Effectiveness of Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao L.) Seed Extract on the Growth of in Vitro Malassezia Furfur

ABSTRACT Background: Pityriasis versicolor or Tinea versicolor is a skin disease caused by the Malassezia furfur which is often found in Indonesia. People can use anti-fungal drugs to treat this disease. However, long-term use of anti-fungal drugs is relatively more expensive and can have side effects for its users. Cocoa bean husk contains flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids which have anti-fungal effects. This study aimed to determine the antifungal effectiveness of the cocoa bean husk extract on the growth of M. furfur. Subjects and Methods: This was an experimental study using cocoa bean husk extract with a concentration variance of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, with a positive control for ketoconazole 2% and a negative control using distilled water. The test was carried out by the well diffusion method using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar media. The inhibition of fungal growth was calculated by looking at the clear zone formed after 48 hours. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Post hoc Mann Whitney statistical tests. Results: The mean diameter of the inhibition zone at a concentration of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% was 3.42 mm, 4.07 mm, 4.9 mm, and 7.3 mm, respectively, and it was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Cocoa bean husk extract has weak anti-fungal effectiveness at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75%, while at 100% it has moderate effectiveness. Keywords: antifungal, Pityriasis versicolor, cocoa bean shell, well diffusion, Malassezia furfur Correspondence: Yuni Setyaningsih. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.01

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AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK PERASAN DAUN MENGKUDU (Morinda citrifolia L.) TERHADAP Escherichia coli SECARA IN VITRO

Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia ◽

10.33759/jrki.v2i1.66 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 26-34

Author(s):

Margareta Retno Priamsari ◽

Agastia Cicilia Wibowo

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Drying Shrinkage ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Morinda Citrifolia ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Juice Extraction ◽

Water Inhibition

Noni juice can inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. Noni juice extraction needs concentration to extract so that the preparation is more stable in the storage process. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity and the amount of the minimum inhibitory concentration of noni juice extract from E. coli bacteria in vitro. This type of experimental research with a completely randomized one-way design. The extract was obtained by concentrating the Noni leaf extract. Extract quality control parameters include organoleptic, yield, drying shrinkage, and qualitative tests of flavonoid and anthraquinone compounds. Antibacterial activity test using the disc diffusion method with an extract concentration of 1.56%; 3.12%; 6.25%; 12.5%; and 25% with 3 replications. Positive control of amoxicillin and negative control of distilled water. Inhibition is known from the zone formed around the paper disc. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using Kruskall Wallis followed by Mann Whitney with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that the variation in the concentration of the noni juice extract had a significant effect (p <0.05). The biggest inhibitory zone was seen at 25% concentration of 10.16 mm and included in the strong category. The minimum inhibitory power was produced at a concentration of 3.12% at 2.50 mm with a weak treatment category.

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In vitro fungitoxic potential of Lippia gracilis (Schauer) essential oil against phytopathogens

Australian Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.21475/ajcs.20.14.04.p2310 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 667-674

Author(s):

Kevison Romulo da Silva França ◽

Flavia Mota de Figueredo Alves ◽

Tiago Silva Lima ◽

Alda Leaby dos Santos Xavier ◽

Plínio Tércio Medeiros de Azevedo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽

Negative Control ◽

Growth Speed ◽

Randomized Design

This study evaluates the in vitro effects of Lippia gracilis essential oil on the mycelial growth of phytopathogenic fungi. Experiments were carried out using a completely randomized design to assess the effects of eight treatments. Five replicates were evaluated for each experimental group. The essential oil was incorporated into the potato dextrose culture medium and poured into Petri dishes. Treatments were comprised of different concentrations of the oil (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%), a negative control (0.0%), and two positive controls (commercial fungicides). The plates were inoculated with fungi including Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. musae, C. fructicola, C. asianum, Alternaria alternata, A. brassicicola, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae and were incubated for seven days at 27 ± 2°C. The following variables were measured to verify the differences observed among treatments: percentage of mycelial growth inhibition and index of mycelial growth speed. All concentrations of L. gracilis oil inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal species evaluated. The complete inhibition was observed between concentrations of 0.0125 and 0.1%. Treatment with oil inhibited fungal growth with similar, or even greater, efficiency than commercial fungicides.. We recommend the development of in vivo tests to verify whether L. gracilis essential oil can protect against fungal disease in live plants.

