scholarly journals Analysis and Development of Seawater Density Measurement Algorithms Using Arduino Uno and YL-69 Sensor

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 951-956
Author(s):  
Miftahul Walid ◽  
Hozairi ◽  
Madukil Makruf
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Error Level ◽  
Value Range ◽  
Density Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Arduino Uno ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Predicted Values

In this research, an analysis was carried out to develop a measuring instrument for seawater density in salt production using a microcontroller (Arduino Uno) and YL-69 sensor, this sensor was commonly used to measure soil moisture. The experimental method was used in this research to produce initial data in the form of resistance and seawater density values, then calculations are carried out using statistical methods to find equations and produce a constant variable that connects the resistance and seawater density values. The equation was used to compile the algorithm into Arduino Uno. As for the results of this research,  From six experiments conducted, two experiments produced the same sea water density value between the actual and the predicted, namely the 2nd and 5th experiments, while for other experiments there was a difference between the actual and predicted values, however, it was not too significant, the difference occurs between the value range 0 ~ 1, to determine the level of error, use the Mean Square Error (MSE) with an error level of = 0.5 and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) with an error level of = 0.6. The contribution of this research is an algorithm that can predict the density value (baume) based on the resistance value obtained from the YL 69 sensor.

Osmoregulation in Ligia Oceanica and Idotea Granulosa

1963 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-392
Author(s):  
MARY E. TODD
Keyword(s):  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
External Concentration ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Test Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Idotea Granulosa

1. The osmoregulatory response of Ligia oceanica and Idotea granulosa to the range of the experimental variables was similar. They were both hyperosmotic relative to the medium and the difference between internal and external concentration increased as the salinity of the medium decreased. 2. In 100% sea water the osmotic concentration of the blood of Ligia oceanica was markedly above that of the medium, whereas in Idotea granulosa the blood was only marginally hyperosmotic. 3. In Ligia oceanica the blood concentration changed little in 100 and 75% sea water, but dropped significantly between 75 and 50% sea water, whereas blood concentration in Idotea granulosa dropped significantly throughout the test range of salinities. 4. The more efficient osmoregulation of Ligia oceanica in 25% sea water is reflected in the mean freezing-point depression of the blood, Δi = 1.65, compared with Δi = 0.90 in Idotea granulosa. 5. In both species the osmotic concentration of the blood was influenced by season, by temperature and by a temperature-salinity interaction. 6. Neither size nor sex of the animal influenced osmotic concentration of the blood.

Water Sensation During Passive Propulsion for Expert and Nonexpert Swimmers

2017 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 662-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenta Kusanagi ◽  
Daisuke Sato ◽  
Yasuhiro Hashimoto ◽  
Norimasa Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Skin Resistance ◽  
National Level ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Transformation Method ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Linear Transformation Method ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

This study determined whether expert swimmers, compared with nonexperts, have superior movement perception and physical sensations of propulsion in water. Expert (national level competitors, n = 10) and nonexpert (able to swim 50 m in > 3 styles, n = 10) swimmers estimated distance traveled in water with their eyes closed. Both groups indicated their subjective physical sensations in the water. For each of two trials, two-dimensional coordinates were obtained from video recordings using the two-dimensional direct linear transformation method for calculating changes in speed. The mean absolute error of the difference between the actual and estimated distance traveled in the water was significantly lower for expert swimmers (0.90 ± 0.71 meters) compared with nonexpert swimmers (3.85 ± 0.84 m). Expert swimmers described the sensation of propulsion in water in cutaneous terms as the “sense of flow” and sensation of “skin resistance.” Therefore, expert swimmers appear to have a superior sense of distance during their movement in the water compared with that of nonexpert swimmers. In addition, expert swimmers may have a better perception of movement in water. We propose that expert swimmers integrate sensations and proprioceptive senses, enabling them to better perceive and estimate distance moved through water.

On the specific gravity and temperatures of sea-waters, in different parts of the ocean, and in particular seas; with some account of their saline contents

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 111-112
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Total Separation ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Parts

