Long-Term Substance Use Can Cause Irreversible Photopic Vision Changes in Substance Use Disorder in Remission

Objective Substance use has such effects on pupil diameter. Although there is knowledge about the acute effects of substances on pupils, studies showing their chronic effects are limited. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of long-term substance use on scotopic, mesopic, and photopic vision.Methods The present study with cross-sectional desgn was conducted at the Adiyaman Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry in Adiyaman. This study involved 110 substance use disorder (SUD) patients and 46 healthy volunteers as the control. The parameters were measured and recorded automatically by a device.Results The mean age was 23.44±5.53 years in the SUD group and 24.26±5.38 years in healthy controls (p=0.420). The mean age of onset of the substance was 17.74±3.89 years and the mean duration of substance use was 3.54±2.9 years. It was determined that the patients had not used any substance for a mean of 121.73±117.49 days. There was no significant difference between patient and control groups in terms of scotopic and mesopic measurements of both eyes (p>0.05). Photopic measurements were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (p<0.05). Photopic measurements were significantly higher in the opioid, cannabis, ecstasy, and multiple substance use groups than in the control group (p<0.05).Conclusion The most important topic of this study is that photopic vision is permanently impaired in patients with a history of chronic substance use. This was attributed to disrupted sympathetic-parasympathetic hierarchy.

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Assessment of in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research ◽

10.9734/jammr/2021/v33i1030915 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 105-114

Author(s):

Sarah Alaa Mohsen ◽

Fatma Ahmed El Deeb ◽

Ehab Sayed Ramadan ◽

Mai Abd El-Raouf Eissa

Keyword(s):

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Test Performance ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Neuropsychological Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and potentially debilitating disorder. Neuropsychological assessment provides unique complementary information that is critical for evaluating higher cortical abilities. This study aimed to assess the neuropsychological functions in OCD patients which can then point to the brain structures or pathways and to study the correlation between these assessments and different clinical variables. Methods: This cross-sectional case control study had included sixty patients who were divided into two groups, Group I: thirty OCD patients diagnosed by DSM-IV and Group II: thirty healthy controls who were recruited from the community, matched with patients’ age, gender, and education. Results: The age of onset in our study was 19.13 ± 0.35 years, the mean duration was 7.44 ± 3.88 years, 40% of the studied cases had severe OCD symptoms and 33.3% of them were compulsive cleaners. There was a high significant difference between the two groups regarding WCST in favor of the control group. There was a high significant difference between the two groups regarding ROCF where the control group showed better results than the OCD patients. Conclusions: Neuropsychological test performance remains an informative and objective means of investigation, especially when applied to psychiatric disorders. The executive functions in OCD patients were impaired in comparison to the normal study subjects.

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Perceived Sensitivity to Pain and Responsiveness to Non-noxious Sensation in Substance Use Disorder

Pain Medicine ◽

10.1093/pm/pnz292 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (9) ◽

pp. 1902-1912

Author(s):

Naama Assayag ◽

Yoram Bonneh ◽

Shula Parush ◽

Haim Mell ◽

Ricky Kaplan Neeman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

Pain Sensitivity ◽

Pain Perception ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sensory Responsiveness

Abstract Objective This comparative cross-sectional study aimed to characterize individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) in self-perception of pain sensitivity, experimental auditory aversiveness, and non-noxious sensory responsiveness, as well as examine the associations with SUD. Methods Therapeutic community (TC) individuals with SUD (N = 63, male 88.9%) and healthy controls (N = 60, male 86.7%) completed the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ) and the Sensory Responsiveness Questionnaire–Intensity Scale (SRQ-IS), followed by a psychophysical auditory battery, the Battery of Averseness to Sounds (BAS)–Revised. Results The SUD group scored higher on the PSQ (P < 0.0001), BAS-R aversiveness (P < 0.0001), BAS-R-unpleasantness (P < 0.0001), and on the aftersensation of auditory aversiveness (P < 0.0001) and unpleasantness (P < 0.000). Fifty-four percent of the SUD group vs 11.7% of the control group were identified as having sensory modulation dysfunction (SMD; P < 0.0001). Logistic regression modeling revealed that the SRQ-IS-Aversive score had a stronger relationship, indicating a 12.6-times odds ratio for SUD (P = 0.0002). Finally, a risk score calculated from a linear combination of the logistic regression model parameters is presented based on the PSQ and SRQ. Conclusions This is the first study to explore sensory and aversive domains using experimental and self-reporting in situ, revealing pain perception alteration that co-occurs with high prevalence of SMD, specifically of the over-responsive type. Findings may be significant in clinical practice for treating pain, and for expanding therapeutic modalities as part of broader rehabilitation in TC and beyond, to better meet personalized therapy.

