scholarly journals Changes in food habits amongst Norwegian adolescents in 2016 and 2019 according to gender and socioeconomic status

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonje H. Stea ◽  
Kristin Holvik ◽  
Caroline S. Bryntesen ◽  
Jannicke B. Myhre
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
University Education ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food And Beverages ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Reduced Frequency ◽  
Time Period

Background: Monitoring dietary habits is important in order to identify risk groups and as a basis for targeted public health initiatives. Objective: To study trends in consumption of selected foods and beverages from 2016 to 2019 amongst Norwegian adolescents according to gender and parental education. Design: Repeated cross-sectional study amongst 25,996 adolescents, aged 14–17 years old. Consumption of selected food and beverages was measured by an online food frequency questionnaire and general linear models were applied to estimate changes in dietary habits. Results: Between 2016 and 2019, we observed a reduced frequency of consumption of vegetables (from 4.7 to 4.4 times/week), fruit and berries (from 4.4 to 4.2 times/week), whole-grain bread (from 5.1 to 4.2 times/week), and fish (from 2.3 to 1.6 times/week). During this time period, we also observed a reduced frequency of consumption of salty snacks (from 2.1 to 1.9 times/week), sweets (from 2.3 to 2.0 times/week), sugar-sweetened beverages (from 2.8 to 2.6 times/week), and artificially sweetened beverages (from 2.2 to 1.5 times/week). In girls, there was a decrease in the reported frequency of consumption of fruit and berries (−4%, vs. no change in boys). The decrease in consumption frequency of whole-grain bread was larger in girls than in boys (−19% vs. −14%). Further, a 17% decrease in consumption of sweets was observed amongst adolescents with no or only one parent having college/university education compared to a 13% decrease in adolescents whose both parents had college/university education. Conclusion: Our results showed a decrease in frequency of consumption of selected healthy and unhealthy food and beverages amongst adolescents between 2016 and 2019. The gender gap in consumption of fruit and berries and whole-grain bread seemed to decrease during this time period, and the socio-economic gap in consumption of sweets seemed to disappear.

scholarly journals Physical and Sedentary Activities and Childhood Overweight/Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study among First-Year Children of Primary Schools in Modena, Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3221
Author(s):  
Stefania Paduano ◽  
Antonella Greco ◽  
Lucia Borsari ◽  
Chiara Salvia ◽  
Stefano Tancredi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
First Year ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sedentary Activities

Children obesity is a serious public health issue. This study aimed to investigate physical/sedentary activities of first-year primary schools children in Modena, and their association with overweight/obesity and dietary habits of children and family characteristics to identify the risk factors for unhealthy lifestyles. Child physical/sedentary activities were gathered through an anonymous questionnaire administered to parents, as well as family characteristics and weight/height of child and parents. Logistic regression models, eventually adjusted for parents’ sociodemographic characteristics, were used to analyze data. Questionnaires were delivered by 660 families (74.2%), of which 72 without anthropometric data were excluded. Three out of four children spent in physical activities less than 7 h/week, while 63.9% dedicated to sedentary activities two or more hours/day. From multivariate analysis, the habit significantly affecting children’s overweight/obesity was spending time on tablets/Personal Computers/mobile phones/videogames. Higher parental education level resulted in a protective factor for implementing unhealthy lifestyles in terms of time dedicated to physical/sedentary activities. Our results suggest the need of interventions to increase time for physical activity and to promote a responsible use of digital media involving the entire families to reach all parents regardless of their education and nationality with a possible relapse on other family members.

scholarly journals Divorced and Unemployed: the Declining Association between Two Critical Lifecourse States in the UK, 1984-2017

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis Robert Anderson ◽  
Christiaan Willem Simon Monden ◽  
Erzsebet Bukodi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Marital Dissolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk

Individuals exposed to both job loss and marital dissolution are likely to be highly disadvantaged, having experienced stresses and losses in the two primary domains of life. Moreover, recent literature finds that exposure to one event tends to increase risk of the other. However, next to nothing is known about the size or composition – or changes therein – of the divorced/separated and unemployed (DSU) subpopulation. Using large, nationally representative, repeated cross-sectional datasets extending back to 1984, we aim to fill this gap for the UK. We give a descriptive account of the prevalence and social distribution of DSU, and of the cross-sectional association between its two component states: among which groups, by education and gender, does being either divorced/separated or unemployed most strongly imply a heightened risk of also being the other, and how has this changed over time? We find stable and strong educational inequality in DSU, while the gender gap has narrowed and recently closed. The association between the two states is stronger among men; has weakened strikingly over the time period we consider, for both men and, especially, women; and is educationally stratified among men but not women. Contrary to expectations, higher-educated men in one of the two states are most likely to also be in the other. Possible explanations and further questions are discussed. In particular, we highlight the possibility that over this time period the divorced/separated have become more like the general population, rather than a negatively selected subgroup among whom unemployment is a particular risk.

