scholarly journals An Assessment of Poverty Studies in India with Special Reference to Economic Reforms

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1081-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basanta K. Pradhan ◽  
M. R. Saluja
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
The People ◽  
Poverty Lines ◽  
Basic Minimum

As it is well-known, the study of poverty is extremely important on moral and philosophical and also, political grounds. Further, evidences are available to show that poverty affects growth adversely. We, therefore, have made an attempt to review some of the important studies on poverty in India. The concept of poverty relates to socially perceived deprivation with respect to basic minimum needs. In the Indian context, poverty is measured in terms of a specified normative poverty line reflecting the minimum living standard of the people. Defining a poverty line is, therefore, the first step in estimating poverty. According to the Expert Group (1993), a poverty line, dividing the poor from the non-poor, is used by putting a price on the minimum required consumption levels of food, clothing, shelter, fuel and health care, etc. In equal practice however, the poverty lines are normative only in terms of calorie requirements of the diet.

scholarly journals ROLE OF NATIONAL RURAL LIVELIHOOD MISSION (NRLM) ON COST OF LIVING STANDARD OF THE SCHEDULED CASTE COMMUNITIES AT DHEMAJI AND LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT OF ASSAM

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Dr. Diganta Kumar Das
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The People

Motivation/Background: The financial aspects are considered as an integral part for development of rural areas in every nation. Small financial helps can defiantly improve the living standard of the poor. Here the role of microfinance is crucial. Through microfinance the poor and needy people can fulfil their day to day and small economic and financial requirements upto certain extend. In India it is seen that most of the people lives in the rural areas are below the poverty line and finance to these group is very much essential. Moreover, the vulnerable groups are more deprived of their basics needs particularly the SCs and the STs.  Thus, an effort has been made by the researcher to study the pros and cons of NRLM and its impact on economic condition of poor SC people living in the rural areas at Dhemaji and Lakhimpur district of Assam through this paper. Method: For that purpose, both the primary and secondary data have been used. For collecting the primary data, a total number of 140 (7 X 10 X 2=140) respondents from 70 SHGs had randomly selected comprising of 10 SHGs from the seven Development Blocks and from each sample SHGs 2 members were selected. Results and Conclusions: Study revealed that inspite of facing the problems like marketing, transportation, flood and proper management and training of the group, the SHGs are functioning well in terms of improvement of food security and cost of living standard of the SC member’s household in the area under study.

Economic Reforms and the People Sector

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
Ela R Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Adjustment Programme ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programme ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The People ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Considerable Discussion

In recent years⁄ there has been considerable discussion in India on Structural Adjustment Programme and its impact on the economy. However⁄ the moot question is whether restructuring efforts have benefited the ‘people sector’ that includes the workers who are informal⁄ unorganized, and selfemployed. Based on years of experience with SEWA, Ela Bhatt argues that most economic policies including the recent economic reforms have largely benefited the large corporate bodies and have completely ignored the poor and the women. According to her⁄ it is possible to benefit from the reforms if the focus of economic reforms is shifted to the micro level.

scholarly journals Social Life, Economic Status and Health Care Delivery Practices of the People of Bede Community of Bangladesh: A Case Study

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Mohammad Taleb Hossain ◽  
Md Mosharaf Hossain Miazi ◽  
Abdul Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
The People

This study was conducted to observe the socio-economical status, living standard and health management practices of the people of the Bede community of Bangladesh. Bedes living in the Savar area of Dhaka district was selected for a case study. To conduct the study, data were obtained through a questionnairebased survey of 700 respondents about their social and economical status, professional practices, standard of living and literacy status, health management and treatment methods used. It has been observed that these mostly nomadic people of the Bede community have a weak socio-economic condition, large family size {(9-16 member family (58.22%); 17-24 member family (22.20%)}, intense smoking habit and a low level of literacy (80.00% people are illiterate). They practice ethno-medicine and snake-charming as their main professional business to earn a living. In offering health care services to people, they use medicaments prepared from various plant and animal parts and minerals and apply various ethno-treatment techniques, like spiritual, physical, mystical and psychological techniques to treat various ailments. Although they practice their age-old traditional system of medicine as their profession to treat others, they have been found to depend largely on Allopathic, Homeopathic and modern Traditional medicines for treating their own illness, particularly when they suffer from  diarrhoea, dysentery, small pox, orthopedic problems, and even snake-bite, which is supposed to be their own specialty. Bedes live below the poverty line.  Key words: Bede community; Social life; Health practices; Economic statusDOI: 10.3329/sjps.v2i2.5823Stamford Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol.2(2) 2009: 42-47

