scholarly journals K-Means Clustering Based on Otsu Thresholding For Nucleus of White Blood Cells Segmentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 907-914
Author(s):  
Wiga Maulana Baihaqi ◽  
Chyntia Raras Ajeng Widiawati ◽  
Tegar Insani
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Operations ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Otsu Thresholding ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Manual Tasks ◽  
Segmentation Image

White blood cells function as the human immune system, and help defend the body against viruses. In clinical practice, identification and counting of white blood cells in blood smears is often used to diagnose many diseases such as infection, inflammation, malignancy, leukemia. In the past, examination of blood smears was very complex, manual tasks were tedious and time-consuming. This research proposes the k-means clustering algorithm to separate white blood cells from other parts. However, k-means clustering has a weakness that is when determining the initial prototype values, so the otsu thresholding method is used to determine the threshold by utilizing global values, then proceed with morphological operations to refine the segmentation image. The results of segmentation are measured by the Positive Predeictive Value (PPV) and Negative Positive Value (NPV) parameters. The results obtained prove that the use of otsu thresholding and morphological operations significantly increase the value of PPV compared to the value of PPV that does not use otsu thresholding. Whereas the NPV value increased but not significantly.

WT-MO Algorithm

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-79
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Borges Monteiro ◽  
Yuzo Iano ◽  
Reinaldo Padilha França ◽  
Navid Razmjooy
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Smear ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Morphological Operations ◽  
Visual Examination ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
The Future ◽  
Medical Analysis

Visual examination of blood smears is an essential tool for analysis, prevention, and remediation of several types of maladies. The interest of computer-aided decision has been acknowledged in many medicinal instances (e.g., automatic ways and means are being explored to spot, classify, and measure visual items in hematological cytology [HC]). This chapter proposes an entirely automated blood smear diagnosis system for hemograms, which can lessen the time spent to scrutinize a slide. The present framework relies on morphological operations (MOs) and soft segmentation by means of the watershed transform (WT). Experiments demonstrate the method efficacy to count white blood cells (WBCs) and red blood cells (RBCs). Some considerations about implementations, design advice and possible variants, as well as improvements are discussed. The future of automated medical analysis is contemplated.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF ZINC ELEMENT AND DEXAMETHASONE ON SOME HEMATOLOGICAL BIOCHEMICAL TESTS IN RABBITS MALE

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Dheyab
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Spleen Tissue ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Short Time

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of zinc in dose 15mg/kg.bw daily  taken by the mouth and dexamethasone 4mgIkg.Bw by injection for 30days on some hematological biochemical tests and some histological changes of liver spleen in male rabbits. Thirty rabbits were used that divided into 3 randomized groups (each group contain 10 male rabbits ). Control group was taken normal food and water, Zinc group that gave zinc at dose of 15mg/kg.BW/daily/oral on 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks. Dexamethasone with zinc group : Employ dexamethasone 4mg/Kg.Bw . I.M dialy for 1 and 2 weeks for experiment and at  3, 4th weeks they gave zn 15mg/lKg.Bw day/orally. Blood samples were taken from the heart directly in 2 and 4weeks to examine packed cell volume (pcv), white blood cells (WBCs), Red blood cells (RBCs) with differential Leuckcyte count.separation blood collection to plasma and examine glucose mg/dl , cholesterol mg/dl. In histological tests, rabbits were killed and separate their organs tissue from the body to examine liver and spleen. The results revealed  a decrease in level of RBCs, pcv after treatment with zinc 15, mg/Kg.Bw orally (zinc group) and increase in WBCs with differential leuckocyte count specially neutrophil cell, while biochemical tests show increase in glucose and cholesterol levels after treatment with dexamethasone 4mglkgBw. I/M seen increase in counts of RBCs , PCV, WBCs and differential lenkocyte count and decrease in glucose with cholesterol parameters, histological changes show change in liver after treatment by dexamethasone 4mglKg.Bw ,spleen tissue seen necrosis and pigmentation with hemorrhage after take dexamethasone 4mglkg in (dexamethasone + zinc group). Results also showed that zinc enhanced the immune system in at normal dose for limited time  because of its effect on other mineral such as copper and causes anemia , while the dexamethasone is a drug used for antianflammatory but for a short time.                                                                                                                           

scholarly journals Anthrax Toxin Characterization

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Patočka ◽  
Miroslav Špliňo
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Lethal Factor ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anthrax Toxin ◽  
Signaling System ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
The Third ◽  
Edema Factor

The anthrax toxin comprises three proteins. When they work together, they can kill humans, especially after spores of the bacteria have been inhaled. One anthrax protein, called protective antigen (PA), chaperones the two other toxins into human or animal cells and shields them from the body’s immune system. The second, lethal factor (LF), destroys the white blood cells that hosts send in defence. The third toxin molecule, edema factor (EF), hijacks the signaling system in the body. This disrupts the energy balance of cells and leads to them accumulating fluid and complete destroy of cells.