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In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Coffee Grounds Extracts against Fish Pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202015101042 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 151 ◽

pp. 01042

Author(s):

Wahyu E. Sari ◽

Muhammad Hambal ◽

Henni Vanda ◽

Maryulia Dewi ◽

Rumi S. Zamzami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Natural Antimicrobials ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Coffee Grounds ◽

Coffee Ground ◽

Ethanol Extracts

Fish diseases caused bypathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the obstacles for fish farming because it can cause death and loss for farmers. A. hydrophila was reported to possess resistance to several antibiotics. Therefore, there is a need to seek an alternative source of natural antimicrobials. This in vitro study aimed to examinethe effect of ethanol extracts of coffee grounds as an antimicrobial to A. hydrophila which infects carp (Cyprinus carpio). The coffee grounds were collected from four traditional coffee shops in Banda Aceh, and a total of 500 g coffee grounds were extracted using 96% ethanol. Antimicrobial assay of ethanol extracts of coffee grounds was performed by the agar well diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) plates. The result showed that all coffee ground extracts at concentration of 10%, 50%, and 100% were able to inhibit A. hydrophila bacteria with the highest inhibition zone of 10.96 mm posses a strong inhibition, while negative control does not indicate the existence of clear zone. The experiment confirmed the efficacy of coffee ground extracts as natural antimicrobials and suggested the possibility of utilizing them as a drugs for treatment of fish pathogenic caused by A. hydrophila.

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ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF RED GALANGAL (Alpinia purpurata K. Schum) ETHANOL EXTRACT AGAINST Malassezia furfur AND Microsporum canis

Collaborative Medical Journal (CMJ) ◽

10.36341/cmj.v3i2.1302 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 76-81

Author(s):

Rini Lestari

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Average Concentration ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Microsporum Canis ◽

Malassezia Furfur ◽

Agar Diffusion Method ◽

Alpinia Purpurata ◽

Anti Fungal

Red galangal (Alpinia purpurata) is a plant that belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. Red galangal rhizome is traditionally used to treat phlegm and ringworm. Red galangal rhizome contains secondary metabolites of essential oils, eugnol, sesquiterpenes, pinen, kaemferida, galanagn and galangol which have anti-fungal properties. This study aims to determine the antifungal activity of red galangal rhizome ethanol extract against Malasezia furfur and Microsporum canis using agar diffusion method. Red galangal extract is made with a concentration variation of 2%, 5% and 10%. The results showed the antifungal activity of red galangal ethanol extract in the form of inhibiting diameters at an average concentration of 2%, 5% and 10% against Malasezia furfur was 16.77 mm, 17.91 mm and 19.72 mm. The average inhibitory diameter of Microsporum canis is 10.58 mm, 13.57 mm and 14.51 mm. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of red galangal has antifungal activity against Malasezia furfur and Microsporum canis.

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Efek Antimikroba Ekstrak Air Daun Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) terhadap Bakteri Shigella dysenteriae Secara In Vitro

Jurnal Integrasi Kesehatan & Sains ◽

10.29313/jiks.v3i1.7452 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 14-18

Author(s):

Qyana Al Farisi ◽

Yuke Andriane ◽

Miranti Kania Dewi

Keyword(s):

Water Extract ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Negative Control ◽

Shigella Dysenteriae ◽

Morinda Citrifolia ◽

High Price ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Disc Diffusion Method

