scholarly journals Production, Post-Harvest and Marketing of Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix DC) In Tulungagung, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 138-143
Author(s):  
Rahmat Budiarto ◽  
Roedhy Poerwanto ◽  
Edi Santosa ◽  
Darda Efendi ◽  
Andria Agusta
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Conventional Agriculture ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Planting Materials ◽  
Home Industries

Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) is one of the Citrus species that is popular as food spices in Indonesia. This study was aimed at describing the production system, post-harvest handling, marketing and evaluating the product variation of kaffir lime cultivated in the Tulungagung district, East Java Province, Indonesia. Data was collected through a survey by interviewing kaffir lime farmers, distributors and customers in June 2018. Kaffir lime is cultivated by local farmers using traditional and conventional agriculture practices. The farmer used good quality seedlings as planting materials and applies animal manure or compost to the trees. Kaffir lime is grown on rain-fed land; fertilizers and pesticides are applied sparingly. The kaffir lime leaves could be harvested twice a year in different seasons. Better leaf quality can be obtained during the rainy seasons. The leaf production per tree is estimated at about 100 gram per plant per season. Post-harvest handling involved sorting, packing and marketing without any cooling treatment. The standard gate price of kaffir lime leaf in June 2019 was IDR 6,000-7,000, IDR 9,000-10,000 at the collector level, IDR 11,000-12,000 at wholesaler, and IDR 14,000-16,000 at small retailers. Leaves were distributed to traditional market in Tulungagung, neighbouring districts such as Kediri, Trenggalek and Blitar, and also to capital cities such Jakarta. The main product of kaffir lime is the fresh leaf for food seasoning and as a raw material to produce essential oil and dry leaf powder. The stems have been used for fuel in home industries. The fruits of kaffir lime are rarely found in the market and have great potentials for essential oil production and recently, a promising commodity for export.

scholarly journals Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Productivity and Raw Material Quality from Organic Cultivation

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bączek ◽  
Olga Kosakowska ◽  
Małgorzata Gniewosz ◽  
Iwona Gientka ◽  
Zenon Węglarz
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Conventional Agriculture ◽  
Central European ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Organic Cultivation

Sweet basil is one of the most important culinary herbs. Currently, its production is carried out mainly in accordance with conventional agriculture. However, its cultivation in organic systems seems to be better adjusted to consumer demands connected with the lack of pesticide residues in foods and their safety. In the present study, two methods of basil cultivation in organic farming system were applied, i.e., in the open air and under foil tunnels. During the experiment, in central European climatic conditions, it was possible to obtain four successive cuts of herb. The herb was subjected to chemical analysis, including determination of the content of essential oil, phenolic compounds, and chlorophylls. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis of the essential oil was performed, whereas the fresh herb was subjected to sensory analysis. The cumulative mass of fresh herb was distinctly higher in the cultivation under foil tunnels (44.7 kg∙10 m−2) in comparison to the open field (24.7 kg∙10 m−2). The content of essential oil, flavonoids, and phenolic acids was also higher in the raw material collected from plants grown under foil tunnels (0.81, 0.36, and 0.78 g·100g−1 DW, respectively) than from the open field (0.48, 0.29, and 0.59g·100g−1 DW, respectively). In turn, the dominant compound of the essential oil, i.e., linalool, was present in higher amounts in the essential oil obtained from plants cultivated in the open field. The sensory and microbiological quality of herb was comparable for both methods of cultivation. The obtained results indicate that, in central European climatic conditions, it is possible to obtain good-quality yield of basil herb. However, for its better productivity, it seems that cultivation under foil tunnels is preferable.

scholarly journals Determination of Essential Oil Bioactive Components and Rosmarinic Acid of Salvia officinalis Cultivated under Different Intra-row Spacing

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad ABU DARWISH ◽  
Ezz Al-Dein AL-RAMAMNEH ◽  
Ivan SALAMON ◽  
Ziad ABU-DIEYEH ◽  
Mohamed AL NAWAISEH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Rosmarinic Acid ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Salvia Officinalis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Human Disorders ◽  
Tea Production ◽  
First Time

Salvia officinalis, known also as sage, is a medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family that spreads all over the word in several countries. The demand for the raw material and extracts of this plant is increasing due to its numerous applications in pharmacy, food and herbal tea production. The present study investigated for the first time the effect of 15, 30 and 45 cm intra-row spacing (plant density) on the main constituents of sage essential oils and rosmarinic acid content. The highest content of essential oils (2.7%) and rosmarinic acid (2.0%) were obtained in plants grown using 15 cm planting space. Likewise, close spacing resulted also in a substantial content of 1,8-cineole (47-50%, GC/FID; 55-60%, GC/MS). This work indicated that 1,8-cineole chemotype was a dominant character of cultivated S. officinalis in south of Jordan. In general, the percent of α-thujone in essential oil was not affected by intra-row spacing. However, the percent of β-thujone decreased from (2-3%, GC/MS) in plants grown using 15 cm intra-row spacing to (1-2%, GC/MS) in plants grown using 30 and 45 cm intra-row spacing. The highest content of α-and β-pinene was recorded in plants grown using 45 cm planting space (8-10%, GC/FID; 5-6% GC/MS). Based on GC/MS, camphor compound was enriched (9-10%) in sage plants grown under 15 cm spacing and greater than in plants grown under 30 (6-7%) or 45 cm (5-6%) spacing. The results make the potential use of sage extracts in the treatment of some human disorders or illness an area of further research.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Sub-Critical Fluid Extraction of the Essential Oil of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) with That of Hydrodistillation

