposits and mining territories are compared, the basic definitions of mining regionalization are presented, and on this basis their own variant of zoning the territory of Ukraine on mineral resources is proposed. Practical value. The economic, geographical and mining zoning of the territory of Ukraine according to the forms of concentration of mineral deposits and mining areas will help create the scientific basis for optimizing the structure of the mining industry, ensuring the effective use of mineral raw materials, and developing the country's raw material complex.

scholarly journals TAXATION SYSTEM: A COMPARISON BETWEEN THAILAND AND THE PHILIPPINES

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 154-158
Author(s):  
Rattana Pinthong ◽  
Paiboon Pajongwong ◽  
Thamrongsak Svetalekth
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
System A ◽  
Tax Allowance ◽  
Tax Benefits ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Taxation System

The purpose of this research to study of taxation system, taxpayers, taxation agencies, tax rates, penalties, term and conditions of tax privileges and comparative analysis of taxation systems between Thailand and Philippines. The findings of tax system comparison were the difference of tax collection organization between Thailand and Philippines, however, both countries have the same tax system that are tax baskets, tax regulations, tax benefits. From these findings can be concluded that taxpayers or entity in Thailand has more advantage than Philippines’s in tax allowance regulations, personal tax income allowance favoured to taxpayers for lower tax rate. Moreover, the tax rate in Thailand is lower than in Philippines resulting to proprietors or investors could bring these proceeds to expand their business or investment, finally, it will generate economic growth.

scholarly journals Increased tax rates in the taxation system of the Republic of Lithuania

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-40
Author(s):  
Bronius Sudaviсius ◽  
Martynas Endrijaitis
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Legal Instrument ◽  
Tax Laws ◽  
Taxation System

The subject. The research covers analysis of legal regulation that sets the increased tax rate instrument and the comparison of this instrument with other similar legal instruments. The purpose of the article is to clarify the content of the increased tax rate as legal instrument of taxation, its place in the general tax system, as well as the assumptions and objectives of the application thereof. The authors dare to confirm or disprove hypothesis that increased tax rates can be considered as specific punitive measure applied to taxpayers. The methodology of the research includes the analysis of Constitution and legislation of Republic of Lithuania, system analysis, logical-analytical method, formal-legal interpretation of Lithuanian laws. The main results, scope of application. An increase in the tax rate means exceptional taxation conditions opposite to the application of tax reliefs. It should be noted that if the application of the tax reliefs is foreseen in practically all taxes applied in Lithuania, the increase of the tax rate is intended only in a few cases. Taxation system of Lithuania sets the possibility to apply increased tax rates for real estate, land, natural resources and environmental protection taxes if the respective conditions foreseen in legislation are met. This legal regulation forms the distinct legal instrument – the increased tax rate. The increased tax rates is the economic sanction that comes to effect for harmful or illegal behaviour. The consequences of these economic sanctions are very severe what makes this instrument being equal to legal responsibility. Furthermore, this research examines if the higher tax rate might be applied along with other forms of legal responsibilities, for example, fine under the tax law. When trying to answer the question whether it is correct to recognize the application of a higher tax rate as a legal liability measure, it is necessary to clarify the purposes of its application, the bases (assumptions) that differ in individual taxes. The legal presumption of the application of the calculation of real estate and land taxes at the increased rate is the compliance of the object of taxation with certain objective properties established by the legal acts, i.e. abandonment, non-use of the property or the use not for the intended purpose, which results in the inclusion of such property in special lists of objects subject to levy of increased tax rate. The increased tax rate on state-owned natural resources is applied when the extracted resources are undeclared, the declared quantity of extracted resources is lower than the quantity actually extracted or extraction of natural resources is performed without the permit. Therefore, the application of a higher tax rate on state natural resources or environmental pollution tax is a consequence of the improper performance of their obligations under the relevant tax laws, for the purpose of punishing for the breaches of tax laws. Meanwhile, none of the laws enshrining the imposition of an increased tax rate provides for any grounds for exempting the taxpayer from paying the increased tax rate. Conclusions. The higher tax rate is, in essence, is to be considered a specific punitive measure applied to taxpayers. This is confirmed by the logical analysis of the texts of tax laws. The application of the higher tax rate in all cases is determined by violations of legal acts (taxes or other) which allow this phenomenon to be seen as a specific form (instrument) of legal coercion (liability).

