Transport and Fate of Nitrate in the Streambed of a Low-Gradient Stream

The transport and fate of nitrate (NO3−) to in the top 15 cm of a streambed has been well-documented, but an understanding of greater depths is limited. This work examines the transport and fate of nitrate (NO3−) at depths of 30 cm, 60 cm, 90 cm, and 150 cm below the stream-streambed interface. Concentrations of nitrate as nitrogen (NO3-N) and chloride (Cl−) were measured in the waters from the streambed, the stream water, and the groundwater. Mixing models predicted values of ΔNO3-N, the difference between measured NO3-N and theoretical NO3-N. At a 30-cm depth, the mean ΔNO3-N value was −0.25 mg/L, indicating a deficit of NO3-N and the removal of NO3-N from the system. At deeper levels, the values of ΔNO3-N began to approach zero, reaching a mean value of −0.07 mg/L at 150 cm. The reduction of NO3-N does not appear to be controlled by vegetation, as it was not correlated to either temperature or visible light. Larger negative ΔNO3-N values (more removal) occur when stream NO3-N concentrations are higher and organic matter is present.

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Seasonal trends in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater runoff in a subarctic catchment at Okstindan, Norway

Hydrology Research ◽

10.2166/nh.2004.0009 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 119-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

S.D. Gurney ◽

D.S.L. Lawrence

Keyword(s):

Isotopic Composition ◽

Mean Value ◽

Mean Values ◽

Stable Isotopic Composition ◽

Meltwater Runoff ◽

Stable Isotopic ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

Δ18o And Δd

Seasonal variations in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater were investigated in a sub-arctic, mountainous, but non-glacial, catchment at Okstindan in northern Norway based on analyses of δ18O and δD. Samples were collected during four field periods (August 1998; April 1999; June 1999 and August 1999) at three sites lying on an altitudinal transect (740–970 m a.s.l.). Snowpack data display an increase in the mean values of δ18O (increasing from a mean value of −13.51 to −11.49‰ between April and August), as well as a decrease in variability through the melt period. Comparison with a regional meteoric water line indicates that the slope of the δ18O–δD line for the snowpacks decreases over the same period, dropping from 7.49 to approximately 6.2.This change points to the role of evaporation in snowpack ablation and is confirmed by the vertical profile of deuterium excess. Snowpack seepage data, although limited, also suggest reduced values of δD, as might be associated with local evaporation during meltwater generation. In general, meltwaters were depleted in δ18O relative to the source snowpack at the peak of the melt (June), but later in the year (August) the difference between the two was not statistically significant. The diurnal pattern of isotopic composition indicates that the most depleted meltwaters coincide with the peak in temperature and, hence, meltwater production.

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Optical Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter in Finnish and Estonian Lakes

Hydrology Research ◽

10.2166/nh.2003.0012 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 361-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

