scholarly journals Identifikasi Dan Prevalensi Ektoparasit Ikan Kerapu Lumpur (Epinephelus tauvina) Pada Keramba Jaring Apung Di Kuala Langsa

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Asha Annur ◽  
Suri Purnama Febri ◽  
Muhammad Syahril
Keyword(s):  
Marine Fish ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Gill Lamella ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Net Cages

Greasy grouper (Epinephelus tauvina) is one type of marine fish that has economic value and can be developed into a promising cultivation commodity. The purpose of this research is to find Types of parasites and prevalence rates of ectoparasite in Greasy grouper (Epinephelus tauvina) on floating net cages in Kuala Langsa. The research method was conducted using a survey method. Sample taken by purposive sampling, amounting to 20 Greasy grouper (Epinephelus tauvina)  with a size of 20-25cm and were observed at Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture, Samudra University. Fish body organs were observed including all parts of the fins, mucus, gills, then identification using microscopic and macroscopic methods. The results obtained were ectoparasites infecting Greasy grouper (Epinephelus tauvina) only one species from the genus Dactylogyrus which was found mostly in floating net cages cultivation in Kuala Langsa. These ectoparasite were found in the gill lamella Greasy grouper (Epinephelus tauvina), with the overall sample prevalence rate at 50% and the attack rate classified as “very frequent”.

scholarly journals POTENSI VEGETASI MANGROVE SEBAGAI PAKAN LEBAH MADU DI KAWASAN HUTAN MANGROVE SURYA PERDANA MANDIRI KELURAHAN SETAPUK BESAR SINGKAWANG UTARA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sapto Prayoga ◽  
Burhanuddin Burhanuddin ◽  
Evy Wardenaar
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Mangrove Plants

Mangrove Forest has a role for the life of fauna as a source of feed and shelter for honeybees. Honeybees need feed to maintain their survival in nature, so that the availability of the feed generated by flowers in the form of nectar and pollen gives the ability of bees to breed with maximum. This research aims to obtain the type of mangrove plants and pollen, and its potential in Surya Perdana Mandiri Mangrove Forest area. The research method used is a survey method with the example tile determination Purposive Sampling. There are 10 sample compartments of 20 x 20 meters in 2 research lines. Based on the results of the research is known that there are 22 types of mangrove plants, based on observations, 13 of which are the source of honey bee feed, and based on the study of literatures there are 18 The potential feed bees at the highest tree level on the Api-api putih (Avicemia Marina) with an INP value of 82.17% and the smallest value Ceriop decandra 17.50% while at the highest INP stake level of Rhizopora stylosa 76.08% with flowering 83.44% while the smallest INP Ceriop decandra 22.63% with flowering 36.36%. In the area of Mangrove Forest Setapuk Large types of honey bee feed plant available throughout the year, although in quantity varies from month to monthKeywords: bee feed, mangrove, potential, Setapuk Besar

scholarly journals Analisis ekonomi budidaya Ikan Mas (Cyprinus carpio) KJA waduk PLTA Koto Panjang

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Dukut Tri Sadono ◽  
Darwis AN ◽  
Zulkarnain Umar
Keyword(s):  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Plant ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Financial Feasibility ◽  
Cage Size ◽  
Net Cages ◽  
Method Factors

This study aims to analyze the factors that affect income levels, estimate economic value, analyze financial feasibility and study alternative policies for the development of goldfish (Cyprinus carpio) cultivation in floating net cages in an effort to develop fishery potential in Koto Panjang Hydroelectric Reservoir, Kampar Regency, Riau Province. The sampling location is determined based on (purposive sampling). The method used in this research is a survey method. Determination of the population in the study using the Census method. Factors that significantly influence the income of goldfish cultivators (Cyprinus carpio) at the real level α = 5% are the yield (HP) kg / unit and the number of cages (JK) unit. The surplus value of goldfish cultivation producers (Cyprinus carpio) is IDR 42,102,269,258.00 / year. The results of the analysis of the financial feasibility value (NPV) of Rp. 77,136,617.10, - / unit for the volume of cages 6 x 6 x 4. Whereas for the volume of cages 6 x 8 x 4, it has a value (NPV) which is much greater than Rp. . 173,394,632.39, - / unit. The second value (NPV) is positive based on the criteria for a feasible business investment if the value (Net B / C) is greater than 1, the value (IRR) is the same as 12.00% for both cage size categories. The sensitivity analysis shows that the cultivation of goldfish (Cyprinus carpio) KJA in the Koto Panjang Hydroelectric Power Plant is more sensitive to changes in decreased production compared to changes in decreasing price of carp feed (Cyprinus carpio). Based on the Exponential Comparative Analysis (MPE), it is found that the best alternative development policies to be developed and implemented are capital strengthening and improvement of facilities and infrastructure related to fish cultivation development.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI DAN PREVALENSI CACING ENDOPARASIT PADA IKAN LAYANG DELES (Decapterus macrosoma) DI PELABUHAN PERIKANAN NUSANTARA BRONDONG, LAMONGAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
Fahdi Putra Utama ◽  
Kismiyati . ◽  
Gunanti Mahasri ◽  
Putri Desi Wulansari
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Anisakis Simplex ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
The Third ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
Third Stage