scholarly journals CONCEPT OF THE 5th GROUP OF THE SIMPLIFIED TAX SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (19(47)) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Vytiuk
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
It Services ◽  
It Industry ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Taxation System ◽  
Legal Entities

The article researches the feasibility and relevance of implementating the 5th group of the simplified tax system. The existing scientific researches and legislative initiatives on this issue are analyzed. A significant increase of registered individual entrepreneurs in the Ukrainian IT industry has been detected (overall increase of registered entrepreneurs of the three main IT KVED for 2018-2020 increased to 44.27%, reaching 188,539 people). It was noted that starting from the 1st half of 2019, KVED 62.01. Computer programming has surpassed retail trade and has taken the first position. The strong agreement about the need to shift perception of the simplified taxation system – from legitimate method of aggressive tax minimization to a tool for the development of small business and personal entrepreneurship has been reached. The positive impact of the IT sector growth on the economic development of Ukraine has been proven. Main attention was focused on the possible extraction of the IT industry into a particular group of the simplified taxation system. The practical economic feasibility of such a decision was substantiated. The author’s own concept of such a reform is proposed, which provides for the creation of a particular 5th group of simplified taxation. Its main features are: turnover tax rate should be increased to 10% and preferential conditions for legal entities will be offered simultaneously. The importance of canceling the “income ceiling” within the group was emphasized, while setting the income criterion at the level of 75% from the provision of IT services is needed. The absence of large Ukrainian IT legal entities with a permanent staff of employees is noted as a matter of fact. At the same time, the vast majority of actors apply “Business-to-business” schema. The level of taxation of the IT sector in foreign jurisdictions has been investigated and compared to Ukrainian conditions. The preferential and discriminatory nature of legal tax regulation of individual entrepreneurs has been established. Further growth of the IT industry provided the implementation of the author’s concept is predicted. The necessity of forming a positive tax culture and fair setting of tax rates was emphasized.

TRENDS IN MINERAL COMPLEX DEVELOPMENT AT THE TURN OF THE CENTUARY

2018 ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
A. L. Dergachev ◽  
V. I. Starostin
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Strategy Of Development ◽  
Mineral Complex ◽  
Complex Development ◽  
Mineral Commodities ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Mineral Base

Important trends in development of world's mineral complex at the beginning of the 21st century are increase of supply and demand for mineral materials differentiated for various metals and nonmetallic mineral resources, regions and countries; concentration of production of mineral commodities in small number of countries; falling availability of economic reserves of raw materials for world economy even at current level of material extraction. The tendencies should be taken into account when working out strategy of development of Russian mineral base.

DAMPAK SUBSITUSI IMPORT TERHADAP DEFISIT NERACA PERDAGANGAN: STUDI KASUS IMPOR KULIT INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Yulianto ◽  
Ario Seno Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Net Export ◽  
Balance Deficit