After some preliminary remarks upon the labours of others in this department of inquiry, Dr. Marcet proceeds to the immediate objects of his own investigation, which were to ascertain the specific gravity of many specimens of sea-water from different parts, and afterwards to examine their saline contents. The results relating to the first of these objects are prefaced by an account of the mode of taking the specific gravities, and of the instrument by which the water was raised, and of which two plates are annexed. The author then proceeds to the inferences deducible from his experiments, which, for the sake of conciseness, are given in the form of tables; whence it appears that the ocean in the Southern hemisphere is rather more salt than in the Northern, in the proportion of 1029.19 to 1027.57. The mean specific gravity of specimens from various parts of the equator, is 1027.77, and therefore a little exceeds that prevalent in the Northern hemisphere, while it is decidedly less than that of the Southern Ocean. There is no material difference between different east and west longitudes at the equator, nor in the same hemisphere. In general, the salt seems most abundant in the deepest water, and in that furthest from land; the vicinity of ice also diminishes the saltness: if therefore this quality should increase in approaching the pole, it may be considered as militating against the probability of the ocean being extensively frozen in those regions. In general, small inland seas, communicating with the ocean, are less salt than the ocean itself. The waters of the Mediterranean, however, are more saline, and in attempting to account for this circumstance, the author’s attention is directed to the relative densities of water from different depths of the ocean; and though in some cases it appeared lightest at the surface, such a result was generally referable to the vicinity of thawing ice, for, in ordinary circumstances, the density at great depths in no instance exceeded the mean density of the waters of the ocean. In regard, however, to different seas or arms of the ocean, the case is often different, in consequence of local circumstances. At the entrance of the Dardanelles, for instance, the difference between the upper and lower strata is as 1020 to 1028. Dr. Marcet next details some researches upon the congelation of sea-water which takes place at 28°, and when slowly effected, is always attended by the total separation of the salt, which forms a strong brine that is washed away by the neighbouring water. The different specimens of water obtained from the ice in the late Northern Expedition, varied very little in specific gravity; the water was sweet, and in many instances its specific gravity did not exceed that of distilled water.

scholarly journals Transport and Fate of Nitrate in the Streambed of a Low-Gradient Stream

Hydrology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric W. Peterson ◽  
Kelly M. Hayden
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mixing Models ◽  
N Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Approach Zero

The transport and fate of nitrate (NO3−) to in the top 15 cm of a streambed has been well-documented, but an understanding of greater depths is limited. This work examines the transport and fate of nitrate (NO3−) at depths of 30 cm, 60 cm, 90 cm, and 150 cm below the stream-streambed interface. Concentrations of nitrate as nitrogen (NO3-N) and chloride (Cl−) were measured in the waters from the streambed, the stream water, and the groundwater. Mixing models predicted values of ΔNO3-N, the difference between measured NO3-N and theoretical NO3-N. At a 30-cm depth, the mean ΔNO3-N value was −0.25 mg/L, indicating a deficit of NO3-N and the removal of NO3-N from the system. At deeper levels, the values of ΔNO3-N began to approach zero, reaching a mean value of −0.07 mg/L at 150 cm. The reduction of NO3-N does not appear to be controlled by vegetation, as it was not correlated to either temperature or visible light. Larger negative ΔNO3-N values (more removal) occur when stream NO3-N concentrations are higher and organic matter is present.

Comparison of 13 formulas for IOL power calculation with measurements from partial coherence interferometry

2020 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316193
Author(s):  
Giacomo Savini ◽  
Marco Di Maita ◽  
Kenneth J Hoffer ◽  
Kristian Næser ◽  
Domenico Schiano-Lomoriello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Partial Coherence ◽  
Power Calculation ◽  
Partial Coherence Interferometry ◽  
Iol Power Calculation ◽  
Iol Power ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Background/aimsTo compare the accuracy of 13 formulas for intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in cataract surgery.MethodsIn this retrospective interventional case series, optical biometry measurements were entered into these formulas: Barrett Universal II (BUII) with and without anterior chamber depth (ACD) as a predictor, EVO 2.0 with and without ACD as a predictor, Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, Holladay 2AL, Kane, Næser 2, Pearl-DGS, RBF 2.0, SRK/T, T2 and VRF. The mean prediction error (PE), median absolute error (MedAE), mean absolute error and percentage of eyes with a PE within ±0.25, ±0.50, ±0.75 and ±1.00 diopters (D) were calculated.ResultsTwo hundred consecutive eyes were enrolled. With all formulas, the mean PE was zero. The BUII with no ACD had the lowest standard deviation (±0.343 D), followed by the T2 (0.347 D), Kane (0.348 D), EVO 2.0 with no ACD (0.348 D) and BUII with ACD (0.353 D) formulas. The difference among the MedAEs of all formulas was statistically significant (p<0.0001); the lowest values were achieved with the Kane (0.214 D), RBF 2.0 (0.215 D), BUII with and without ACD (0.218 D) and SRK/T (0.223 D). A percentage ranging from 80% to 88.5% of eyes showed a PE within ±0.50 D and all formulas achieved more than 50% of eyes with a PE within ±0.25 D.ConclusionAll investigated formulas achieved good results; there was a tendency towards better outcomes with newer formulas. Traditional formulas can still be considered an accurate option.

