Optimization Models of Predicting the Per Capita Income of Urban Residents

2013 ◽  
Vol 411-414 ◽  
pp. 2589-2592
Author(s):  
Cong Jun Rao
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Important Measurement ◽  
Satisfactory Prediction

The per capita income of urban residents reflects the improvement of actual urban residents living standards and social stability, which is important measurement degree of a countrys economic development. Aiming at the problem of predicting the per capita income of urban residents, this paper presents a grey GM(1,1) prediction model and a grey Markov prediction model, and gives a prediction application together with the specific data of Chinese per capita income of urban residents from the year of 1991 to 2010, and it obtains satisfactory prediction results.

Learning from the Past: A Fifty-year Perspective on Pakistan’s Development (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4I) ◽  
pp. 355-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvez Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Average Income ◽  
The Past ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Economic Ground ◽  
Per Capita

In some ways, Pakistan’s economic growth since 1947 has been remarkable. The country’s economic viability was considered, in some quarters,1 in serious doubt at its emergence, but it has managed, despite a quadrupling of the population, to bring about significant improvement in the average living standards. Per capita GNP growth, on average around 2 percent per annum over a long stretch of nearly fifty years, has been the best among countries of the subcontinent. This growth has meant an increase in average income of about 150 percent over 1950–96. But Pakistan, like many other developing countries, has not been able to narrow the gap between itself and rich industrial nations which have grown faster on a per head basis. Also, Pakistan has lost substantial economic ground to the rapidly growing economies of East Asia notably China, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. In 1960, South Korea’s per capita income was only marginally ahead of Pakistan’s. In the short period of one generation, Korea had an income level which on purchasing power parity basis five times that of Pakistan in 1995. On the same basis, Thailand and Malaysia enjoyed a per capita income advantage of 200 to 300 percent over Pakistan (Table 2).

scholarly journals Global Disparities Since 1800: Trends and Regional Patterns

2006 ◽  
pp. 37-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shahid Alam
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
The World ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Per Capita

This paper reviews the growing body of evidence on the relative economic standing of different regions of the world in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In general, it does not find support for Euro-centric claims regarding Western Europe’s early economic lead. The Eurocentric claims are based primarily on estimates of per capita income, which are plagued by conceptual problems, make demands on historical data that are generally unavailable, and use questionable assumptions to reconstruct early per capita income. A careful examination of these conjectural estimates of per capita income, however, does not support claims that Western Europe had a substantial lead over the rest of the world at the beginning of the nineteenth century. An examination of several alternative indices of living standards in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries—such as real wages, labor productivity in agriculture, and urbanization—also fails to confirm claims of European superiority. In addition, this paper examines the progress of global disparities—including the presence of regional patterns—using estimates of per capita income.

A Comparison of Levels of GDP Per Capita in Developed and Developing Countries, 1700–1980

1983 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Maddison
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Capita Income Growth

This paper examines the evolution of the per capita income gap between developed and developing countries. Landes and Kuznets suggest that Western countries already had a big lead before their economic growth accelerated, but Bairoch has recently claimed that European living standards in the mid-eighteenth century were lower than in the rest of the world. I think the existing evidence supports the Landes-Kuznets position, and that Bairoch probably overstates the contemporary income gap and understates per capita income growth in the developing world. But there are contradictory elements in the evidence, on which further research is needed.

The Italian Economy Before Unification, 1300–1861

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Malanima
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Italian Economy ◽  
The North ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Per Capita

Italy played a central role in the Euro-Mediterranean economy during Antiquity, the late Middle Ages, and the Renaissance. Until the end of the 16th century, the Italian economy was relatively advanced compared with those of the Western European and Mediterranean countries. From the 17th century until the end of the 19th, GDP rose as the population increased. Yet per capita income slowly diminished together with real wages, urbanization, and living standards. Italy lost its central position in the Euro-Mediterranean world and, until the end of the 19th century, was a relatively backward area on the periphery of the most dynamic countries in the north and center of Europe. The Italian premodern economy represents a classic example of extensive growth or GDP growth without improvement in per capita income and living standards.

Population, Technology, and Economic Growth in the Roman World

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Erdkamp
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Roman Economy ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Returns To Labour

Archaeological data that show radically increased levels of consumption are combined with economic theory regarding population, technology, and economic growth. The purpose of this exercise is to understand both the scope and constraints of per-capita income, living standards, and consumption in a context of population growth. Malthusian models on economic and demographic developments in preindustrial societies have been fiercely debated by economic historians working on later periods. The fixity of land and the diminishing returns to labour were indeed constraining factors, but the more important factor was the ability of the economy to respond positively to the stimulus of population growth. The role of technological changes should not be overestimated, though. The most important technological progress in the Roman world does not concern new inventions, but the wider implementation of knowledge that had been available for centuries. Investment in human capital and innovation were no obstacles, as they were responses to rather than causes or preconditions of economic growth. An increase in output in the Roman economy can to a large extent be explained by the transfer of underemployed agricultural labour to more intensively utilized urban and rural non-agricultural labour. Against prevailing Malthusian views, it is argued that a significant rise in per-capita income in the Roman world resulted in higher average living standards and different consumption patterns, which in turn significantly changed the conditions not only of manufacturing and trade, but also of investment and innovation.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Hans-Rimbert Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)

Income-Based Poverty among Non-Farm Households in Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-210
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Service Category ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Per Capita

This paper focuses upon the magnitude of income-based poverty among non-farm households in rural Punjab. Based on the primary survey, a sample of 440 rural non-farm households were taken from 44 sampled villages located in all 22 districts of Punjab.The poverty was estimated on the basis of income level. For measuring poverty, various methods/criteria (Expert Group Criteria, World Bank Method and State Per Capita Income Criterion) were used. On the basis of Expert Group Income criterion, overall, less than one-third of the persons of rural non-farm household categories are observed to be poor. On the basis, 40 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, around three-fourth of the persons of all rural non-farm household categories are falling underneath poverty line. Similarly, the occurrence of the poverty, on the basis of 50 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, showed that nearly four-fifths of the persons are considered to be poor. As per World Bank’s $ 1.90 per day, overall, less than one-fifth of rural non-farm household persons are poor. Slightly, less than one-fourth of the persons are belonging to self-employment category, while, slightly, less than one-tenth falling in-service category. On the basis of $ 3.10 per day criteria, overall, less than two-fifth persons of all rural non-farm household categories were living below the poverty line.

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