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Executive functions and emotion regulation in substance use disorder

Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/0047-2085000000331 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mariana Bandeira Formiga ◽

Melyssa Kellyane Cavalcanti Galdino ◽

Selene Cordeiro Vasconcelos ◽

Jayston W. J. Soares Neves ◽

Murilo Duarte da Costa Lima

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Substance Use ◽

Emotion Regulation ◽

Executive Functions ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

The Other ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Tobacco Use Disorder ◽

Multiple Substance ◽

Cross Sectional Design

ABSTRACT Objective The executive functions (EF) and emotion regulation (ER) and their relationship with the substance use disorder (SUD) were analyzed. Methods A cross-sectional design was used. The sample consisted of 130 volunteers divided into three groups: group 01 (n = 60), composed of participants who did not meet the diagnostic criteria for any type of SUD; group 02 (n = 51), with users with alcohol and/or tobacco use disorder; group 03 (n = 19), with users with multiple substance use disorder, including at least one illicit substance. Results Group 02 presented worse performance in EF and ER when compared to group 01, and showed a significant correlation between the working memory and the use of maladaptive ER. Group 03 showed great losses in EF and ER when compared to the other groups. Conclusion This study supports the idea that EF, ER and SUD are related. In addition, it was observed that people with SUD had worse performance in EF and ER when compared to people without SUD, greater damage being observed in people with SUD of polysubstances.

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Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Fracture Admitted to Khatam Al-Anbia Hospital in Zahedan

Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research ◽

10.5812/amh.108052 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Mansour Karajibani ◽

Farzaneh Montazerifar ◽

Faezeh Kazemi ◽

Ali Reza Dashipour

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Stress Markers ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Markers Of Oxidative Stress ◽

The Mean

Background: Caused by an imbalance in the body’s oxidant and antioxidant status, oxidative stress can give rise to tissue damage and exacerbation of many diseases. Objectives: This study investigated the oxidative stress markers in patients with fractures and healthy subjects. Methods: In a cross-sectional case-control study, 40 patients with fractures admitted to an orthopedic ward and 40 healthy, non-fractured patients were selected using convenience sampling. Serum was analyzed for oxidant and antioxidant activities based on standard methods. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was a significant difference in mean TAC between the case (748.2 ± 302.83 μmol/L) and control (984.90 ± 207.02 μmol/L) groups (P = 0.003). The mean MDA was 16.61 ± 4.16 µmol/L in the case group and 18.45 ± 5.43 µmol/L in the control group (P = 0.09). The mean SOD was 63.41 ± 16.67 U/g Hb in the case group and 58.54 ± 21.83 U/g Hb in the control group (P = 0.2). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of BMI and other variables. Conclusions: A significant difference existed in TAC between the two groups, which indicated increased oxidative stress in patients. However, oxidative stress could occur before and after undergoing fractures. The results suggested a slight, but not significant, difference between the two groups in the SOD and MDA scores. More conclusive results are required to determine the enzymatic and non-enzymatic markers of oxidative stress in larger sample sizes and during different stages of treatment.

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Comparison of Trunk Flexion Proprioception Between Healthy Athletes and Athletes With Patellofemoral Pain

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2019-0369 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Reza Heydari Armaki ◽

Keramatollah Abbasnia ◽

Alireza Motealleh

Keyword(s):

Patellofemoral Pain ◽

Control Group ◽

Trunk Flexion ◽

Isokinetic Dynamometry ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Eta Squared ◽

The Mean ◽

Rehabilitation Sciences ◽

Control Study

Objective: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is the most commonly reported musculoskeletal overuse injury in active individuals, such as athletes, and is a multifactorial problem with no definite cause identified to date. Some studies have shown a relationship between impaired core and trunk sensorimotor control and knee disorders, especially PFP. The aim of this study was to evaluate trunk flexion proprioception by comparing the repositioning error between healthy athletes and athletes with PFP. Design: Cross-sectional case–control study. Setting: Rehabilitation sciences research center. Participants: Twenty healthy athletes and 20 athletes with PFP. Main Outcome Measures: To examine proprioception of trunk flexors, the absolute active and passive repositioning error at 30° and 60° trunk flexion were evaluated with isokinetic dynamometry. The results were compared between the two groups. Results: In the PFP group, the active trunk repositioning error at 30° flexion was significantly greater than in the healthy individuals (P < .001). The mean absolute active repositioning error at 30° flexion was 3.04° (1.37°) in the PFP group and 1.50° (0.70°) in the control group. There was no significant difference between groups in the active trunk repositioning error at 60° flexion (P = .066). The mean absolute active repositioning error at 60° flexion was 2.96° (1.26°) in the PFP group and 2.18° (0.99°) in the control group. The passive trunk repositioning error at 30° and 60° flexion was significantly greater in the PFP group (P = .013 and P = .004, respectively). The mean absolute passive repositioning error at 30° and 60° flexion in the PFP group was 2.94° (0.80°) and 3.13° (1.19°), respectively, and was 2.08° (1.08°) and 1.96° (0.71°), respectively, in the control group. The calculated eta-squared value showed that joint repositioning errors had large effect sizes (0.15–0.32). Conclusion: Trunk proprioception in the flexion direction may be impaired in patients with PFP. This finding suggests that trunk proprioception training may be important in rehabilitation for athletes with PFP.