scholarly journals Parent–child cooking meal together may relate to parental concerns about the diets of their toddlers and preschoolers: a cross-sectional analysis in Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Midori Ishikawa ◽  
Kumi Eto ◽  
Miki Miyoshi ◽  
Tetsuji Yokoyama ◽  
Mayu Haraikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Picky Eating ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Cooking Practices ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Parent Child

Abstract Background Parents often have concerns about the food habits of their young children. Cooking is a frequent behavior related to dietary activities at home. We hypothesized that “a parent cooking meals together with young children might alleviate dietary concerns.” The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between parental cooking practices (e.g., cooking meals together with the child) and diet-related concerns. Methods Data were extracted from the “National nutrition survey on preschool children” conducted among nation-wide households with toddlers and preschoolers in 2015 by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. Parents were classified into two groups comprising those who cooked meals together with their children and those who did not. The following variables were compared: taking too much time to eat (slow eaters), “picky” eating (eating only certain foods), inconsistent food intake (eating too much or too little), playing with food/utensils while eating, preferring sweetened beverages and snacks over meals, eating too fast to chew well, not swallowing food, disinterested in eating, and spitting out food. The associations between parent–child cooking meals together and the concerns pertaining to the child’s dietary habits and food intake were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Results The concerns of “picky eating” and “playing with food/utensils while eating” were lower, while “eating too much” was higher in the parent-cooking together group. The intake frequency of fish, soybeans/soy products, vegetables, and milk among children were higher in the “cooking together” group than among those in the “not cooking together” group. Children in the “cooking together” group consumed a significantly greater variety of foods than those in the “not cooking together” group. Conclusions Cooking a meal together with a child may be related to the parent’s lower concerns about the dietary habits of the child, including “picky eating” and “playing with food/utensils while eating,” but may also be related to the higher concerns of “eating too much.”

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Disparities in Diet Vary According to Migration Status among Adolescents in Belgium

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manon Rouche ◽  
Bart de Clercq ◽  
Thérésa Lebacq ◽  
Maxim Dierckens ◽  
Nathalie Moreau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparities ◽  
Nutrition Interventions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Migration Status ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
2Nd Generation ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Culture Of Origin ◽  
Cultural Components

Little information concerning social disparities in adolescent dietary habits is currently available, especially regarding migration status. The aim of the present study was to estimate socioeconomic disparities in dietary habits of school adolescents from different migration backgrounds. In the 2014 cross-sectional “Health Behavior in School-Aged Children” survey in Belgium, food consumption was estimated using a self-administrated short food frequency questionnaire. In total, 19,172 school adolescents aged 10–19 years were included in analyses. Multilevel multiple binary and multinomial logistic regressions were performed, stratified by migration status (natives, 2nd- and 1st-generation immigrants). Overall, immigrants more frequently consumed both healthy and unhealthy foods. Indeed, 32.4% of 1st-generation immigrants, 26.5% of 2nd-generation immigrants, and 16.7% of natives consumed fish ≥two days a week. Compared to those having a high family affluence scale (FAS), adolescents with a low FAS were more likely to consume chips and fries ≥once a day (vs. <once a day: Natives aRRR = 1.39 (95%CI: 1.12–1.73); NS in immigrants). Immigrants at schools in Flanders were less likely than those in Brussels to consume sugar-sweetened beverages 2–6 days a week (vs. ≤once a week: Natives aRRR = 1.86 (95%CI: 1.32–2.62); 2nd-generation immigrants aRRR = 1.52 (1.11–2.09); NS in 1st-generation immigrants). The migration gradient observed here underlines a process of acculturation. Narrower socioeconomic disparities in immigrant dietary habits compared with natives suggest that such habits are primarily defined by culture of origin. Nutrition interventions should thus include cultural components of dietary habits.

scholarly journals Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern among Balearic Islands adolescents

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 1657-1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Martínez ◽  
Rosa Llull ◽  
Maria del Mar Bibiloni ◽  
Antoni Pons ◽  
Josep A. Tur
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Lifestyle Factors ◽  
Balearic Islands ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mediterranean Dietary Pattern ◽  
The Mediterranean