Kematian akibat infeksi Shigella, terutama Shigella dysenteriae dapat mencapai lebih dari 10% terutama pada anak dan lanjut usia pada kondisi tanpa pemberian terapi yang efektif. Siprofloksasin merupakan lini pertama untuk pengobatan infeksi Shigella, akan tetapi obat ini memiliki beberapa kekurangan di antaranya harga yang mahal dan resistensi. Daun mengkudu merupakan tanaman tradisional yang diduga memiliki efek antimikro dan diharapkan dapat menjadi alternatif terapi antibiotik bagi Shigella dysenteriae yang saat ini sudah banyak mengalami resistensi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui efek antimikro ekstrak air daun mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) terhadap bakteri Shigella dysenteriae. Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental laboratorium murni. Zona hambat ditentukan melalui metode difusi cakram. Objek penelitian yang digunakan adalah Shigella dysenteriae ATCC nomor 13313. Sampel uji berupa ekstrak air daun mengkudu konsentrasi 100%, kontrol positif (siprofloksasin) dan kontrol negatif (aquadest) dengan 9 kali pengulangan. Hasil uji antimikro dengan metode difusi cakram menunjukkan tidak terbentuk zona hambat pada ekstrak air daun mengkudu konsentrasi 100%. Hal tersebut menunjukkan ekstrak air daun mengkudu konsentrasi 100% tidak memiliki efek antimikro terhadap bakteri Shigella dysenteriae. Kadar flavonoid, tanin, dan alkaloid yang terdapat dalam ekstrak air daun mengkudu konsentrasi 100% pada penelitian ini kemungkinan belum cukup untuk menghasilkan efek yang diharapkan. Antimicrobial Effect of Water Extract of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Leaves against Shigella dysenteriae In VitroDeath due to infection with Shigella, especially Shigella dysenteriae, can reach more than 10%, especially in children and the elderly in conditions without effective therapy. Ciprofloxacin is the first line for the treatment of Shigella infection, however this drug has several disadvantages including high price and resistance. Noni leaf is a traditional plant that is thought to have antimicrobial effects and is expected to be an alternative antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysenteriae which is currently experiencing a lot of resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial effect of the water extract of noni leaves (Morinda citrifolia L.) on Shigella dysenteriae bacteria. This research is a pure laboratory experimental study. The zone of inhibition is determined by the disc diffusion method. The research object used was Shigella dysenteriae ATCC number 13313. The test sample was a water extract of noni leaves with a concentration of 100%, positive control (ciprofloxacin) and negative control (aquadest) with 9 repetitions. The results of the antimicrobial test using the disc diffusion method showed no inhibition zone was formed in the water extract of noni leaves with a concentration of 100%. This shows that a water extract of noni leaves with a concentration of 100% did not have an antimicrobial effect against the Shigella dysenteriae bacteria. The levels of flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids contained in the water extract of noni leaves with a concentration of 100% in this study may not be sufficient to produce the expected effect.

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Uji Aktivitas Antifungi Perasan Daun Kemangi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) terhadap Aspergilllus terreus secara In Vitro [Antifungal Activity Test of Basil Leaves Juice (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) against Aspergilllus terreus by in Vitro]

Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan ◽

10.20473/jipk.v6i2.11305 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 171

Author(s):

Tyfany Imanu Sabrina, Sudarno, Hari Suprapto

Keyword(s):