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Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Depression and Anxiety in People with Substance Use Disorder

Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences ◽

10.5812/ijpbs.110135 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Zohreh Hashemi ◽

Sanaz Einy ◽

Matineh Ebadi

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Acceptance And Commitment Therapy ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Control Group ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Statistical Population ◽

Commitment Therapy ◽

Acceptance And Commitment ◽

Significant Difference

Background: The comorbidity of substance use, mood disorders, and anxiety has been proven in various studies, leading to many clinical implications. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in depression and anxiety in individuals with substance use disorder. Methods: This quasi-experimental study utilized a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all people with substance abuse in Urmia in 2019, including 220 subjects. The sample consisted of 50 individuals with substance use disorders selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained in eight sessions, each lasting 90 min, based on the ACT protocol by Hayes et al. (2004), while the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were obtained using the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Pretest and posttest were performed in both groups. The collected data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) using SPSS23 software. Results: The results showed that after controlling for the pretest effects, a significant difference was observed between the mean posttest scores of the two groups in both depression and anxiety (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Acceptance and commitment therapy is an appropriate strategy to effectively improve depression and anxiety in people with substance use disorder.

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Gender differences in clinical and sociodemographic pattern of substance Use disorder

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcaa054.029 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

M M Elhabiby ◽

H H Elrassas ◽

M H Morsi ◽

F M N Ezzat

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Psychiatric Hospital ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

Psychiatric Hospitals ◽

Life Time ◽

Health Concern ◽

Treatment Programs ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Male And Female ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Background Substance use disorder (SUD) is a significant public health concern and is one among the most common psychiatric disorders beginning in young adulthood. The history of substance abuse is as old as mankind itself; recently it has become a global problem that is influenced by social, economic, political, and psychosocial factors, scientist have long noted an association between social relationships and health. Aim of the work to analyze and discuss similarities and difference between the genders in substance use disorder, highlighting severity of substance use disorder in both male and female focusing on comorbidity of substance use disorder in both male and female. Subjects and Methods This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted on a sample of 117 addict patient (39 f and 78 m) who seek a treatment in Egyptian psychiatric hospitals. The Sample was collected from inpatient and outpatient department of Ain Shams Psychiatric hospital, Heliopolis (Almatar) Psychiatric Hospital and Alabasseya Psychiatric hospital. Results the study revealed a statistically significant difference in various parameters as the mean age of abuse was higher among men than women with longer duration of life time and last 30 days intake compared to females. As regard marital status, married men percentage was lower in comparison to females who had a higher percentage of divorces. Regarding educational level, more females completed primary level but more males completed to tertiary diploma and higher percentage compared with females. Males abuse was more physically and emotionally but females exposed to more sexual abuse. Legal problems were higher in males as violation and drug charge compared to the females. On the other hand, job and dealing drugs as a source of money for drugs were mainly in males but females gained money mainly from the family or prostitution. Men showed higher rates of HCV infection than female. Conclusion there is a clear difference between men and women in many of the points covered in this study, which confirms that there must be different programs developed specifically for women and not as sometimes happens by the application of treatment programs addiction to men, which leads to the consequences of unsatisfactory For female patients as well as those involved in the treatment of addiction.