The Iniquity of Money-Metric Poverty in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Jayaraj ◽  
S Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Line ◽  
High Order ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Minimum Income ◽  
Satisfactory Level ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Poverty Lines ◽  
Basic Minimum

AbstractThis paper is concerned to make three points about money-metric poverty in India: first, that the standard poverty-line approach to measuring poverty considerably underestimates poverty, and that the particular protocols by which India’s official poverty lines are determined are arbitrary and misleading; second, that a view of poverty in which the achievement of a satisfactory level of income is seen as a valuable end in itself, and which is captured in something like Kaushik Basu’s ‘quintile income statistic’, suggests a high order of income-poverty in the country which belies the relatively encouraging trends exhibited by headcount ratios based on official poverty lines; and third, that the continued co-existence of large amounts of poverty with large amounts of inequality needs to be redeemed by some deliberate redistributive strategy aimed at providing something like a guaranteed basic minimum income to every citizen of the country—for reasons, at least, of self-interest, if not justice.

scholarly journals Effect of Payments for Disease Specific Care on Poverty Estimates in Nepal

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-34
Author(s):  
Shiva Raj Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Basic Health ◽  
Basic Health Care ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments

The popular poverty estimation method follows the cost of basic needs approach through estimation of poverty line. Health care is a basic necessity of life, as important as food, shelter, and clothing; however, current practice of estimating poverty indicators in Nepal does not capture the basic health care cost. Not accounted of out of pocket payment for health care into the poverty estimation could give a misleading picture of trends in poverty over time. Ignoring health care costs altogether can result in misclassifying which households or individuals are in the greatest need. Therefore, the paper estimated the revised poverty statistics with explicitly accounting for basic health care needs along with other basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter by utilizing the Nepal living standard surveys(2010/11) data. The paper used the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) poverty estimation method to estimate hidden or underestimated poverty before and after accounting health care payment. The results show that official poverty statistics are significantly underestimated while incorporating basic health care cost in the estimation of poverty statistics in Nepal. Out of pocket payments for health care of different diseases have different impoverishment impacts in terms of incidence and intensity of poverty. Higher average costs of health care cause higher impoverishment impacts. This paper indicates that incidence of poverty is underestimated by almost 4 percentage point and intensity of poverty is underestimated by 0.29 percent based on official estimation of poverty. Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol. 23 & 24 No. 1-2 (2017) Combined Issue, Page : 18-34

scholarly journals Principios presupuestarios públicos para una propuesta de renta básica para el ciudadano / Public Budgetary Principles for a Proposal of a Basic Income for Citizens

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noemí Peña Miguel ◽  
Joseba Iñaki De la Peña ◽  
María Cristina Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Social Equity ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Contributions ◽  
Poverty Lines ◽  
Negative Growth