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

The Body ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Ocimum Sanctum ◽

Minimum Concentration ◽

And Diffusion ◽

Fungus Growth ◽

Leaf Juice

Abstract Aspergillus terreus is a fungus that causes aspergillosis disease. The infected fishes showed grey white patches over the body. Haemorrhagic ulceratic patches were observed on the gill and skin. The infections resulted in the death of the fishes. The use of chemicals to control fungal attack A. terreus can harm fish, the environment and humans who eat them. Treatment of fungal diseases that use a lot of chemicals that can harm the fish, the environment and humans who eat them. The use of medicinal plants is a safe way to inhibit and kill fungus growth as well as environmentally friendly. One of them uses the basil plant (Ocimum sanctum). The purpose of this study was to determine the minimum concentration of activity and basil leaf juice (O. sanctum Linn) as antifungal against A. terreus growth in vitro . The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Airlangga University in July 2013. The method used in this research that the paper disc diffusion method and diffusion pitting. The analysis used in this study is descriptive statistica. The results of research using the juice of basil leaves (O. santum) of juice concentration of 50% (2,5 ml juice of basil leaves + 2,5 ml NaCl) to concentration 100% (5 ml juice of basil leaves) did not produce a clear zone around the paper discs and pitting, it is the same as the negative control. The positive control did not show fungus growing on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar medium (SDA).

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In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of toothpastes with natural compounds

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.4103/1305-7456.172632 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 09 (04) ◽

pp. 580-586 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Priscila de Camargo Smolarek ◽

Luis Antonio Esmerino ◽

Ana Cláudia Chibinski ◽

Marcelo Carlos Bortoluzzi ◽

Elizabete Brasil dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Potential ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Study Groups ◽

Natural Compounds ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method

ABSTRACT Objectives: This in vitro study evaluated the antimicrobial effects of commercial toothpastes containing natural compounds. Materials and Methods: The study groups were divided based on the natural compound present in the toothpaste composition: Sorbitol (I), tocopherol (II), mint (III), cinnamon/mint (IV), propolis/melaleuca (V), mint/açai (VI), mint/guarana (VII), propolis (VIII), negative control (IX), and the positive control (X). The antimicrobial properties of the toothpastes were tested using the disk diffusion method against oral pathogens: Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. The resulting inhibition halos were measured in millimeters. Results: The data indicated that the bacteria responded differently to the toothpastes (P < 0.0001). The diameters of the inhibition halos against S. mutans were in decreasing order of efficacy: Propolis/melaleuca > mint/guarana > mint/açai > sorbitol > tocopherol > cinnamon/mint > propolis > mint (P < 0.001 vs. negative control). E. faecalis showed variable responses to the dentifrices in the following order of decreasing efficacy: Mint/guarana > propolis > sorbitol > mint/açai > tocopherol > cinnamon/mint > mint = propolis/melaleuca = negative control. The product with the highest antimicrobial activity was mint/guarana, which was significantly different than propolis/melaleuca, mint, cinnamon/mint, and tocopherol and negative control (P < 0.001). The statistical analysis indicated that propolis, sorbitol, and mint/açai did not show any differences compared to mint/guarana (P > 0.05) and positive control (P > 0.05). P. aeruginosa was resistant to all dental gels tested including positive control. Conclusion: The toothpastes with natural compounds have therapeutic potential and need more detailed searches for the correct clinic therapeutic application. The results from this study revealed differences in the antimicrobial activities of commercial toothpastes with natural compounds.

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SKRINING FITOKIMIA DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI in vitro EKSTRAK HEKSANA-PETROLEUM ETER Artemisia cina Berg. ex Poljakov

Agric ◽

10.24246/agric.2015.v27.i1.p30-37 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Elizabeth B.E Kristiani ◽

Sri Kasmiyati ◽

Maria Marina Herawati

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Petroleum Ether ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

E Coli ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Antibactrial Activity

<p>The objectives of this reserch were to determine the antibacterial activity of hexane-petroleum ether (1 : 1 v/v) extract of Artemisia cinaBerg. ex Poljakov on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and its compounds. The design of the research was using completely Randomized Design in five concentration of extract that were 0, 50, 75, 100, 150, dan 200 mg/ml with four repliceted. Ethanol 60% was used as negative control and tetracycline as positive control. There were three steps of research. First step was extracted the plant using soxhlet method with hexane-petroleum ether (1:1 v/v). Second step was determined the antibacterial activity of hexane-petroleum ether (1:1 v/v) extract in various concentration of that extracts on E. Coli and S. aureus using agar diffusion method. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and was used to determined the significan different of diameter of inhibition between the treatments. Thirdsteps was phytochemical analysis of extract. The highest antibactrial activity on E. Coli was at 100 mg/ml whereas on S. Aureus at 150 mg/ml. That extract was contained flavonoid, alkaloid, essential oils, saponin, sterol, tritepene, hydrolized tannin, and coumarin.</p>