ABSTRACT                The High Interest of public to Marine fish, create more demand of Slander Scad (Decapterus macrosoma). Slander Scad is one commodity that has economic value and high nutritional content. The Slander Scad is obtained from the catch of fishermen in the Nusantara Fishery Port Brondong, Lamongan. Fish that caught from the wild is likely to get a disease caused by infection of the endoparasites.worm.           The parasites that infect Slander scad probably caused by environmental factors that could decrease immune system, causing the fish easily infected by endoparasites worm such as Anisakis. This parasite is zoonotic and can infect humans, therefore, to identify and prevalence for humans who consume fish can manage properly. The purpose of this study was to identify the species of endoparasite worms that infect Slander Scad (D. Macrosoma) in Nusantara Fishery Port of Brondong, Lamongan. The research method is using a survey method through sampling at locations directly. 75 samples of Slander Scad were examined. The main parameters observed in this study are to observe the species and the prevalence of endoparasitic worm that infected Slander scad. The result of the identification of endoparasite that infected Slander Scad were analyzed descriptively and presented in the form of figures and tables. The results showed the presence of the third-stage Anisakis simplex larvae that infect the Slander Scad in the liver, intestines, gonads, muscles in the abdominal side, in the Nusantara Fishery Port of Brondong Lamongan, East Java with a total prevalence of Anisakis simplex worm was 42.67%.                               Keywords: Slander Scad, Prevalence, Anisakis simplex, and zoonotic.

scholarly journals Identifikasi dan Prevalensi Cacing Endoparasit pada Saluran Pencernaan Kakap Merah (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) di Keramba Jaring Apung Balai Besar Perikanan Budidaya Laut, Lampung [Identification And Prevalence of Endoparasite Worms in The Gastrointestinal Tract of Red Snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) In Floating Net The Centre Of Mariculture, Lampung]

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Diah Ayu Puspitarini ◽  
Sri Subekti ◽  
Kismiyati Kismiyati
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Red Snapper ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Lutjanus Argentimaculatus ◽  
Net Cages ◽  
Anisakis Physeteris

                                                   AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis dan tingkat prevalensi cacing endoparasit pada saluran pencernaan kakap merah (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) di Keramba Jaring Apung Balai Besar Perikanan Budidaya Laut Lampung. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survey. Pengambilan sampel sebanyak 30 ekor ikan yang berukuran 20-35 cm menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Organ yang diamati lambung dan usus, kemudian dilakukan identifikasi dan penghitungan prevalensi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan jenis cacing endoparasit yang menginfeksi saluran pencernaan kakap merah (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) di Keramba Jaring Apung Balai Besar Perikanan Budidaya Laut Lampung adalah larva stadium tiga Anisakis physeteris (Anisakis tipe II) dan Cucullanus heterochrous. Prevalensi kakap merah yang terinfeksi endoparasit adalah 10%, terdiri dari Anisakis physeteris (Anisakis tipe II) sebesar 7% dan Cucullanus heterochrous sebesar 3%.                                                   AbstractThe purpose of the research is to know kinds and prevalence of endoparasites worm gastrointestinal red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) in floating net cages the Centre of Mariculture Lampung. The metode of the research is survey method. The sample that used is 30 fishes that size 20-35 cm used purposive sampling method. The organ that getting examination is intestine and stomach, after that do identification and counting of prevalence. The result showed kinds of endoparasite worms that infected is stage three larvae of Anisakis physeteris (Anisakis type II) and Cucullanus heterochrous. The prevalence of endoparasites in red snapper is 10% that consist from on Anisakis physeteris (Anisakis type II) 7% and Cucullanus heterochrous 3%.