L. Sipelgas ◽

H. Arst ◽

K. Kallio ◽

A. Erm ◽

P. Oja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Dissolved Organic Matter ◽

Natural Waters ◽

Mean Value ◽

Published Data ◽

Optical Parameters ◽

Exponential Approximation ◽

Absorption Coefficients ◽

Specific Absorption ◽

The Mean

The main objective of the present study is to test various methods for describing the absorption spectra of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and to determine the numerical values of some optical parameters of CDOM in lakes with diverse water quality. First, the parameters of an exponential model in different spectral intervals were determined. In addition, the suitability of some other models for the approximation of CDOM spectra was estimated. Specific absorption coefficients of CDOM were calculated from the absorption coefficients and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. The experimental initial data were differences between spectral attenuation coefficients of filtered and distilled water. Two datasets were used: 1) for 13 Estonian and 7 Finnish lakes (altogether 404 spectra between 350 and 700 nm) measured by the Estonian Marine Institute (EMI); 2) for 10 Finnish lakes (73 spectra) measured by the Finnish Environment Institute (FEI). The spectra of CDOM absorption coefficients (aCDOM) were calculated from experimental data taking into account the correction due to scattering properties of colloids in the filtered water. The total content of CDOM in natural waters of Estonian and Finnish lakes was expressed by means of aCDOM at the wavelength of 380 nm. It varied significantly, from 0.71 to 19.5 m−1, the mean value (of all the investigated lakes) being around 6.6 m−1. Slopes of the exponential approximation varied widely, from 0.006 to 0.03 nm−1. Averaged over all lakes values of slope for the interval 380-500 nm obtained from the EMI dataset are close to those obtained from the FEI dataset: from 0.014 nm−1 (without correction) to 0.016-0.017 nm-1 (with different types of correction). These results are in good correspondence with most published data. Attempts to describe the spectra in the region of 350-700 nm by means of hyperexponential functions (∽ exp(-αλη)) show that: (1) η < 1 (in the case of traditional exponential approximation η = 1); (2) a promising idea is to seek the best fit only for wavelengths λ > λ1, where λ1 will be chosen taking into account the real shape of aCDOM spectra. The mean value of the specific absorption coefficient (a*CDOM) at the wavelength 380 nm obtained in this study (0.44 L mg−1 m−1) is close to the values published in the literature, if we assume that a*CDOM (380) is calculated using the data of dissolved organic matter (DOM). The optically non-active fraction of DOM in our study was high and therefore a*CDOM (380) was considerably higher (1.01 L mg−1 m−1) than a*CDOM (380). The results of the present work could be used in the modeling of underwater light field as well as in the interpretation of radiation measurements and optical remote sensing results.

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Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve as a Donor Source for Digital Nerve Grafting: A Concept Revisited

The Open Orthopaedics Journal ◽

10.2174/1874325001711011041 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 1041-1048 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mehmet Bekir Unal ◽

Kemal Gokkus ◽

Evrim Sirin ◽

Eren Cansü

Keyword(s):

Pearson Correlation ◽

Mean Value ◽

Cutaneous Nerve ◽

Digital Nerve ◽

Mean Values ◽

Nerve Grafts ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

Mean Time

Objective: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the availability of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LACN) autograft for acute or delayed repair of segmented digital nerve injuries. Patients and Methods: 13 digital nerve defects of 11 patients; treated with interposition of LACN graft that harvested from ipsilateral extremity were included in the study. Mean follow up period was 35, 7 months. The mean time from injury to grafting is 53, 3 days. The results of the mean 2PDT and SWMT values of injured /uninjured finger at the end of follow up period were evaluated with Paired T test. The correlation between the defect length and the difference of 2PDT, SWMT values between the uninjured and injured finger at the end of follow up period; were evaluated with Pearson - correlation analysis. Results: The mean value of our 2PDT and SWMT results are ~5,923, ~3, 52, respectively in which can be interpreted between the normal and diminished light touch. The defect length and difference percentage of SWMT values is positively and significantly correlated statistically. Mean length of interposed nerve grafts was 18.5 mm. The age of the patient and the mean values of 2PDT and SWMT with the difference % of 2PDT and % of SWMT are not statistically correlated. Conclusion: Based on results regarding sensory regaining at recipient side and negligible sensory deficit at harvesting side, we suggest that lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve might be a valuable graft option for digital nerve defects.

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True and Pseudo Cholinesterase levels in short and long-term of pesticides exposures

International Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Research ◽

10.31878/ijcbr.2020.64.03 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 9-12

Author(s):

Mohammed Abdul Rahman ◽

Raghunatha Rao D ◽

Vasantha L

Keyword(s):

Whole Blood ◽

Acute Poisoning ◽

Mean Value ◽

Serum Cholinesterase ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Chronic Poisoning ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