Eng ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-619
Author(s):  
David Mc Gaw ◽  
Rosemarie Skeene
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fluid Extraction ◽  
Total Extract ◽  
Pharmaceutical Properties ◽  
The Tropics

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a spice plant grown in the tropics that contains both an essential oil and an oleoresin. The essential oil is important as a flavouring and has pharmaceutical properties, while the oleoresin is bright yellow in colour and has medicinal properties. The essential oil has traditionally been extracted by hydrodistillation/steam distillation with the total extract being extracted by solvent extraction and more recently by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The objective of the work described in this paper was to investigate the possibility of extracting the essential oil using sub-critical fluid extraction and to compare it with hydrodistillation. The experiments using hydrodistillation showed that unpeeled fresh turmeric was the preferred raw material, giving an oil yield of ≈6% dry weight basis, which is similar to that reported in the literature. The experimental programme on the extraction of the oil from dried unpeeled turmeric was carried out over a temperature range from 25 to 30 °C and pressures from 65 to 71 bar. Yields were generally higher than hydrodistillation (up to ≈9% dry weight basis) as were the compositions of the extracted oils. The preferred operating conditions were determined to be 25 °C temperature and 65 bar pressure. Curcumin, the major component of the oleoresin, was not found in the oil, thereby demonstrating that the sub-critical extract is a pure essential oil. It is suggested that consideration be given to evaluating an SFE process whereby the essential oil is initially fully extracted under sub-critical fluid extraction conditions, after which the oleoresin is extracted separately by raising the pressure to ≈250 bar.

scholarly journals Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Essential Oils Extracted from Pineapple Waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 6833-6844
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Pineapple Waste ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Aldehydes And Ketones ◽  
United Nations Food

Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merril), one of the major fruit crops, is mainly used for raw consumption and for industrial juice production, which creates large amounts of residues. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that pineapple waste accounts for between 50 to 65 % of the total weight of the fruit. Industrial pineapple waste is a major source of pollution as important quantities of primary residues are not further processed. Pineapple waste contains bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, polyphenols, fibers, vitamins, enzymes, and essential oils. These phytochemicals can be used in the food industry, medicine and pharmacy, textile, and others. This review highlights essential oil and other bioactive compounds extracted from pineapple waste and the composition of pineapple essential oil. Pineapple peels are the potential raw material for essential oil extraction through various methods. Modern spectrometric methods have shown that essential oil extracted from pineapple waste comprises esters, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. From this overview, it can be concluded that there is an important need for further research into pineapple waste as a potential source of valuable byproducts, as well as new techniques to studying industrial organic residuals to achieve higher recovery rates of valuable bioactive compounds used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetic and chemical industries as well as for developing new functional foods.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analysis of Fertilization Effects on the Biosynthesis of Sesquiterpenes in Essential Oils from Phoebe Bournei Twigs and Leaves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Liu ◽  
Gongxiu He ◽  
Xu Wang ◽  
Dangquan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Compound Fertilizer ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Leaf Essential Oil ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Fertilization Effects ◽  
Phoebe Bournei

Abstract Background: Phoebe bournei is a potential medicinal plant whose essential oil (EO) from leaves has potential inhibitory activities against some bacterium, tumor, and has a certain potential for hypoglycemic activity. Fertilization is a common and effective method to increase plant biomass, which can increase the raw material of essential oil, but has a certain impact on the composition and biological activity of plant essential oil. Results: The main components are sesquiterpenes in the essential oils from leaves and twigs. The yield of the essential oils and the content of their main components can be modulated by compost and compound fertilizer, to different degrees, and minor differences were registered among the categories of the components in essential oils. However, changes were strongly mirrored in some main components of essential oils. The content of the primary (+) - calarene in the leaf EO were strongly increased by compost, but the opposite happened by compound fertilizer. On the contrary, the effect of compound fertilizer was more significant on the main components of twig essential oil than compost. The transcriptome sequencing results of P. bournei showed that the total number of DEGs in twigs and leaves treated with compost were significantly more than that with compound fertilizer. No change was found in the expression of genes regulating principal components. However, the expression of several key genes regulating the upstream substrates for the synthesis of the sesquiterpenes was significantly changed: the expression of two key speed limiting enzymes genes (DXS and HMGR) and two important branch-point enzyme genes (FPPS and GGPPS) was significantly down regulated, while the expression of gene (HMGS) was significantly up-regulated.Conclusion: The expression levels of genes (DXS2, HMGR, FPPS and GGPPS) were significantly down regulated in leaves treated with compost, resulting in the changes of the yield and main components of the leaf essential oil. The effect of compost was more significant on the synthesis of the essential oil from P. bournei leaves than that of compound fertilizer.