An alternative strategy to reduce the trade balance deficit simultaneously to increase the net foreign exchange is the import-substitution for raw materials used to produce an export goods. This paper proposes an import substitution study on footwear products that have a dependency on imported raw materials by 70 percent, with the largest composition being leather raw materials by 67 percent. This paper analyzes the relationship between subsidies on the leather industry to leather import-substitution, multiplier effect to footwear sector, and Indonesia trade balance. Author make use of simulation the on Input-Output 2010 table and Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model. The simulation shows 100 billion subsidies on the leather sector, lead for the substitution-import of leather by 7,94 million rupiah, increase the net export foreign exchange by 1.1 billion rupiah of the footwear sector, and for overall, increase Indonesia trade balance deficit by 68 billion rupiah. Keywords: Computable General Equilibrium, footwear, leather, net foreign exchange, subsidy.ABSTRAK: Salah satu terobosan untuk mengurangi defisit neraca perdagangan dan meningkatkan nilai neto devisa ekspor adalah dengan substitusi impor bahan baku yang digunakan untuk memproduksi barang ekspor. Paper ini mengusulkan kajian substitusi impor pada produk alas kaki yang mempunyai ketergantungan bahan baku impornya sebesar 70 persen, dengan komposisi terbesar adalah bahan baku kulit sebesar 67 persen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dampak stimulus subsidi pada industri kulit terhadap subtitusi impor kulit, dukungan multiplier sektor kulit terhadap sektor alas kaki, serta terhadap devisa ekspor Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan simulasi model Computable General Equilibrium (CGE). Hasil simulasi menunjukkan stimulus subsidi sebesar 100 milyar rupiah pada sektor kulit memberikan substitusi bahan baku kulit sebesar 7,94 juta rupiah, menaikkan devisa ekspor sektor alas kaki sebesar 1.1 miliar rupiah, serta secara keseluruhan menambah defisit neraca berjalan Indonesia sebesar 68 miliar rupiah. Kata kunci: alas kaki, Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), devisa ekspor, kulit, subsidi.

A Study of Perceived Ethicality of Low Corporate Effective Tax Rates

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Todd DeZoort ◽  
Troy J. Pollard ◽  
Edward J. Schnee
Keyword(s):  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
General Public ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Perceived Fairness ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Effective Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Participant Group

SYNOPSIS U.S. corporations have the ability to avoid paying domestic taxes to achieve an effective tax rate that is much lower than the statutory federal tax rate. This study evaluates the extent that individuals differ in their attitudes about the ethicality of corporations avoiding domestic taxes to achieve low effective tax rates. We also examine the extent to which the specific tax avoidance method used by corporations to access a low effective tax rate affects perceived ethicality. Eighty-two members of the general public and 112 accountants participated in an experiment with two participant groups and three tax avoidance methods manipulated randomly between subjects. The results indicate a significant interaction between participant group and tax avoidance method, with the general public considering shifting profits out of the country to achieve a low effective tax rate to be highly unethical, while the accountants find tax avoidance from carrying forward prior operating losses to be highly ethical. Further, mediation analysis indicates that perceived fairness and legality mediate the effects of participant type on perceived ethicality. Mediation analysis also reveals that sense of fairness and legality mediate the link between tax avoidance method and perceived ethicality. We conclude by considering the study's policy, practice, and research implications.

A Model of Multinational Income Shifting and an Application to Tax Planning with E-Commerce

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Klassen ◽  
Stacie K. Laplante ◽  
Carla Carnaghan
Keyword(s):  
Tax Planning ◽  
Investment Model ◽  
Income Shifting ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Effective Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Foreign Earnings ◽  
Joint Consideration ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT: This manuscript develops an investment model that incorporates the joint consideration of income shifting by multinational parents to or from a foreign subsidiary and the decision to repatriate or reinvest foreign earnings. The model demonstrates that, while there is always an incentive to shift income into the U.S. from high-foreign-tax-rate subsidiaries, income shifting out of the U.S. to low-tax-rate countries occurs only under certain conditions. The model explicitly shows how the firms' required rate of return for foreign investments affects both repatriation and income shifting decisions. We show how the model can be used to refine extant research. We then apply it to a novel setting—using e-commerce for tax planning. We find firms in manufacturing industries with high levels of e-commerce have economically significant lower cash effective tax rates. This effect is magnified for firms that are less likely to have taxable repatriations. JEL Classifications: G38, H25, H32, M41.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document