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The effect of gamma radiation on plasma levels of zinc and selenium in nuclear medicine staff

Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences ◽

10.34172/jsums.2019.09 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 51-56

Author(s):

Mahdiyeh Mirnam Niha ◽

Mehdi Salehi Barough

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Medicine ◽

Gamma Radiation ◽

Graphite Furnace ◽

Serum Zinc ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

Background and aims: Gamma radiation is widely being used in medical-imaging centers. The aim of this study was to measure possible alterations in serum zinc and selenium levels among nuclear medicine staff. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 30 nuclear medicine staff as well as on 10 individuals as the control group. Blood samples (20 mL) were obtained from the participants and the serum specimens were isolated by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 7 minutes. The samples were then used for measurement of zinc and selenium levels. Zinc and selenium levels were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) with a graphite furnace. The mean serum levels of zinc and selenium were compared using SPSS. Results: The mean level of zinc in the radiated group (70.91±14.46 μmol/L) was significantly lower than that in the control group (89.75±17.35 μmol/L) (P=0.002). A negative significant correlation was found between the duration of exposure to radiation and zinc levels (P=0.005). Furthermore, a negative significant relationship was observed between the mean radiation dose after 5 years and zinc concentration (P=0.019). Non-significant difference was found in the mean level of selenium between control (1.71±0.35 μmol/L) and radiation (2.13±1.12 μmol/L) groups. Furthermore, no significant correlation was found between selenium level and exposure time. Conclusion: Based on the results, declined level of zinc can be considered as one of the possible mechanisms caused by gamma radiation on cells which may be associated with oxidative damage. Therefore, zinc therapy can be helpful for those who work at medical radiation centers; however, it merits further studies.

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Serum folate levels in children on long-term anti-seizure medication in a Nigerian tertiary center—Implications for practice and public health

Science Progress ◽

10.1177/00368504211057680 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 104 (4) ◽

pp. 003685042110576

Author(s):

Adaobi I Bisi-Onyemaechi ◽

Ugo N Chikani ◽

Ndubuisi A Uwaezuoke ◽

Ann E Aronu ◽

Ngozi C Ojinnaka

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Sodium Valproate ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Folic Acid Supplementation ◽

Serum Folate ◽

Control Group ◽

Tertiary Center ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

Background: Epilepsy is the most common childhood neurological disorder in Nigeria. Treatment of epilepsy is long-term and sometimes lifelong with anti-seizure medications. There are conflicting reports on the effect of anti-seizure medications on serum folate. There is therefore a need to determine the effect of a commonly used anti-seizure medication's on serum folate levels of children. This would provide an evidence-based consideration for folic acid supplementation in children on anti-seizure medication as has been suggested by some studies. Study objectives: To determine whether serum folate levels were lower in children taking long-term carbamazepine or sodium valproate, compared to a control group. Methods: Serum folic acid levels were measured from well-nourished children between the ages of 1–17 years on carbamazepine and sodium valproate monotherapy and their age/sex-matched controls, using spectrophotometry. Results: The mean serum folate levels of patients on carbamazepine (43) and sodium valproate (22) were 0.032 mg/l ± 0.009 and 0.028 mg/l ± 0.008, respectively. The mean folate levels of the controls were 0.046 mg/l ± 0.03 ( p = 0 001). No statistically significant difference was observed between the serum folate levels of children on the two anti-seizure medications, that is, carbamazepine and valproate. Conclusion: The children on treatment with carbamazepine and sodium valproate for more than 6 months had statistically significantly lower serum levels of folic acid compared to the standard reference range and controls. The serum folate levels of children on carbamazepine were not statistically different from those on sodium valproate.

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Substance Use and Mental Illness among Women Admitted in a Rehabilitation Center in Jos, Nigeria: A 5-Year Profile

Journal of BioMedical Research and Clinical Practice ◽

10.46912/jbrcp.224 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 19-26

Author(s):

CN Nwoga ◽

DD Dapap ◽

AY Armiya'u ◽

MD Audu ◽

SG Goar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Illness ◽

Substance Use ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Main Diagnosis ◽

Rehabilitation Center ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Multiple Substance ◽

Significant Health

Substance use disorder are among the most common public health problems caused by using legal and/or illegal substances. Therefore, this study is aimed at reviewing a five-year profile of women admitted at a rehabilitation center in Jos, Nigeria for substance use and mental illness. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out on 183 females admitted between 2012 and 2017 at a rehabilitation center in Jos, Nigeria. Data collection was carried out from documents note of these female participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. The mean age of the participants was 38.515.3 years. Almost half of the participants were within the age bracket of 20 – 29 years and married (45.9%). Depressive disorder (36.1%) was the commonest mental disorder in the studied participants. Among those abusing substances, multiple substance use (12.6%) was the most prevalent with alcohol use disorder (9.3%) the main diagnosis among those with substance use disorder. According to the result almost half of the studied participants were young, married and educated females. Depression and multiple substance abuse with alcohol the main drug of abuse was a cause for concern in this population. This portrays significant health and economic consequences and the need for urgent action.

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