Mean Stress Correction Procedure in Fatigue Evaluation for High Pressure Vessels

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susumu Terada ◽  
Kenji Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Mean Stress ◽  
Correction Procedure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Fatigue Evaluation

One important issue in the fatigue evaluation that must be addressed is the mean stress correction procedure. ASME Div.3 is provided with the mean stress correction procedure. The predicted equivalent alternating stress intensities Seq are compared with the experimental results for push-pull fatigue tests with mean stress for JIS SCM440 and JIS SUS630 H1075. Seq per ASME Div.3 are not coincident with the experimental results. In case of high ratio of tensile mean stress to tensile strength, the difference becomes large and it is un-conservative. On the other hand Seq per KHK Standard are coincident with experimental results. The fatigue test results for pressurized cylinder tube by Davidson and Findley are also compared with predicted values per ASME Div.3 and KHK Standard. The results of comparison are same as that for above mentioned push-pull fatigue tests. Based on the experimental verification, the authors recommend that the mean stress correction procedure per KHK Standard be implemented in ASME Div.3.

scholarly journals Chemical and isotopic profiles from snow pits and shallow firn cores on Campbell Glacier, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica

1998 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 679-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gragnani ◽  
C. Smiraglia ◽  
B. Stenni ◽  
S. Torcini
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Chemical Fractionation ◽  
Annual Cycles ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Victoria Land ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
Density Values ◽  
The Mean

The chemical (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, CH3SO3 − (MSA), Cl− , NO3 − , SO4 2-) and isotopic (δl8O) composition of snow and firn samples from Campbell Glacier, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, was studied to evaluate the accumulation rate of snow and to investigate the chemical contribution from some emission sources (marine biogenic activity, sea and crust). During the 1994-95 Italian Antarctic Expedition, snow and firn were collected from snow pits and from cores obtained from drilling at three sites (A: 74°41'S, 164°30' E; B: 74°15' S, 164° '04' E; C: 73°45' S, 163°20' E), located ai 50 m (on the floating glacier tongue), 800 m and 1580 m a.s.l., respectively. The mean concentration of sea salt decreased with increasing distance from the coast and with altitude. Generally, the Na+/K+ and Na+/Ca2+ ratios were much lower than the bulk sea-water ratios at sites B and C. The MSA showed mean concentrations (0.27 and 0.17 ¿teq 1 at sites B and C, respectively) consistent with data obtained from other Antarctic sites. The mean concentrations of NO3 ranged from 2.1 μeq 1−1 (site A) to 0.97 μeq1 1 (site C).The mean nss (non-sea-salt) SO4 2-/SO4 2- ratio was -0.055,0.54 and 0.42 at sites A, B and C, respectively. Moreover, the relationship between a2+, nssCa2+, SO4 2- and nssSO4 was quite different at sites B and C. in order to expla in the relationships between the elements and compounds studied at these sites, chemical fractionation and/or reactions inside air masses and différent origin of the air masses at the two sites should be considered. A comparison of the isotopic and chemical profiles was carried out in order to provide a more reliable chronological scale. The chemical and δ18O seasonal variations recorded along the firn cores from the upper site of Campbell Glacier seem to be fairly homogeneous. This made it possible to identify many annual cycles (14-18 years for the 7 m firn core). Using the measured density values, the accumulation rale was also calculated for lower and upper Campbell Glacier. It did not appear to differ between the two sites (150-170 kg m −2a−1 at site B and 140-180 kg m−2a−1at site C) and is in keeping with rates calculated previously for the same area.

scholarly journals Air quality over Europe: modeling gaseous and particulate pollutants and the effect of precursor emissions

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 6681-6705
Author(s):  
E. Tagaris ◽  
R. E. P. Sotiropoulou ◽  
N. Gounaris ◽  
S. Andronopoulos ◽  
D. Vlachogiannis
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Particulate Pollutants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eastern And Western Europe ◽  
Pm2.5 Emissions

