HIGH VAGINAL SWABS;

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (04) ◽  
pp. 622-626
Author(s):  
Shamas Pervaiz ◽  
Faiza Sarwar ◽  
Abdul Rauf ◽  
Muhammad Saifullah
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Health Care Center ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vaginal Swabs

Normal vaginal flora contains a wide range of microorganisms. Hydrogen peroxideproduced by Lactobacillus strains plays a vital role in maintaining the microenvironment of thevagina and in the inhibition of overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial vaginosisBV is the main reason of vaginal discharge. Many gram positive and gram negative rods i.e.E.coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas spp. are major contributors inbacterial vaginosis. Aim: The present study was conducted to elucidate the frequency of variousgram-negative rods in high vaginal swabs and sensitivity pattern of bacteria to antibiotics thatare currently used. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Department of Obstetricsand Gynecology of Benazir Bhutto Hospital Rawalpindi, a tertiary health care center for thepeople of Rawalpindi. Period: January 2015 to May 2016. Material and Methods: A total of220 High vaginal swabs (HVS) were collected both from indoor and outdoor patients presentingwith symptoms of vaginal discharge aged between 20 to 65 years. Swabs were inoculated onblood, Chocolate and MacConkey’s agar. After overnight incubation plates were examined forgrowth, colonial morphology, final confirmation was done on the basis of biochemical testingand API 20-E system (BioMerieux, France) up to species level. Antibiotic sensitivity testing wasdone by (modified Kirby-Bauer’s) disc diffusion method using amikacin, ampicillin, amoxicillinclavulanic acid, imipenem, ceftazidime, tigecycline, ciprofloxacin, sulzone and cefixime. Afterovernight incubation plates were examined to read the susceptibility zone. Results: Out of 220HVS samples, 100 samples showed bacterial growth and confirmed as Gram negative bacilli.Age wise distribution of infection showed highest rates b/w age 20-30 was 36% followed by 31-40 (23%), 41-50 (25%) and 11% above 50 years of age. Bacteria isolated from HVS were E.coli(53%), Klebsiella (22%), Pseudomonas (12%), citrobacter (6%), Proteus (5%) and Acinetobacter(2%) respectively. Highly sensitive antibiotics against bacteria were imipenem (96%), sulzone(90%) and Ciprofloxacin (88%), whereas least affective antibiotics against gram negative rodswere penicillins (ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid), amikacin due to indiscriminate use ofantibiotics. Conclusion: High prevalence of gynecological infections demands that the patientswho have vaginosis must be investigated regularly and carefully through culture and identificationof causative bacteria. Emergence of antibiotic resistance must be controlled in order to avoidimproper use, frequent abuse, insufficient dosages, trouble-free availability of antibiotics andtreatment schedule must be designed subsequent to proper laboratory investigations.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Group A Streptococci in Moroccan Children with Pharyngitis and Emm Type Distribution

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Himri ◽  
Bouchra Oumokhtar ◽  
Samira Atmani ◽  
Btissam Arhoune ◽  
Kaoutar Moutaouakkil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Care Center ◽  
Hypervariable Region ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Typing Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Health Care Center ◽  
Group A ◽  
Emm Type

Background: Streptococcus pyogenes is responsible for a wide variety of diseases, including noninvasive and severe invasive infections. The emm gene encodes the M protein that is the avirulence factor and immunological determinant of group A streptococci. Emm typing is the group A Streptococci (GAS) standard molecular typing method based on the amplification of the N terminal hypervariable region of the emm gene. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of GAS in children with pharyngitis and determine different types of emm gene in the GAS isolates using emm typing. Methods: The study was carried out over a period of 14 months (from February 2017 to March 2018). Throat samples were collected from cases aged ≤ 18 years with pharyngitis referring to a primary health care center in Fez, Morocco. GAS isolates were subjected to conventional tests to confirm species identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the standard disk diffusion method. We researched emm gene by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Emm types were determined by a sequence-based protocol. Demographic and clinical data were recorded from each patient. Results: From a total of 177 throat samples, 11 isolates (6.2%) were identified as GAS in children with pharyngitis. Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that all the GAS isolates were sensitive to penicillin. The sequencing of the PCR products of the emm gene revealed that emm90 was the most obtained emm type (30,77%); while emm75 was the least type observed (7.7%). Conclusions: The emm90 is the most prevalent type detected from patients with tonsillitis. Penicillin and erythromycin are still the foremost effective antibiotics to treat GAS pharyngitis.