And Control

The present study is aimed to study and analyze the true and pseudo Cholinesterase levels in the subjects exposed to pesticides during short term by intentional or accidental intake and long term exposure due to their occupation were studied at Department of Biochemistry, SVS medical college and hospital mahbubnagar district. Whole blood cholinesterase levels and Pseudo cholinesterase levels were estimated. 150 people were taken as controls who had no medical illness and a total number of 300 cases of pesticide poisoning were selected, aged between 20 to 55 years, which consist of 150 acute poisoning and 150 chronic poisoning subjects in Mahbubnagar district, were taken as case study, the detailed case history and the type of organophosphorus pesticide taken were recorded. Mean and standard deviation (S.D) of all variables were calculated and compared with those of controls. Statistical significance was assessed and P-value <0.05 were considered significant. During acute poisoning the mean value of Whole blood cholinesterase/True cholinesterase (U / L) in acute poisoning cases on first day was 1.267± 0.612 on 3th day was 1.651±0.647, on 7th day was 2.221±0.684 and at the end of 6 months was 3.970±0.404.The difference between the study group and control group (4.0 ± 0.39) was found to be statistically significant in1st, 3rd, 7th day but not significant at the end of 6 months. The mean value of serum cholinesterase/pseudo cholinesterase (U/L) in acute poisoning cases on first day was 2213.05 ± 1749.81, on 3th day was 2862.3 ± 2025.6, on 7th day was 4008.4 ± 2355.9 and at the end of 6 months was 7708.34 ± 880.72.The difference between the study group and control group (7991.97 ± 1276.5) was found to be statistically significant in1st, 3rd, 7th day but not significant at the end of 6 months. During chronic poisoning (exposure) the mean value of Whole blood cholinesterase (U/L) in controls is 4.0 ± 0.39 as compared to 3.019 ± 0.848 in cases of chronic poisoning. The difference between the study group and control group was found to be statistically significant. The mean value of serum cholinesterase/pseudo cholinesterase (U/L) in controls was 7991.97 ± 1276.5 as compared to 6214 ± 1189 in cases of chronic poisoning. The difference between the study group and control group was found to be statistically significant.

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Analysis and Development of Seawater Density Measurement Algorithms Using Arduino Uno and YL-69 Sensor

Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) ◽

10.29207/resti.v4i5.2430 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 951-956

Author(s):

Miftahul Walid ◽

Hozairi ◽

Madukil Makruf

Keyword(s):

Sea Water ◽

Density Measurement ◽

Absolute Error ◽

Error Level ◽

Value Range ◽

Density Values ◽

The Mean ◽

Arduino Uno ◽

The Difference ◽

Predicted Values

In this research, an analysis was carried out to develop a measuring instrument for seawater density in salt production using a microcontroller (Arduino Uno) and YL-69 sensor, this sensor was commonly used to measure soil moisture. The experimental method was used in this research to produce initial data in the form of resistance and seawater density values, then calculations are carried out using statistical methods to find equations and produce a constant variable that connects the resistance and seawater density values. The equation was used to compile the algorithm into Arduino Uno. As for the results of this research, From six experiments conducted, two experiments produced the same sea water density value between the actual and the predicted, namely the 2nd and 5th experiments, while for other experiments there was a difference between the actual and predicted values, however, it was not too significant, the difference occurs between the value range 0 ~ 1, to determine the level of error, use the Mean Square Error (MSE) with an error level of = 0.5 and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) with an error level of = 0.6. The contribution of this research is an algorithm that can predict the density value (baume) based on the resistance value obtained from the YL 69 sensor.

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III. On the uneliminated instrumental error in the observations of magnetic dip

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London ◽

10.1098/rspl.1868.0085 ◽

1869 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 427-429

Keyword(s):

Mean Value ◽

Usual Method ◽

Centre Of Gravity ◽

Single Reading ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

The One ◽

Number Of Passes ◽

Source Of Error ◽

Complete Observation

A single reading of one end of a dipping-needle placed in a dip-circle provided with microscopes for observing is liable to a variety of instrumental errors, which are eliminated by taking the mean of the sixteen readings of the two ends in the eight different positions included in a complete observation. Nevertheless it is found that with the best modern instruments a mean value results from these sixteen observations different for each different needle, and that the difference between the results obtained with two different needles is not the same at all times. The irregularities in the values of the dip observed at Bombay with two needles of excellent character made by Barrow of London, led the author to investigate the effect of a hypothetical irregularity in the shape of the axle of the needle, such that a section of the axle by a plane perpendicular to its axis would be elliptical instead of circular in form. Another source of error, which was brought to the notice of the Royal Society many years ago in a paper published in the Proceedings, is the displacement of the centre of gravity of the needle from the centre of the axle, combined with inequality in the magnetization of the needle when the poles are direct and reversed. Experience has led the author to the conclusion that the usual method of magnetization, by a definite number of passes of the same pair of bar-magnets, communicates magnetism to the needle very unequally when the one end of the needle is made north and when the other end is made north. Consequently it is advisable to investigate the effects of ellipticity of the axle and of displacement of the centre of gravity at the same time, which the author proceeds to do.