The aim of the present work was to assess the prevalence of the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) in Balearic Islands adolescents, and socio-demographic and lifestyle factors that might determine adherence to the MDP. A cross-sectional nutritional survey was carried out in the Balearic Islands between 2007 and 2008. A random sample (n1231) of the adolescent population (12–17 years old) was interviewed. Dietary questionnaires and a general questionnaire incorporating questions related to socio-economic status, parental education level and lifestyle factors were used. Dietary habits were assessed by means of two 24 h recalls and a quantitative FFQ. Adherence to the MDP was defined according to a score constructed considering the consumption of nine MDP characteristic components: high MUFA:SFA ratio, moderate ethanol consumption, high legumes, cereals and roots, fruits, vegetables and fish consumption, and low consumption of meat and milk. Then, socio-demographic, lifestyle and health status variables that could determine a higher or ower adherence were assessed. The mean adherence was 57·9 (sd8·9) % and the median adherence was 57·3 %. Half of the Balearic Islands adolescents (50·5 %) showed an adherence to the MDP comprised between 52·7 and 62·8 %. By multivariate analyses, a high maternal level of education, increased physical activity, reduced alcohol intake and abstinence from smoking were independent associations of better adherence to the MDP. The promotion of not only the MDP but also the Mediterranean lifestyle, including greater physical activity, should be reinforced among the Balearic younger generations.

Central obesity is associated with lower intake of whole-grain bread and less frequent breakfast and lunch: results from the HUNT study, an adult all-population survey

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 819-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Løvold Mostad ◽  
Mette Langaas ◽  
Valdemar Grill
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Hunt Study ◽  
Age And Sex

All-population and area-based investigations of diet in central obesity are scarce. We used cross-sectional data from 50 339 individuals who responded to the HUNT3 survey of 2006–2008, which recruited from all county-residing adults 20 years and older, to investigate whether those with central obesity eat and drink differently than others. Answers to dietary questions were recoded and analyzed with multiple linear regression, using waist/hip ratio (WHR), age, and sex as explanatory variables. Frequencies of consumption or amounts of food, beverages, and meals were compared among WHR quartiles. Central obesity was present in the quartile with the highest WHR, WHR4 (WHR ≥ 0.917 for women and 0.981 for men) but not in the quartile with the lowest WHR, WHR1 (WHR < 0.817 for women and 0.895 for men). Dietary variables differed markedly by age and sex. After adjustment for these factors and for multiple testing, we found significant differences between WHR4 and WHR1 for 19 of 30 dietary variables. Central obesity was associated with a lower intake of any bread, and of whole-grain bread in particular. Intake of fruits and berries, vegetables, and pasta and rice was less, and intake of sausages and hamburgers and boiled potatoes was more frequent. Intake of alcohol, tea, and fruit juice was lower in those with central obesity, whereas intake of sugar-free soft drinks and coffee was higher. The frequency of breakfast and lunch was lower and of nightly meals was higher in those with central obesity. In conclusion, in this large area-based population, central obesity was associated with differences in dietary habits, some of which (such as decreased consumption of whole-grain bread and increased intake of sugar-free drinks) are of possible clinical significance.

scholarly journals Association of parental-reported vitamin D supplementation with dental caries of 3-year-old children in Poland: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Olczak-Kowalczyk ◽  
Urszula Kaczmarek ◽  
Dariusz Gozdowski ◽  
Anna Turska-Szybka
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Oral Health Behaviours

Abstract Objective The study aimed to assess the association between parental-reported vitamin D supplementation and caries in a national sample of 3-year-olds in Poland. Materials and methods A total of 1900 children, representing all provinces of Poland, were invited. The questionnaires concerned vitamin D supplementation, socio-demographics, and oral health behaviours. Based on dental examination, caries scores (dmft/dmfs), prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) and severe ECC (S-ECC) were calculated. The Spearman’s correlation, linear regression and logistic regression were used to assess the association between various factors and caries (p < 0.05). Results A total of 1638 children were tested. Of this number, 99.1% infants were supplemented with vitamin D. Supplementation had been continued seasonally in 55.2% children. ECC/S-ECC prevalence were significantly lower in children receiving vitamin D (ECC 38.3% vs. 44.7%, OR = 0.77; S-ECC 20.5% vs. 27.1%, OR = 0.69; p < 0.05). Mean dmft/dmfs were lower in those with supplementation (1.54 ± 2.72 vs. 2.24 ± 3.55; 2.40 ± 5.56 vs. 3.72 ± 7.56, respectively; p < 0.001). After controlling for confounding factors, supplementation was not significantly associated with caries; only dt/ds were still associated. Maternal education, sweetened beverages before bedtime, bottle use were significantly associated with S-ECC. Conclusions Lower caries prevalence was observed in those with vitamin D supplementation. The association between parental-reported vitamin D and ECC/S-ECC was not significant in Polish children. Decayed teeth and supplementation were still associated. Dietary habits can modify the association with caries. Clinical relevance There may be an association between vitamin D supplementation and lower caries in children. Parents should supplement their children during periods of significant growth and development.

scholarly journals The occurrence of demotions regarding job level, salary and job authority

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1217-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Verheyen ◽  
Nick Deschacht ◽  
Marie-Anne Guerry
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Fringe Benefits ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Job Level ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Base Salary