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Mechanism of Growth Regulation of Yeast Involving Hydrogen Sulfide From S-Propargyl-Cysteine Catalyzed by Cystathionine-γ-Lyase

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.679563 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Zhongkai Gu ◽

Yufan Sun ◽

Feizhen Wu

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Sulfide ◽

Growth Regulation ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Signaling Molecules ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Anti Fungal

Pathogenic fungi are recognized as a progressive threat to humans, particularly those with the immunocompromised condition. The growth of fungi is controlled by several factors, one of which is signaling molecules, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which was traditionally regarded as a toxic gas without physiological function. However, recent studies have revealed that H2S is produced enzymatically and endogenously in several species, where it serves as a gaseous signaling molecule performing a variety of critical biological functions. However, the influence of this endogenous H2S on the biological activities occurring within the pathogenic fungi, such as transcriptomic and phenotypic alternations, has not been elucidated so far. Therefore, the present study was aimed to decipher this concern by utilizing S-propargyl-cysteine (SPRC) as a novel and stable donor of H2S and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a fungal model. The results revealed that the yeast could produce H2S by catabolizing SPRC, which facilitated the growth of the yeast cells. This implies that the additional intracellularly generated H2S is generated primarily from the enhanced sulfur-amino-acid-biosynthesis pathways and serves to increase the growth rate of the yeast, and presumably the growth of the other fungi as well. In addition, by deciphering the implicated pathways and analyzing the in vitro enzymatic activities, cystathionine-γ-lyase (CYS3) was identified as the enzyme responsible for catabolizing SPRC into H2S in the yeast, which suggested that cystathionine-γ-lyase might play a significant role in the regulation of H2S-related transcriptomic and phenotypic alterations occurring in yeast. These findings provide important information regarding the mechanism underlying the influence of the gaseous signaling molecules such as H2S on fungal growth. In addition, the findings provide a better insight to the in vivo metabolism of H2S-related drugs, which would be useful for the future development of anti-fungal drugs.

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Phytochemical evaluation and investigation of anti-Fungal activity of turnip top extracts

Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ◽

10.18231/j.ijpp.2021.044 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 248-253

Author(s):

Aarti Sangray ◽

Ajeet Pal Singh ◽

Amar Pal Singh

Keyword(s):

Inorganic Compounds ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Active Components ◽

Fungal Strains ◽

Calcium Magnesium

To evaluate the activity of Ethanolic and Aqueous extracts of leaves of against three fungal strains i.e. MTCC3814, and Candida tropicalis MTCC9038 in-vitro.Phytochemical analysis of belonging to family brassicacaea was examined using Ethanolic and Aqueous extracts. Ethanolic and Aqueous extracts of leaves of were investigated individually for antifungal activity by Agar well diffusion method. Both the extracts were tested against selected fungal strains i.e. and to find the inhibitory activities of fungal growth at the dose level of 50 and 100 μg/ml.The phytochemical analysis of ethanolic and aqueous extracts confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds, glycosides, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, tannins, reducing suger, non-reducing suger and inorganic compounds such as calcium, magnesium, iron, carbonate & sulphates. Ethanolic extract of showed considerably high antifungal activities against selected microorganisms than aqueous extract.Although the active components were not isolated but antifungal active plant principles such as flavonoids, glycosides and tannins were observed in the extract. Ethanolic extract of possess effective antifungal properties for selected fungal strains i.e.

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