ABSTRACTIn Spain most of homes have an income lower than 2000¼ per month. In addition, if we compare year per year the poverty lines of the different classes of homes, we can conclude that the poor are poorer since the crisis began, with a decrease of the poverty line from 7.945¼ in 2009 to 7.533,33¼ in the year 2011. This last quantity is very close to the Public Indicator of Income for Multiple Effects (IPREM) of 7.455,12 €. This indicator is a reference for the calculation of several grants, as unemployment between others. In addition the aging of the population is one of the most pressing problems for the developed economies, and Spain is not an exception. For the next thirty years, the growing of the pensioner people is bigger than the growing of the labor people. Even more, the nowadays tributary income has a negative growth, and the social contributions for Social Security during 2012 will not cover totally the expense in pensions that year. For solving those situations (increase of the poverty line, aging and fiscal income with negative growth) it is proposed a Citizen Basic Income in order to face to the first need expenses. The implantation by the governments implies analyzing the effect that the decision would have not only in the current population-citizens-, but also in the future ones. It is necessary to bear in mind the effect that the decision carries. In this paper we remember several existing principles and we include new ones in order to be borne in mind by a goYernment based on justice and social equity. The new principles that we include in this paper are: transparency of the budget and its management; transfer of resources between the diverse generations in every moment of time; relevant information.RESUMENEn España la mayoría de los hogares tienen unos ingresos inferiores a 2000 € al mes. Además, los pobres son más pobres desde que empezó la crisis, con una disminución en el umbral de pobreza que pasó de 7.945 € en el año 2009 a 7.533,33 € en el año 2011, importe muy cercano al In-dicador Público de Renta de Efectos Múltiples, índice de referencia para el cálculo de ingresos. El envejecimiento de la población está comenzando a ser uno de los problemas más acuciantes para las economías desarrolladas en general. La recaudación tributaria actual tiene un crecimiento negativo, al igual que las cotizaciones sociales cuyo ingreso previsto para el año 2012 no cubrirá totalmente la financiación del montante del gasto en pensiones. En España la mayoría de los hogares tienen unos ingresos inferiores a 2000 € al mes. Además, si comparamos anualmente los umbrales de pobreza de las diferentes tipologías de hogares españoles, podemos concluir que los pobres son más pobres desde que empezó la crisis, con una disminución del indicador umbral de pobreza que pasó de 7.945 € en el año 2009 a 7.533,33 € para el 2011, cantidad muy cercana al Indicador Público de Renta de Efectos Múltiples (IPREM) de 7.455,12 €, índice de referencia para el cálculo de subsidios de desempleo e indemnizaciones por despido, entre otros. Además el envejecimiento de la población está comenzando a ser uno de los problemas más acuciantes para las economías desarrolladas en general, y España no es una excepción. Para los próximos treinta años, el ritmo de crecimiento de la población pensionista es muy superior al ritmo de crecimiento de la población que se encuentra en edad de trabajar. Por otra parte, la recaudación tributaria actual tiene un crecimiento negativo, al igual que las cotizaciones sociales cuyo ingreso previsto para el año 2012 no cubrirá totalmente la financiación del montante del gasto en pensiones. Ante tal situación (incremento del umbral de pobreza, envejecimiento y recau-dación fiscal con crecimiento negativo) se propone una Renta Básica para el Ciudadano con el fin de hacer frente a los gastos de primera necesidad. Dicha implantación por parte de los gobiernos implica analizar el efecto que tal decisión tendría no sólo en la población actual, sino también en las futuras. Por ello la decisión debe tomarse teniendo en cuenta el efecto que conlleva. En el presente trabajo se aportan nuevos principios y se plantean algunos ya existentes, que un gobierno que se base en la jus-ticia y equidad social debe tener en cuenta como guía para asignar los recursos con los que hacer frente a los gastos anualmente estimados, con el fin de financiar una Renta Básica para el Ciudadano. Los nuevos principios aportados son: transparencia de la gestión presupuestaria; transferencia de recursos entre las diversas generaciones en cada momento de tiempo; información relevante.

scholarly journals My Brother's Keeper: Healthcare Experiences of the Poor in One Texas City

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Matthew Chase Mulloy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Healthcare Experiences ◽  
Federal Poverty Line ◽  
Texas City