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Effect of Erythropoietin on Platelet Function and Glycoprotein Expression in Patients with MDS.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v106.11.3993.3993 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 106 (11) ◽

pp. 3993-3993

Author(s):

Fotis F.I. Girtovitis ◽

Dimitrios D. Bougiouklis ◽

Michel M.P. Makris ◽

Elefteria E. Pithara ◽

Pantelis P.E. Makris

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Platelet Function ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Mean Value ◽

Special Treatment ◽

Recombinant Erythropoietin ◽

Mean Values ◽

Human Recombinant Erythropoietin ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference

Abstract Aim: We decide to study the effect of erythropoietin on the platelet function and glycoproteins expression in patients (pts) with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). All patients suffered from primary MDS but none of them received any special treatment. From our study pts that suffered from diseases or they were receiving medication that affect the function of platelets were excluded. Furthermore pts with platelet count<50,000/μl were excluded also because we were unable to check the aggregation of platelets. Material: 41 subjects were studied, 15 normal subject (10 men and 5 women mean age 66,6±14 years old)and 26 pts (17 men and 9 women with mean age70,9±7,4 years old) suffered from all types of MDS according to FAB criteria (9 with RA, 3 with RARS, 7 RAEB, 4 with CMML and 3 with RAEB-t). We divided them in 2 groups: 1st - 7 Pts receiving human recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) with mean dose 30.000 iu subcutaneous weekly and 2nd - 19 without rEPO. Methods. 1- The platelet function was studied in Platelet Ionized Calcium Aggregometer (PICA) using Ristocetin, ADP, Collagen and Adrenalin as stimulators. 2- The expression of platelet glycoproteins (GPIb, IX, IIb, IIIa and P-selectin) was studied using the flow cytometry and special monoclonal antibodies. This way the percentage of glycoprotein expressed in platelet membrane and MFI were estimated. We performed the statistical analysis of our results using the t-test with common standard deviation.. Results: our results concerning the aggregation test and flow cytometry are presented in tables 1,2 and 3. From the study of our results we can see that while the decrease of aggregation between the patients under EPO and normal subjects is statistically non significant (p<0.1)the decrease of the corresponding values between the pts that did not received EPO and normal subjects was statistically very significant for all stimulators (p <0,001). pts under EPO show an important increase of platelet expressing GPIIb percentage grater than the expressed percentage of patients without EPO (60% vs. 46,1% correspondingly, p<0.001). The difference of expressed MFI was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The findings of our study show us that erythropoietin improves the function of platelets in patients with MDS, probably through the increase of platelet percentage which express glycoproteins. Table 1 Comparison of the mean value of aggregation between the groups Table 2 Comparison of the mean values of the platelets expressing corresponding glycoproteins percentage between the groups Table 3 Comparison of the mean value of MFI between the groups

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Comparison of the genetic diversity in two species of cycads

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt04052 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 219 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Longqian Xiao ◽

Xun Gong ◽

Gang Hao ◽

Xuejun Ge ◽

Bo Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Simple Sequence Repeat ◽

Inter Simple Sequence Repeat ◽

Issr Markers ◽

Mean Value ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

General Opinion ◽

Simple Sequence ◽

Striking Contrast

Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to examine the level and distribution of genetic diversity in two cycad species: Cycas parvula S.L.Yang and C. balansae Warburg. The former is found in only two adjacent populations and the latter in a relatively wider distribution. Although genetic diversity in C. balansae (He = 0.1301) is higher than that in C. parvula (He = 0.0538), both are still low in comparison with the mean value (He = 0.169) in gymnosperms. This confirms the general opinion that cycads are genetic relics. The genetic differentiation in both species, however, presents a striking contrast: Gst is 0.0978 in C. parvula, but 0.4003 in C. balansae, which may be ascribed to the difference in distances between their populations.

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PERBANDINGAN STATUS KEBERSIHAN GIGI DAN MULUTPADA ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS SLB-B DAN SLB-C KOTA TOMOHON

e-GIGI ◽

10.35790/eg.3.2.2015.9605 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Vivie Indahwati ◽

Max F. J. Mantik ◽

Paulina N. Gunawan

Keyword(s):