scholarly journals BACTERIAL CAUSES AND ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF EXTERNAL OCULAR INFECTIONS IN SELECTED OPHTHALMOLOGY CLINICS IN SANA’A CITY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Essam Yahya A Alshamahi ◽  
Hassan A. Al-Shamahy ◽  
Yaser Ali Musawa ◽  
Huda Zaid Al-Shami
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Ocular Infections ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
E Mail

Objectives: The aim of the current study was to reveal the bacterial profile and pattern of sensitivity to antibiotics for external ocular infections for patients who attended selected ophthalmology clinics in the city of Sana’a. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used from September 2016 to October 2017 where a total of 197 patients with infection of external eye were included in the study which included conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis and Blepharoconjunctivitis. Samples were collected and transferred to the National Center of Public Laboratories (NCPHL), in Sana'a. Possible bacterial pathogens have been isolated and identified using regular laboratory techniques, and microbial sensitivity testing has been carried out using a disc diffusion method. Results: A total of 197 ocular samples were obtained for microbiological evaluation, of these 146 (74.1%) have bacterial growth. Bacteria of Gram positive accounted for 52.1% and the prevalent isolation was S. aureus (30.1%). Gram negative bacteria made up 47.9% and the predominant isolation was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.7%). The majority of Gram-positive bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (90% - 100%), vancomycin (86% - 100%) and Gram-negative isolates sensitive for amikacin (100%) and ciprofloxacin (63% - 100%). Conclusion: These results revealed that Gram-positive bacteria were the generally common bacteria isolated from infections of external eye and were more susceptible to vancomycin and ciprofloxacin while Gram-negative isolates were more susceptible to ciprofloxacin and amikacin.  The high rate of resistance for most antibiotics in Yemen, leaves ophthalmologists with very few options of drugs to treat eye infections. Large-scale ongoing studies in the future should also be conducted in order to monitor the antimicrobial resistance of the external ocular bacterial isolates. Peer Review History: Received 20 May 2020; Revised 25 June; Accepted 4 July, Available online 15 July 2020   UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Name: Dr. Jucimary Vieira dos Santos Affiliation: Hemonorte Dalton Barbosa Cunha, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] Name: Dr. Sabah Hussien El-Ghaiesh Affiliation: Tanta University, Egypt E-mail: [email protected]   Comments of reviewer(s): Similar Articles: EPIDEMIOLOGY, BACTERIAL PROFILE, AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY OF LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN SANA’A AND DHAMAR CITY, YEMEN

scholarly journals 660. Evaluation of Qvella’s FAST-Prep™ Liquid Colony™ for Early Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing of Positive Blood Culture by Disk Diffusion Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S386-S386
Author(s):  
Susan M Novak-Weekley ◽  
Aye Aye Khine ◽  
Tino Alavie ◽  
Namidha Fernandez ◽  
Laxman Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Method ◽  
Viable Cell ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative

Abstract Background Conventional antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of microorganisms from positive blood cultures (PBC) can take ≥ 2 days. In order to improve the turnaround time for AST on a PBC, CLSI and EUCAST have made efforts to standardize procedures for disk diffusion (DD) direct from a PBC. Qvella Corporation (Richmond Hill, ON, Canada) has recently developed FAST-Prep, an automated centrifugal sample preparation system that rapidly delivers a Liquid Colony consisting of a purified, concentrated, viable cell suspension directly from a PBC. This study was performed to investigate the feasibility of DD AST off of a PBC using a FAST-Prep Liquid Colony. Methods Contrived PBC samples were prepared by spiking 6 species of Gram-positive and 4 species of Gram-negative bacteria (3-5 strains per species) into FA® Plus bottles and incubating in the BACT/ALERT® VIRTUO® System (bioMerieux, Durham, NC). After positivity, 3 mL of PBC was added to the FAST-Prep cartridge. After 20 minutes of processing in the FAST-Prep instrument, the Liquid Colony was removed from the cartridge and a 0.5 McFarland sample was prepared for DD AST. In parallel, the DD AST from a PBC was performed using 4 drops of PBC (CLSI direct method). Both methods were compared to conventional colony-based DD AST. After 16-18 hours of incubation zone diameters and S/I/R interpretations were determined. Categorical agreement (CA) and errors for both DD AST methods were calculated. In addition, colony plate counting was performed on 0.5 McFarland suspensions of Liquid Colony and the plate colony to determine biomass recovery and sample purity. Results CA for a FAST-Prep DD AST for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was 95.6% and 98.6%, respectively, compared to CA for CLSI DD AST of 77.2% and 81.9%, respectively. Biomass in the Liquid Colony was 7.2x108 and 1.2x109 CFU for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Cell concentration in the 0.5 McFarland suspension of the Liquid Colony was 3.7x107 and 5.9x107 CFU/mL for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively, which was similar to the concentration for the reference colony suspension. Conclusion The results support the potential role of FAST-Prep in providing a Liquid Colony for use in rapid AST. Disclosures Susan M. Novak-Weekley, PhD, D(ABMM), Qvella (Employee, Shareholder) Aye Aye Khine, PhD, Qvella (Employee, Shareholder) Tino Alavie, PhD, Qvella (Employee) Namidha Fernandez, MS, Qvella (Employee) Laxman Pandey, MS, Qvella (Employee) Abdossamad Talebpour, PhD, Qvella (Employee, Shareholder)

scholarly journals TO STUDY ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF NONFERMENTATIVE GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI FROM VARIOUS CLINICAL SAMPLES IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, JAIPUR.

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirti Hemwani ◽  
P. S. Nirwan ◽  
Preeti Shrivastava ◽  
Abhiraj Ramchandani
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Background: Nonfermentative gram negative bacilli (NFGNB) frequently considered as commensals or contaminants but the pathogenic potential of nonfermenters has been proved beyond doubt. They are resistant to commonly used antimicrobials. Aim: This study was undertaken to identify the nonfermenters isolated from various clinical samples and to know their Antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out on 150 strains of Nonfermenters isolated from 1200 various non repetitive clinical samples received in Department of Microbiology, NIMS Jaipur. Nonfermenters were identified using a standard protocol and their antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed with the help of the modified Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 150 nonfermenters isolated, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common isolate 134 (89.33%) followed by Acinetobacter baumannii 16 (10.67%). Among all clinical samples Pus and Wound Discharge yield maximum isolates of NFGNB i.e. 54 (36%) % followed by sputum (39.0%). Most sensitive drug against NFGNB was Polymyxin-B (100%) followed by Imipenem (86 %) and Amikacin (71.33 %). Conclusion: Nonfermenters have a great potential to survive in a hospital environment so implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs and strict infection control practices will be required to prevent or slow down their emergence and spread. Keywords:  Nonfermenters,  Polymyxin-B, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter.

scholarly journals Evaluation of In Vitro Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Crude Methanolic Extracts of Excoecaria agallocha (Leaves)

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Md. Abdur Rahman ◽  
Md. Saddam Hussain ◽  
Md. Shalahuddin Millat ◽  
Md. Mizanur Rahman Moghal
Keyword(s):  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Hypotonic Solution ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Excoecaria Agallocha ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition

Excoecaria agallocha plant (Leaves) was analyzed to explore In Vitro antimicrobial and membrane stabilizing activities as a crude methanolic extract. Antimicrobial activity was performed against a wide range of Gram positive(+Ve) and Gram negative(-Ve) bacteria by using disc diffusion method and various methanolic extracts of leaves of E.agallocha was tested for determining membrane stabilizing activity at hypotonic solution and heat induce condition and standard acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/mL) was employed as standard. the zones of inhibition created was found to be 1.3 cm at a concentration of 100 µL/ disc in case of Gram negative(-Ve) bacteria Salmonella typhi. The results obtained were compared with that of a standard Ampicillin (10 µL) and imipenem (10µL), penicillin (10µl), cefoxitine(30µl). Crude methanolic extract of 10mg/ml concentration showed maximum value of 17.67±0.0102 and 18.92±0.086% respectively under hypotonic solution and heat induced condition. Thus the result suggest that, crude methanolic extracts of E.agallocha possessed slight to moderate antimicrobial and membrane stabilizing properties.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Microorganisms Isolated from Vaginal Infections at a Tertiary Hospital in Bangalore, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagalakshmi Narayana-Swamy ◽  
Padmasri Ramalingappa ◽  
Urvashi Bhatara
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Vaginal Swab ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Vaginal Infections ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Background: The vagina contains dozens of microbiological species in variable quantities and is, therefore, considered a complex environment. Among the microorganisms, bacteria have important repercussions on women’s health. The present study was conducted to elucidate this type of vaginal isolates and their sensitivity towards currently used antibiotics. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sapthagiri Hospital, Bangalore, India from January 2012 to December 2013. All symptomatic women who had a high vaginal swab taken for culture and sensitivity testing were included in this study. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using disc diffusion method (modified Kirby-Bauer’s method). The antibiotic sensitivity patterns of isolated microorganisms were studied. Results: Out of 200 patients, 95% had positive vaginal cultures. Fifteen types of microorganisms were isolated. The highest frequency of infection was seen at the age of 20-30 years, followed by 41-50 years and 31-40 years, and a low frequency of infection was observed above 50 years of age. The most prevalent pathogen was Escherichia coli, followed by Streptococcus agalactiae and diphtheroids with equal incidence. Among the antibiotics tested, isolated pathogens were completely resistant to nalidixic acid and highly sensitive to meropenem and imepenem. Conclusion: The high prevalence of gynaecological infections demands that patients with symptoms undergo thorough investigation with cultures and sensitivity essays. Changes in treatment protocols are required to treat vaginal infections effectively.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolates from Raw Chicken Meat Samples

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Neha Gautam ◽  
Rojan Poudel ◽  
Binod Lekhak ◽  
Milan Kumar Upreti
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Food Microbiology ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Meat Samples

Objectives: This research aims to study the microbial quality of chicken meat available in retail shop of Kathmandu Valley. Methods:  This Study was conducted from June to December 2018 in three different districts of Kathmandu Valley. Samples were collected in sterile plastic bags, labeled properly and stored in an icebox and transported to the Food Microbiology laboratory of Golden Gate International College.  During sample preparation, 25 grams of each sample was taken and transferred to sterile flasks containing 225 ml of buffered peptone water. Potential pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria were isolated by using respective selective media and identified by biochemical test. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of isolates was carried out by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI 2017 guideline. Results: Of total 81 chicken meat samples processed; 201 Gram negative bacteria were isolated.  E. coli (100%) was the dominant Gram-negative isolates, followed by Citrobacter spp (62.96%), Pseudomonas spp (40.74%), Proteus spp (19.75%), Salmonella spp (16.04%) and Klebsiella spp (8.64%) respectively. No any multidrug isolates were detected. Conclusion: The study showed that the raw chicken meat samples of Kathmandu valley was highly contaminated with Gram negative potential pathogenic bacteria. Antimicrobial resistance pattern shown by the isolates may indicates that there is not overuse of drug in animals and the less chance of risk of increasing antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Non fermentative gram negative bacilli as nosocomial pathogens: Identification and antibiotic sensitivity in clinical samples of indoor patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Sharma ◽  
N Vyas ◽  
P Sinha ◽  
A Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Burkholderia Cepacia ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Burkholderia Cepacia Complex ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Nosocomial Pathogens ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Medical Icus