scholarly journals Karakterisasi Minyak Atsiri dari Simplisia Basah Ranting dan Daun sebagai Alternatif Subtitusi Kulit Batang Cinnamomum burmannii Blume

2018 ◽  
pp. 125-136
Author(s):  
Mery Budiarti ◽  
Wahyu Jokopriambodo ◽  
Ani Isnawati
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Chemical Constituent ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Water Distillation ◽  
Marker Compound ◽  
Cinnamomum Burmannii ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Material Scarcity

The bark of Cinnamomum burmannii Blume is the main raw material of Cinnamomum oil because its cinnamaldehyde content is higher than in the other parts. This condition lead to the exploitation of Cinnamomum burmannii Blume bark without any cultivation effort, thus it can cause the raw material scarcity. Twigs and leaves of Cinnamomum burmannii Blume are also known to contain cinnamaldehyde therefore it provide a potential alternative source of cinnamaldehyde. The purpose of this research is to investigate the characteristic of Cinnamomum burmannii Blume essential oil which includes refractive index, profiling of chemical constituent and percentage of cinnamaldehyde as a marker compound. This research used three fresh Cinnamomum burmannii Blume simplicia of bark, twigs and leaves from two selected growing locations: Tawangmangu and Purwokerto. Simple water distillation method was conducted, together with characterization and refractive index using refractometer, followed by qualitative and quantitative analysis with Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC). The results showed Cinnamomum burmannii Blume oil derived from bark, twig and leaf have different profiles, but all have cinnamaldehyde as the main component. The leaf produces higher essential oil yield percentage compared to the twig with a cinnamaldehyde content that is comparable to the bark by 50% of cinnamaldehyde content in cinnamomum bark oil.

scholarly journals Breeding of medicinal and essential oil crops in VILAR: achievements and prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-441
Author(s):  
I. N. Korotkikh ◽  
D. N. Baleev ◽  
A. I. Morozov ◽  
P. G. Mizina ◽  
N. I. Sidelnikov
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Mutagenesis ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Family Selection ◽  
Medicinal And Aromatic Plants ◽  
Breeding Material ◽  
Oil Crops

This review discusses the main methods of breeding material development, the current state, problems and prospects for medicinal and essential oil plants breeding. The relevance of this area has especially increased due to the sanctions, the resulting shortage of medicinal plants and their low quality, which does not meet the requirements of the pharmaceutical industry. To produce a stable plant raw material base, it is necessary to actively develop a breeding process to create new highly productive varieties of medicinal plants resistant to biotic and abiotic environments. In breeding with the use of modern molecular biological methods, related species and generic complexes of the All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR) collection can be involved, where there is extensive original genetic material of medicinal, essential oil, rare and endangered species. In the breeding of medicinal and essential oil crops, traditional methods of individual and individual-family selection, polyploidy, chemical mutagenesis and a combination of methods to obtain original breeding material are still promising. VILAR has created more than 90 varieties of medicinal and essential oil crops, most of which have been approved for use throughout the Russian Federation.

Wpływ metod odchwaszczania plantacji na plonowanie i zawartość olejku w kwiatostanach wybranych odmian nagietka lekarskiego (Calendula officinalis L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romuald Mordalski ◽  
Waldemar Buchwald ◽  
Elżbieta Bilińska ◽  
Hanna Zalińska ◽  
Wojciech A. Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Calendula Officinalis ◽  
Medicinal Use ◽  
Manual Weeding ◽  
Calendula Officinalis L ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is an annual plants belongs to Asteraceae family. The species is widespread in the world and have a long tradition of medicinal use with multidirectional action. Aim. The field experiments were carried out to assess the impact of genetic (cultivar) and environmental factors on yielding variability and biosynthesis of essential oil in conditions of conventional cultivation of marigold after using different methods of plantation weeding. Material and methods. The research material were two cultivars of marigold such as Orange King and Indian Prince. The following activity were tested: 1) spraying of Fusilade Forte 150 EC (1 l • ha-1), 2) spraying Fusilade Forte 150 EC (1 l • ha-1) + manual weeding, 3) manual weeding, 4) no weeding – control. The scope of the research included assessment of marigold yield (inflorescence) and determination of the essential oil contents in dry mass of raw material. Results. Regardless of the cultivar, a non-chemical methods (mechanical weeding in interrows and manual in rows) gave the highest efficiency of weed control. Similar results observed after using chemical weeding with manual weeding. In these cases the yields were at least 2.5 times higher than obtained from the control. The total yield of dry mass of inflorescence for the above methods was 6.35 and 5.53 q • ha-1 for Orange King cultivars, slightly lower result obtained for cultivar of Indian Prince (4.81 and 4.12 q • ha-1). It was also shown that the content of essential oil in the raw material ranged from 0.25 to 0.37% and was independent from the cultivar. Conclusions. The Orange King cultivar of marigold yielded better than Indian Prince in analogous methods of plantation weeding. The highest effectiveness of weed plantation was found using a non-chemical method (mechanical weeding in interrows and manual weeding in rows) and using chemical weeding with manual weeding. It was shown that the content of essential oil in the inflorescences of both examined cultivars was similar.

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