Oral Hygiene ◽

Mean Value ◽

T Test ◽

P Value ◽

Special Needs Children ◽

Normal Children ◽

Children With Disability ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

Better Than

Abstract: Special need children is children with disability mental, physical, and emotion which different with the normal children, thus their more needed parents help in keeping hygene especially oral hygene. Every disability they have influenced the behaviour of special need children in keeping their oral hygiene. This study aimed to obtain the difference of oral hygiene between special needs children in SLB-B and SLB-C in Tomohon.This was a descriptive analytical study. Samples were obtained by total sampling method. This study was conducted at SLB-B GMIM Damai Tomohon and SLB-C Katolik Santa Anna Tomohon. There were 101 children in this study. The results of independent t test showed that there were significant differences between the mean value of OHI-S status at SLB-B (1.86) and the mean value OHI-S status at SLB-B ( 2.50) with a P value of <0,05. Conclusion: Oral hygiene of SLB-B children was significantly better than of SLB-C children.Keywords: oral hygiene, special need childrenAbstrak: Anak berkebutuhan khusus merupakan anak yang memiliki keterbatasan mental, fisik dan emosi yang berbeda dengan anak normal, sehingga mereka memerlukan bantuan dalam menjaga kebersihan diri khusunya kebersihan gigi dan mulut. Perbedaan keterbatasan yang mereka miliki, memengaruhi perilaku anak berkebutuhan khusus dalam menjaga kebersihan gigi dan mulut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana perbedaan status kebersihan gigi dan mulut pada anak berkebutuhan khusus di SLB-B dan SLB-C kota Tomohon, Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analitik. Pengambilan sampel penelitian ini secara total sampling. Pengambilan data dilaksanakan di SLB-B GMIM Damai Tomohon dan SLB-C Katolik Santa Anna Tomohon. Jumlah anak dalam penelitian sebanyak 101 anak. Hasil penelitian diolah dengan uji statistik t tidak berpasangan (independent t test).Dari uji statistik diperoleh bahwa terdapat perbedaan rerata yang bermakna, antara status OHI-S SLB-B dengan nilai rata-rata 1,86 dibandingkan status OHI-S SLB-C dengan nilai rata-rata 2,50 dan nilai p<0,05. Simpulan: Rerata status kebersihan gigi dan mulut SLB-B lebih baik secara bermakna dibandingkan dengan SLB-C.Kata kunci: kebersihan gigi dan mulut, anak berkebutuhan khusus

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The Effectiveness of Mix Impact Aerobic Gymnastics Exercises With SKJ 2000 On Improvement of Physical Freshness

GLADI JURNAL ILMU KEOLAHRAGAAN ◽

10.21009/gjik.123.06 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (03) ◽

pp. 39-44

Author(s):

Anik Maryani ◽

Fahmy Fachrezzy ◽

Ramdan Pelana

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Standard Error ◽

Exercise Group ◽

Mean Value ◽

Mean Difference ◽

Final Test ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the effect of aerobic mix impact and SKJ 2000 version (core exercise) to improve physical fitness in female students. The research was conducted at SMEA YASMA Sudirman Cijantung for 8 weeks with 24 meetings. The method used is an experimental method with a pre and post-test design. The sampling technique was random sampling from a total of 40 grade 1 students and 30 samples were taken. The data collection technique used was a physical fitness test using the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test (TKJI). Hypothesis testing uses the t-test at the significant level (α) 0.05. The results showed that the difference between the mean value of the initial test (x) and the final test (y) in the mixed impact aerobic exercise group was obtained = -6.47; the value of the standard deviation of the difference = 1,2; the standard error value of the mean difference = 0.32; and the value becomes = -20,2. The initial test (x) and the final test (y) in the 2000 version of the Physical Fitness exercise obtained the difference in the mean value is = -5; the value of the standard deviation of the difference = 1.1; the standard error value of the mean difference = 0.29; and the value becomes = -17.24. The final test of the mixed impact aerobic exercise group (x) and the final test of the aerobic exercise group (y) version 2000, obtained the mean value of the variable x = 19.33; variable value y = 17; the standard deviation value x = 1.48; standard deviation of the variable y = 2.31; standard error variable x = 0.4; standard error for the variable y = 0.62; standard error for the mean difference between x and variable = 0.74; Hypothesis test results obtained t observation = 3.15, at 28 degrees of freedom and a significant level (α) 0.05, the value of t table = 2.048 is obtained. The conclusion of the study is that the effect of mix impact aerobic exercise is more effective in improving physical fitness compared to those using the 2000 version of the fitness gymnastics version of aerobic exercise.

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