Background: Non fermenting gram negative bacilli (NFGNB) are usually considered to be non pathogenic commensals of little significance, however, data suggest that they are remarkable because of antimicrobial resistance; propensity to cause outbreaks and complex epidemiology. This study was conducted to find out the prevalence and sensitivity pattern of NFGNB from various clinical samples.Methods: A total of 519 samples were received from patients suspected of having hospital acquired infections (HAI), admitted in Sawai Man Singh Hospital, Jaipur, India. Organisms grown on culture were subjected to phenotypic identification along with antimicrobial sensitivity testing by Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method.Results: Among 366 culture positive samples, 94 (25.6%) NFGNB were isolated. Maximum pevalence prevalence was found in burn ward i.e. 76.7 % followed by surgical wards 71.0%, surgical ICUs 69.6% and medical ICUs 68.0 %. Highest yield was found in pus/wound samples (95.5%) while it was only 23.7% in blood samples. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common isolate (48.9%), followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (33%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (13.8%) and Burkholderia cepacia complex (4.3%). P.aeruginosa and A. baumanii strains were most sensitive to Meropenem. S.maltophilia showed maximum sensitivity with ticarcillin/ clavulanic acid and B. cepacia complex with Piperacillin/ Tazobactam.Conclusion: Isolation of NFGNB and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern should be regarded with all seriousness in clinical practice and epidemiology because they are emerging nosocomial pathogens and by being resistant to multiple antibiotics, their prevalence not only limits the treatment options but also act as a reservoir of drug resistance genes.Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.3(2) 2014: 101-105

Fate of Enteropathogens Inoculated onto Chopped Ham1

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 624-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. STILES ◽  
L.-K. NG
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Enteropathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Group D ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Holding Temperature

A survey of 36 pairs of new (< 10 days from manufacture) and old (pull date) samples of vacuum-packaged, sliced chopped ham were analyzed for total microbial load, specific pathogen count and pH. Results indicated a wide range of microbial loads, absence of pathogenic bacteria at the levels tested, and presumptive group D streptococci generally < 100/g except for 22% of new samples and 44% of old samples, which had presumptive group D counts > 100 but < 106/g. The survey results also indicated marked differences in pH between products from different manufacturers. Product from two manufacturers was selected for inoculation studies. Chopped ham sandwiches were inoculated with a mixture of five enteropathogenic bacteria and held at 30, 21 and 4 C for up to 24 h. Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus, but not Clostridium petfringens, grew in low competition product under the severely abusive holding temperature of 30 C in < 24 h, at 21 C in > 24 h. Product from one manufacturer inhibited the gram negative pathogens. Results indicated that chopped ham in sandwiches required almost unrealistic mishandling to develop a food poisoning potential by enterotoxigenic bacteria, but infective pathogens survived well.

scholarly journals Urinary Tract Infection among Patients Visiting Ganesh Man Singh Memorial Hospital and Research Center, Lalitpur, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 108-112
Author(s):  
Janak Raj Dhungana ◽  
Aruna Budhathoki ◽  
Goma Poudel ◽  
Jyotika Basnet ◽  
Ravi Shah
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Memorial Hospital ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) and antibiotic sensitivity pattern among the suspected UTI cases visiting at Ganeshman Singh Memorial Hospital Lalitpur, Nepal. Methods: A total of 300 mid-stream urine, catheter and suprapubic aspirate from UTI suspected patients were included and processed for routine microscopy and culture and then identified by standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 300 samples, 55(84.6%) mid-stream urine and 10(15.4%) catheter sample had significant bacterial growth. E. coli (32,49.2%) was the most common isolate followed by Staphylococcus aureus (10,15.3%), Enterobacter spp. (8,12.3%), Klebsiella spp. (7,10.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3,4.6%), Proteus spp.  (3,4.6%), Acinetobacter spp. (1,1.5%) and Enterococcus spp. (1,1.5%). Most of the Gram-negative bacterial isolates were sensitive to Ceftriaxone (88.8%) followed by Gentamicin (72.2%), and Nitrofurantoin (64.8%) and resistant to Amoxicilin (68.5%) followed by Nalidixic Acid (53.7%). Gram positive isolates were sensitive to Amikacin (72.7%) followed by Imipenem (63.6%) and Gentamicin (63.6%) whereas resistant to Amoxycilin (72.7%) and Ciprofloxacin (63.63%). Conclusion: The main cause of the UTIs was found as Gram negative bacteria. Prescription of antibiotics based on susceptibility tests would help in reduction of antibiotic resistance.

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