scholarly journals Identifikasi Dan Prevalensi Cacing Pada Saluran Pencernaan Ikan Gurami (Osphronemus gouramy) Di Desa Ngrajek Magelang Jawa Tengah [Identification And Prevalence Of Worms On Gouramy Gastrointestinal (Osphronemus gouramy) In Ngrajek Village Magelang Central Java]

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Riza Aryani, Kismiyati, Gunanti Mahasri
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Possible Cause

Abstract Gouramy is one of the consumption of freshwater fish that have high economic value. Gouramy is a freshwater fish that have long been known and cultivated. Gouramy has many features including less demanding requirements for life, except that carp have slow growth. In maintenance appeared several constraints, such as illness. One possible cause is parasites. This research is aimed to know both the kind and the prevalence of gouramy gastrointestinal worms in Ngrajek Village Magelang Central Java. This research used survey methods through sampling at the site directly. Sample was taken once for 48 gouramy from four sites by using with fish size 10-15 cm. The main parameters of the research is the kind and prevalence degree of worms were found in the gastrointestinal of gouramy in the Ngrajek Magelang Central Java, while the supporting parameters in this research are water quality such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and ammonia. The result of this research showed that from 48 gouramy from four sites, there was four samples that positively infected by gastrointestinal worms. The prevalence rate of gouramy infected with worms in the gastrointestinal for A location is 12.5%, for B location is 13.3%, for C location is 0%, and for D location is 10%. Worms prevalence rates are found in the gastrointestinal consists of Echinorhynchus 6.25%, Neoechinorhynchus 2.08% and Pallisentis 2.08%. Overall prevalence of gouramy infected with worms in the gastrointestinal in Ngrajek Village Magelang Central Java is 8.33%.

KONTRIBUSI DAN PELUANG PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN ISTERI NELAYAN TERHADAP PENDAPATAN KELUARGA DI KECAMATAN ALUH-ALUH KABUPATEN BANJAR KALIMANTAN SELATAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Ulfah Nurul Hidayah ◽  
Idiannor Mahyudin ◽  
Emmy Sri Mahreda
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Salted Fish ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Average Revenue ◽  
Descriptive Method

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis pekerjaan isteri nelayan dalam bidang perikanan, menganalisis kontribusi pendapatan isteri nelayan  terhadap pendapatan keluarga dan menganalisis peluang pendapatan isteri nelayan terhadap pendapatan keluarga.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode survei dan deskriptif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik observasi dan wawancara. Teknik pengambilan sampel lokasi secara sengaja (purposive sampling) dan pengambilan sampel responden diambil secara purposive random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis-jenis pekerjaan di bidang perikanan yang dilakukan isteri nelayan di Kecamatan Aluh-aluh antara lain: pengolahan ikan asin, pengolahan terasi, pengolahan udang papai kering dan pengolahan kerupuk udang.  Kontribusi pendapatan isteri nelayan yang bekerja sebagai; pengolah ikan asin sebesar 32,32%, pengolah terasi udang 31,29% dan pengolah udang papai kering 31,01%, pengolah kerupuk udang 23,95%. Rata-rata kontribusi pendapatan isteri nelayan terhadap pendapatan keluarga sebesar 29,64%. Persentase peluang kerupuk ikan sebesar 48,58%, bakso udang sebesar 30,36%, peluang amplang udang sebesar 10,12%, dan peluang nugget udang 10,93%.Purpose of this study is identify the types of work fisherman’s wife in Subdistrict Aluh-aluh, analyzing the contribution of revenue fisherman’s wife to family income and Analyzing the fisherman’s wife increased revenue opportunities to family income.The research method used a descriptive method and survey method. Data collection performed with observation and interview techniques. Technique of sampling locations use purposive sampling and respondents sampling use purposive random sampling.The results showed that types of work fisherman’s wife performed in fisheries include : salted fish processing, shrimp paste processing, processing ebi, ang processing of prawn crackers, revenue contribution fisherman’s wife who worked as a salted fish processing amounted to 32,32%, as processing shirmp paste amounted to 31,29%, as processing ebi amounted to 31,01%, as processing shrimp crackers amounted to 23,95%. Average revenue contribution amounting to 29,64%, fish crackers opportunies amounted to 48,58%, shrimp meatball amounted to 30,36%, shrimp amplangs amounted to 10,12%, and shrimp nuggets amounted to 10,93%.