Abstract. Air quality over Europe using Models-3 (i.e. CMAQ, MM5, SMOKE) modeling system is performed for winter (i.e. January, 2006) and summer (i.e. July, 2006) months with the 2006 TNO gridded anthropogenic emissions database. Higher ozone concentrations are illustrated in southern Europe while higher NO2 concentrations are simulated over western Europe. Elevated SO2 concentrations are simulated over eastern Europe while elevated PM2.5 levels are simulated over eastern and western Europe. Results suggest that NO2 and PM2.5 are underpredicted, SO2 is overpredicted while Max8hrO3 is overpredicted for low concentrations and is underpredicted for the higher ones. Speciated PM2.5 components suggest that NO3 is dominant during winter in western Europe and in a few eastern countries due to the high NO2 concentrations. During summer NO3 is dominant only in regions with elevated NH3 emissions. For the rest of the domain SO4 is dominant. Low OC concentrations are simulated mainly due to the uncertain representation of SOA formation. The difference between observed and predicted concentrations for each country is assessed for the gaseous and particulate pollutants. The simultaneous precursor emissions change applying scaling factors on NOx, SO2 and PM2.5 emissions based on the observed/predicted ratio for each country seems to statistically enhance model performance (in gaseous pollutants the improvement in root mean square is up to 5.6 ppbV, in the index of agreement is up to 0.3 and in the mean absolute error is up to 4.2 ppbV while the related values in PM2.5 are 4.5 μg m−3, 0.2 and 3.5 μg m−3, respectively).

scholarly journals PSX-23 Predicting feedstuff associative effects in goats

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 454-454
Author(s):  
Yoko Tsukahara ◽  
Ryszard Puchala ◽  
Arthur L Goetsch
Keyword(s):  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Specific Production ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
P Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Abstract The objective was to develop means of predicting effects of supplementation on forage and total ME intake in goats. A database of treatment mean observations from the literature currently has 529 individual animal observations with ad libitum intake from 24 studies. Essential data were supplement and forage OM digestibility without supplementation or sufficient information for estimation, total diet OM digestibility, forage and supplement CP concentration and OM intake, and BW. Intake of ME was assumed 15.104 MJ/kg digested OM. For observations with supplementation, forage ME intake was the difference between total and supplement ME intake. The original database had 134 observations, although 24 were omitted because of questionable values and(or) unlikely estimates. Forage averaged 9.4 MJ/kg DM of ME (SD=1.77, 4.6–12.6), 59.1% OM digestibility without supplementation (SD=8.67, 42.9–77.1; AOMDIGFOR), and 8.1% CP (SD=3.72, 2.1–17.1) (PTCPFOR), and supplement was 12.3 MJ/kg ME (SD=1.38, 7.1–15.1) and 28.4% CP (SD=41.5, 0–288). Forage ME intake (MEIMBWFOR, kJ/kg BW0.75) was regressed against supplement ME intake (MEIMBWSUP, kJ/kg BW0.75), with inclusion of other variables tested. The equation explaining most variation (R2=0.77) was 155.9 ± 135.75 – (0.5403±0.04381 × MEIMBWSUP) – (41.0063±20.71841 × PTCPFOR) + (5.3497±2.31608 × AOMDIGFOR) + (0.74056±0.345002 × PTCPFOR × AOMDIGFOR), with P values of 0.253, &lt; 0.001, 0.050, 0.023, and 0.034, respectively. The mean difference between observed and predicted MEIMBWFOR (379±15.0 and 382±12.8, respectively) was -3±7.4, with minimum and maximum values of -181 and 167, respectively. The equation for the regression of residual MEIMBWFOR (observed – predicted) against predicted values was -10±22.3 + (0.018±0.0553 × predicted MEIMBWFOR), with the intercept and slope not different from 0 (P = 0.670 and 0.739, respectively). Equations describing associative effects can be used to predict the quantity of a particular supplement with a given forage necessary to meet nutrient requirements of goats in specific production settings.

scholarly journals Spirometry Examination of Adolescents with Thoracic Idiopathic Scoliosis: Is Correction for Height Loss Useful?

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 4877
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Politarczyk ◽  
Mateusz Kozinoga ◽  
Łukasz Stępniak ◽  
Paweł Panieński ◽  
Tomasz Kotwicki
Keyword(s):  
Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Cobb Angle ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Radiographic Evaluation ◽  
Height Loss ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Thoracic Idiopathic Scoliosis

Loss of body height is observed in patients with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) due to spine curvatures. The study compared pulmonary parameters obtained from spirometry examination considering the measured versus the corrected body height. One hundred and twenty adolescents with Lenke type 1 or 3 IS who underwent preoperative spirometry examination and radiographic evaluation were enrolled. The mean thoracic Cobb angle was 68° ± 12.6, range 48–102°. The difference between the measured and the corrected body height increased with the greater Cobb angle. Using the corrected body height instead of the measured body height significantly changed the predicted values of pulmonary parameters and influenced the interpretation of the pulmonary testing results.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document