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the occurrence of job level, salary and job authority demotions in the workplace through the analysis of Belgian Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (SILC)-data of 2007-2011. Design/methodology/approach Three hypotheses are tested: H1: there is a gender inequality in job authority demotions. H2: the level of education and the probability of being subject to a job level, salary or job authority demotion are negatively correlated. H3: age is negatively correlated with job level, salary or job authority demotion probabilities. The cross-sectional data of the SILC cover a specific time period with data on inter alia living conditions. The longitudinal data give information on inter alia income and non-monetary variables over a period of four years. The authors estimate multivariate regression models for binary demotion variables. These analyses allow the authors to estimate the odds of being demoted. The authors discuss the demotion rates, the bivariate correlations and the regression analysis. Findings The data analysis result in the fact that base salary demotions are not commonly applied as literature and the Belgian law on salary protection endorses. Fringe benefits demotions, as for instance the abolition of a company car or a bonus are, however, more frequent. There is a gender gap with regard to job authority demotion. Highly educated respondents are less confronted with job authority demotions. Age is negatively correlated with base salary/fringe benefits or job authority demotion probabilities, but not with job-level demotions. H1 is thus confirmed. H2 and H3 only partly confirmed. Research limitations/implications Several analyses were restricted because the EU-SILC did not question all dimensions of demotion in detail. Originality/value This study contributes to the scarce literature on demotion and to empirical studies on demotions regarding job level, salary and job authority.

scholarly journals Intakes and perceived home availability of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit and vegetables as reported by mothers, fathers and adolescents in the HEIA (HEalth In Adolescents) study

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 2156-2165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Bjelland ◽  
Nanna Lien ◽  
May Grydeland ◽  
Ingunn H Bergh ◽  
Sigmund A Anderssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Role Models ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Parental Awareness ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Perceived Availability ◽  
Parental Gender ◽  
Home Availability

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), fruit and vegetables (FV) among adolescents and their parents and to explore differences in the perceived availability by gender and parental education.DesignBaseline data from the HEIA (HEalth In Adolescents) study.SettingData on intake of SSB were collected assessing frequency and amounts, whereas consumption of FV was assessed on the basis of frequency. Further, perceived availability at home and at school (taken from home) was reported.SubjectsParticipants were 1528 Norwegian adolescents aged 11 years, as well as 1200 mothers and 1057 fathers.ResultsThe adolescents’ intake of SSB was low on weekdays but doubled during weekend days. This pattern was observed among parents as well. There were significant differences in intake between boys, girls, mothers and fathers, except for vegetables. Fathers reported the lowest frequency of FV intake. Compared with adolescents, mothers reported lower availability of SSB and higher availability of FV. Compared with their sons, fathers reported higher availability of vegetables and lower availability of sugar-sweetened fruit drinks at school. Significant differences in adolescents’ intake of SSB and in the perceived availability of both SSB and FV by parental education were found.ConclusionsThe intake of SSB was higher during weekend days than during weekdays, whereas the frequency of FV intake was low. Differences in adolescents’ perceived availability of both SSB and FV on the basis of parental education were found, whereas the differences in intake were significant only for SSB. Increasing parental awareness of availability and their potential as role models across parental gender and educational level could improve adolescents’ dietary habits.

scholarly journals The influence of parental education and other socio-economic factors on child car seat use

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateja Rok Simon ◽  
Aleš Korošec ◽  
Marjan Bilban
Keyword(s):  
Parental Education ◽  
College Education ◽  
University Education ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Car Seats ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Car Seat ◽  
Passenger Safety ◽  
Se Status

Abstract Introduction The behaviour of parents in ensuring car passenger safety for their children is associated with socio-economic (SE) status of the family; however, the influence of parental education has rarely been researched and the findings are contradictory. The aim of the study was to clarify whether parental education influences the use of a child car seat during short rides. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out in outpatient clinics for children’s healthcare across Slovenia. 904 parents of 3-year-old children participated in the study; the response rate was 95.9%. A self-administered questionnaire was used. A binary multiple logistic regression was applied to assess the association between parental unsafe behaviour as dependent variable, and education and other SE factors as independent variables. Results 14.6% of parents did not use a child car seat during short rides. Families where mother had low or college education had higher odds of the non-use of a child car seat than families where mother had a university education. Single-parent families and those who lived in areas with low or medium SE status also had higher odds of the non-use of a child car seat. Conclusions Low educational attainment influences parents’ behaviour regarding the non-use of a child car seat. Low parental education is not the only risk factor since some highly educated parents also have high odds of unsafe behaviour. All parents should therefore be included in individually tailored safety counselling programmes. SE inequalities could be further reduced with provision of free child car seats for eligible families.

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