Access to healthcare is an important issue in the United States. The purpose of this study was to explore ways in which individuals living under the federal poverty line experience negative interactions with the health care system. I interviewed 11 individuals in the Waco area who are currently living under the federal poverty guideline. Answers were recorded and analyzed. Common themes amongst the participants included (1) financial insecurity combined with a lack of health insurance discouraged individuals from visiting a healthcare provider, (2) inadequate transportation to a healthcare establishment, (3) feelings of disrespect when receiving treatment from healthcare professionals, and (4) difficulty following up with treatment. In conclusion, the problems that arise in the healthcare system regarding the treatment of individuals living in poverty cannot be attributed solely to lack of funds.

scholarly journals Dependency, Exploitation and Poverty among the Labourers of the Fishing Community

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
S. M. Ayoob ◽  
M. A.M. Fowsar
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Fishing Community ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Fisheries Resources ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The People ◽  
Treatment Education

The fishing community is mainly dependent on the harvest of fisheries resources to meet their social and economic needs. More than two million people in Sri Lanka are directly or indirectly dependent on the exploitation of fisheries resources. The wage labourers who are engaged in fishing are severely impacted by poverty even though they make a significant contribution to the economy of the country. With regard to this, this study focused on how dependency and exploitation have shaped the life of the poor wage labourers in the fishing community, based on Andre Gunder Frank’s Dependency theory. Most of the labourers in the fishing community suffer a poor living standard. They are badly exploited by some other actors operating in their working environment. The investors (Mudhalalis) and intermediaries are the people who exploit the labour of the poor fishermen and turn them into dependent people through loans provided by them. Poverty, inadequate housing, poor health, illness and treatment, education of children, inadequate infrastructural facilities, and family problems including domestic violence were found to be the causes of dependency and exploitation of the fishing community. These issues need to be addressed to enhance standard of living of the fishing community.

scholarly journals Poverty Trends and Growth Performance: Some Issues in Bangladesh

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1171-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa K Mujery
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Poverty Threshold ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The People ◽  
Per Capita

With a low level of per capita income, nearly one of every two persons in Bangladesh is poor, and one of three lives below the income poverty line of $ 1 a day.1 If those who are deprived of adequate clothing or shelter or other basic needs are counted, the number will be considerably higher. Similarly, if the people who live ‘above’ the poverty line but are vulnerable to risks, crisis and socioecononomic shocks and are in constant danger of income erosion below the poverty threshold are considered, the number will be still larger. The poor in Bangladesh differ in economic, social, physical and other characteristics which reflect various deprivations. Such multidimensionality of the poor’s interlocking deprivations suggests that a strategy of increasing income alone may not be adequate for reducing poverty.2 With multi-dimensional characteristics, poverty requires a multi-strategy solution in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE: AN ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE POLICY FOR HEALTH CARE SPENDING IN BANGLADESH

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-68
Author(s):  
Ali MOHOSHIN ◽  
Shamima AKTER
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Universal Health Coverage ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Health Protection ◽  
Health Care Spending ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Alternative Policy ◽  
The People ◽  
Universal Health

Health care spending is one of the crucial elements for ensuring universal health coverage in Bangladesh. The main purpose of the policy analysis report is to find out policy option of health care spending for ensuring universal health coverage in Bangladesh by 2030. The underlying objectives of the study are to examine the effectiveness of existing national health policy to ensure universal health coverage for the people of Bangladesh, to evaluate the current health care spending and to develop alternative policy for ensuring universal health coverage 2030. The policy analysis report has been prepared based on identifying the policy problems from the existing content, document research and organizational records and in doing so the multi-goal policy analysis approach and the criteria of measurement set against the goals and objectives of the policy. Data and information of this policy analysis have been accumulated and presented from various secondary sources. The major findings of the policy analysis can be noted that the policy alternative as policy intervention as such introducing multiple health protection schemes and create health protection fund especially for the people living below poverty line for ensuring universal health coverage in Bangladesh and thereby the household out of pocket expenditure will decrease significantly. Therefore, it is suggested and can be implemented in the whole countryfor the sake of ensuring universal health coverage and make accessible of quality health services to the people of Bangladesh. It is also recommended that Bangladesh needs to introduce the health protection schemes at least for the people living below poverty line and the people working in the formal sector.

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