scholarly journals Study of the Potential of Kuta Mandalika Beach Geochology in Central Lombok District

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Nilawati Nilawati ◽  
Olivia Oktorie
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Time Function ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Business Opportunities

This study aims to analyze the geoecological potential of the coast in Central Lombok Regency. The research method uses a survey method by determining the sample by purposive sampling. The analysis unit used is a geoecological unit that is assessed for the potential and constraints of each to develop certain tourism activities. Assessment of potential uses a SWOT analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) to determine the development of coastal areas as opportunities for surrounding communities and sustainable maintenance of resources. The development of tourist areas is able to contribute to local revenues, open business opportunities and employment opportunities and at the same time function to maintain and preserve natural and biological wealth. classification of geoecological units in the Central Lombok coast1). Coastal alluvial geoeconomic units, 2) Valley geoecological units between hills, and 3) Geoecological units of the slopes of the denudational hills.

scholarly journals Efek Daun Picung (Pangium edule Rewind.) sebagai Pengawet Alami terhadap Kadar Protein Total Ikan Nila (Oreochromis sp) Segar

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ade Ratna Utami ◽  
Hari Santoso ◽  
Ahmad Syauqi
Keyword(s):  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Temperature Factor ◽  
Protein Determination ◽  
Factor B ◽  
Real Effect ◽  
Purposive Sampling

Tilapia (Oreochromis sp) is one group of fish that has high economic value. Tilapia contains protein that is easy to lysis, quickly undergoes a process of decay (perishable food). Alternatively the preventing process of preserving fish with natural ingredients is Picung leaves. The aim of study was to compare the levels of protein of fresh Tilapia before preserving with Tilapia preserved with Picung leaves (Pangium edule Rewins.) at concentrations of 5 %. This research method uses experiment with the purposive sampling with complete randomized analysis, using temperature and preservation factors with each treatment, namely 6 replications. Temperature factor that is using room temperature 28o C and temperature 18o C ( in refrigerator) and the preservation time factor is 0 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, and 48 hours. Protein determination used spectrophotometric Kjedhal modification methods. The results of the average protein content of fresh Tilapia before being preserved are 19.93 %, the average protein of Tilapia is preserved at 28oC which is 13.59% and the average protein of Tilapia is preserved at 18oC which is 15.07%. The average protein of Tilapia was preserved for 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours and 48 hours, namely 13.22%, 13.88%, 12.78% and 11,83%. The research data was analysed by ANOVA test with result Fs Faktor A> F0.05 (1,50), meaning that there is a real effect caused by factor A (temperature factor). Fs Faktor B > F0.05 (4,50),meaning that there is real effect caused factor B (preservation time).Keywords: Tilapia, Protein, Picung Leaves and Natural PreservativeABSTRAKIkan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) adalah salah satu kelompok ikan yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis tinggi. Ikan Nila mengandung protein yang mudah lisis cepat mengalami proses pembusukan (perishable food). Alternatif mencegah proses tersebut dilakukan pengawetan ikan dengan bahan alami seperti daun picung. Tujuan penelitian  yaitu membandingkan kadar protein ikan Nila segar sebelum diawetkan dan setelah diawetkan dengan daun picung (Pangium edule Rewins.) pada konsentrasi 5%. Metoda penelitian ini menggunakan percobaan dengan purposive sampling. Rancangan acak lengkap, mengunakan faktor suhu dan waktu pengawetan dengan masing-masing perlakuan yaitu 6 ulangan . Faktor suhu yaitu menggunakan suhu ruang 28o C dan suhu 18o C (dalam kulkas) dan faktor waktu pengawetan yaitu 0 jam, 12 jam, 24 jam, 36 jam dan 48 jam. Penentuan protein mengunakan metode modifikasi kjedhal spektofotometri.  Hasil rerata kadar protein ikan Nila segar sebelum diawetkan yaitu 19.93%, rerata ikan Nila yang diawetkan  pada suhu 28o C yaitu 13.59 % dan rerata kadar protein ikan Nila yang diawetkan pada suhu 18o C yaitu 15.07%. Rerata protein ikan Nila yang diawetkan selama 12 jam, 24 jam, 36 jam dan 48 berurutan yaitu 13.22%, 13.88%, 12.78% dan 11.83%. Data penelitian ini dianalisa dengan uji Anova dengan hasil  Fs Faktor A > F0.05 (1,50), artinya terdapat efek yang nyata ditimbulkan oleh faktor A (faktor suhu). Nilai Fs Faktor B  > F0.05 (4,50) , artinya terdapat efek yang nyata ditimbulkan oleh faktor B( waktu pengawetan).Kata Kunci: Ikan Nila, Protein, Daun Picung, Pengawet Alami