scholarly journals White Blood Cell Image Classification Using Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (09) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Neerukattu Indrani and Chiraparapu Srinivasa Rao
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Training Phase ◽  
Counting System ◽  
Cell Image ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Manual Counting ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Microscopic Inspection

The microscopic inspection of blood smears provides diagnostic information concerning patients’ health status. For example, the presence of infections, leukemia, and some particular kinds of cancers can be diagnosed based on the results of the classification and the count of white blood cells. The traditional method for the differential blood count is performed by experienced operators. They use a microscope and count the percentage of the occurrence of each type of cell counted within an area of interest in smears. Obviously, this manual counting process is very tedious and slow. In addition, the cell classification and counting accuracy may depend on the capabilities and experiences of the operators. Therefore, the necessity of an automated differential counting system becomes inevitable. In this paper, CNN models are used. In order to achieve good performance from deep learning methods, the network needs to be trained with large amounts of data during the training phase. We take the images of the white blood cells for the training phase and train our model on them. With this method we achieved good accuracy than traditional methods. And we can generate the results within the seconds also.

scholarly journals Effects of Inclusion of Different Doses of Persicaria odorata Leaf Meal (POLM) in Broiler Chicken Feed on Biochemical and Haematological Blood Indicators and Liver Histomorphological Changes

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdul Basit ◽  
Arifah Abdul Kadir ◽  
Teck Loh ◽  
Saleha Abdul Aziz ◽  
Annas Salleh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Leaf Meal ◽  
Serum Activity ◽  
Haematological Indices

This research was conducted to estimate the effects of Persicaria odorata leaf meal (POLM) on haematological indices, serum biochemical attributes, and internal organs parameters, including histomorphological features of the liver, in broiler chickens. A total of 120 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb-500) were randomly allocated into four experimental groups. The dietary treatments were basal diet (BD), which served as the control (C), along with BD + 2 g/kg POLM (Po2), BD + 4 g/kg POLM (Po4), BD + 8 g/kg POLM (Po8), which were the supplemented groups. The body weight gain (BWG) showed a linear increase and feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a linear decrease with increasing POLM dosage at day 42 (p ˂ 0.05) and for the overall growth performance period (p ˂ 0.01). On day 21 and day 42, the values of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), haemoglobin (Hb), and packed cell volume (PCV) showed linear increases (p ˂0.05) as the dosage of POLM increased in the diet. On day 21, dietary supplementation of POLM linearly decreased (p ˂ 0.05) the serum activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), and serum levels of urea and creatinine. On the other hand, serum levels of total protein (TP), albumin, and globulin showed a linear increase (p ˂ 0.05) as the POLM dosage increased. On day 42, the serum activity of AST and ALT and serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, and creatinine showed linear decreases (p ˂ 0.05) with increased levels of POLM in the diet. However, POLM supplementation linearly increased (p ˂ 0.05) the serum levels of TP and globulin. Dietary inclusion of POLM did not influence the organ parameters and showed no adverse effects on the liver histomorphology. In conclusion, supplementation of POLM increased the growth performance, improving haematological indices and serum biochemistry profiles of broiler chickens without any deleterious effects on the liver histomorphology. The results of the present study provide evidence that POLM can be safely used at a dose rate of 8 g/kg of feed as an alternative to conventional antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs).

Associations between white blood cells count and obesity in apparently healthy young adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1013-1019
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Ghannadiasl
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Purpose The elevated white blood cells (WBCs) count has been reported to be a predictor of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome. This study aims to determine the associations between WBCs count and obesity in apparently healthy young adults. Design/methodology/approach In this cross-sectional study, the authors evaluated the body mass index (BMI) in 392 apparently healthy young adults of both sexes. The WBCs count was measured using standard counter techniques. The inclusion criteria were the agreement to participate in the study, between 18 and 25 years of age, lack of self-reported diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, kidney and infectious diseases. Findings According to the BMI classification, underweight and overweight or obesity were observed in 14.58 and 11.48 per cent of young adults, respectively. The mean WBC was 6.5 ± 1.5 (×10³ cells/µL). Higher values of WBCs were found in women than in men (p = 0.02). The young adults with higher BMI had a higher WBCs count. There was a positive correlation between WBCs count and weight and BMI (r = 0.19 and r = 0.22, p < 0.001, respectively). Research limitations/implications This research was a cross-sectional study. Future studies are suggested using longitudinal studies to examine more relationships between obesity and WBCs count in apparently healthy young adults. Practical implications The results of this study provide evidence for weight management in this age group to reduce diseases associated with increased WBCs count. Originality/value The WBCs count was related to increasing levels of BMI per cent 2 C even in the normal range.

scholarly journals Quantification and three-dimensional microanatomical organization of the bone marrow

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 407-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Nombela-Arrieta ◽  
Markus G. Manz
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cellular Composition ◽  
Spatial Logic ◽  
Health And Disease

Abstract Bone marrow (BM) constitutes one of the largest organs in mice and humans, continuously generating, in a highly regulated manner, red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells that together form the majority of cells of the body. In this review, we provide a quantitative overview of BM cellular composition, we summarize emerging knowledge on its structural organization and cellular niches, and we argue for the need of multidimensional approaches such as recently developed imaging techniques to uncover the complex spatial logic that underlies BM function in health and disease.