scholarly journals Tingkat Aktifitas Fisik Siswa Boarding School dan Siswa Non Boarding School Di SMP Muhammadiyah 04 Sukorejo

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rizki Hidayat ◽  
Fajar Ari Widiyatmoko ◽  
Pandu Kresnapati
Keyword(s):  
Junior High School ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
School Students ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

This research method uses qualitative descriptive research and the method used is a survey method with data collection techniques using a questionnaire. The population is all students of SMP Muhammadiyah 04 Sukorejo, totaling 12 classes. The sample of this research was taken by means of purposive sampling, which consisted of 27 Boarding School students and 79 non-Boarding School students. Based on the results of this study, the activity level of students of SMP Muhammadiyah 04 Sukorejo was in the medium category, the activity level of the boarding school students at SMP Muhammadiyah 04 Sukorejo was in the medium category, the activity level of the non-boarding school students at SMP Muhammadiyah 04 Sukorejo was in the medium category, there were differences in the level of activity. boarding school students and non-boarding school students at SMP Muhammadiyah 04 Sukorejo, with a mann-whitney test score <0.05.   Keywords: Physical activity, boarding school, non boarding school, junior high school   Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Tingkat aktifitas fisik siswa boarding school dan siswa non boarding school di SMP Muhammadiyah 04 Sukorejo. Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif dan metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei dengan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner. Populasinya adalah semua pelajar SMP Muhammadiyah 04 Sukorejo yang berjumlah 12 kelas. Sampel penelitian ini diambil dengan cara pengambilan sampel purposive sampling, yang terdiri atas 27 siswa Boarding School dan 79 siswa non Boarding School. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, tingkat aktifitas siswa SMP Muhammadiyah 04 Sukorejo pada kategori sedang, tingkat aktifitas siswa boarding school di SMP Muhammadiyah 04 Sukorejo pada kategori sedang, tingkat aktifitas siswa non-boarding school di SMP Muhammadiyah 04 Sukorejo pada kategori sedang, terdapat perbedaan tingkat aktifitas siswa boarding school dan siswa non-boarding school di SMP Muhammadiyah 04 Sukorejo, dengan nilai uji mann-whitney< 0,05.   Kata kunci :Aktifitas fisik, Boarding school, non Boarding school, SMP

scholarly journals PERSEPSI PETANI TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN PUPUK KOMPOS PADA USAHATANI PADI DI KELOMPOK TANI HARAPAN DESA POGALAN KECAMATAN POGALAN KABUPATEN TRENGGALEK

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Naudya Wulan Aprilianti ◽  
Sutoyo Sutoyo ◽  
Eny Wahyuning Purwanti
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
The Media

Compost fertilizer is fertilizer that comes from the remains of organic matter through a decomposition process with the aim of improving soil structure. This research aimed to determine farmers' perceptions of the use of compost on rice farming, the influence of internal factors and external factors on the perceptions of farmers in using compost on rice farming, and the design of extension and use of compost fertilizer on rice farming to determine the perceptions of farmers on the use of compost fertilizer on rice farming. The research method used is the survey method. The sampling method uses purposive sampling method. The results of this study showed that the highest perception received was 57,1% based on making compost, the age and experience of rice farming do not affect farmers' perceptions, and the design of counseling uses the material for making also using compost on rice farming; the methods used are visual, audio visual, lecture, and discussion; the media used is film.

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