Non-specific protection of the body of la-boratory rats under the influence of experimental hypoxia

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
F.I. Alistratova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Test ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urgent Problem ◽  
Adaptive Capabilities ◽  
First Case ◽  
Group A ◽  
Adaptive Reactions

To date, the search for the most informa-tive and simple methods for diagnose of adaptive capabilities is an urgent problem of veterinary medicine and adaptive physiolo-gy. The direction of the animal body's re-sponse to the hypoxic factor has not been sufficiently studied. Objective: the analyze of the dynamics of changes of the main indi-cators in the leukogram under the influence of hypoxia, as well as the study of the role of leukocyte, indices the analysis of the level of resistance in rats. The animals were divided into two groups: in the first case, the animals were injected with cytoflavin at a dose of 135 mg/kg before the hypoxia ses-sion, and in the second case, saline was ad-ministered at an equivalent dose. The blood test was performed on a hematological auto-matic analyzer, and the clinical parameters of peripheral blood were determined. Mathe-matically, the leukogram was used to deter-mine: the white blood cell shift index (ISLC), the lymphocyte-monocyte ratio in-dex (ISLM), and the lymphocyte-granulocyte index (ILG). The results of the study showed that the course of hypoxia contributes to a number of changes in the blood composition, for 21 days. There was an increase in the number of white blood cells in both groups, a change in the parame-ters of the leukocyte formula-a decrease in the content of lymphocytes, with a simulta-neous increase in the proportion of mono-cytes. The use of interval hypoxia caused a decrease in the content of red blood cells in animals of the first group, a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin and hematocrit in both groups studied. The number of plate-lets increased, which also indicates the start of adaptive reactions in the body of rats. The use of leukocyte indices is the assess to the level of resistance of the body and showed their high significance and informa-tive value in modeling experimental hypoxia.

scholarly journals II. APLASIA OF MARROW AND FATAL INTOXICATION IN DOGS PRODUCED BY ROENTGEN RADIATION OF ALL BONES

1931 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel S. Shouse ◽  
Stafford L. Warren ◽  
George H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Germinal Centers ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Fatal Intoxication ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Recent Origin ◽  
Acute Reaction ◽  
Spleen And Lymph Nodes

Constant findings were obtained in the acute reaction to the specified amount of heavily filtered radiation over the bony skeleton. 1. There develops without warning a short and fatal intoxication on the 8th or 9th day after the exposure to the radiation. 2. A profound leucopenia appears after 5 to 6 days and is maintained in the peripheral blood (200 white blood cells or less per c. mm.) for the 2 to 3 days before death. 3. The platelets suddenly disappear from the blood smears the day before death. This has some bearing on the life cycle of the platelet. 4. All of the organs and body structures present extensive and generalized capillary hemorrhage of recent origin. 5. The substance of the spleen and lymph nodes is greatly reduced and the germinal centers are visible only as remnants. 6. The red cell hematocrit reading drops from about 50 per cent or normal to approximately 40 per cent. 7. The bone marrow is depleted of all its cells except the connective tissue and fat cells, blood vessel endothelium, phagocytes filled with brown granules, and occasional normoblasts.

scholarly journals ON THE RELATION OF THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE BLOOD TO THE NUMBER OF RED BLOOD CELLS IN HEALTH, AND TO THE NUMBER OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND THE BODY TEMPERATURE IN PERITONITIS

1910 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Winternitz ◽  
J. P. Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Count ◽  
Corpus Striatum ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
White Blood Count ◽  
Large Animals

The catalytic activity of the blood of normal rabbits varies almost directly with the volume and number of red blood cells. This explains to a certain extent at least why animals of the same general degree of nutrition, and of the same litter, should have about the same activity since they are likely to have the same number of red blood cells, and why healthy large animals should read high while small poorly nourished ones should read low. Accompanying the hyperpyrexia resulting from puncture of the corpus striatum of a rabbit's brain, there is no change in either the catalytic activity of the blood or the white blood count. In experimentally produced peritonitis, the catalytic activity of the blood always rises, and is, therefore, absolutely independent of body temperature and white blood cells since one or both of these may rise, fall or remain stationary while the catalytic action increases.

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