scholarly journals Application of Radiation-Thermal Treatment to Suppress Sensitivity of Silicon Microcircuits to Single Radiation Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-103
Author(s):  
P. B. Lagov ◽  
◽  
A. S. Drenin ◽  
A. A. Meshcheryakov ◽  
N. A. Yudanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Accelerators ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heavy Charged Particles ◽  
Equilibrium Charge ◽  
Technological Tool

The paper analyses the possibility to reduce the sensitivity of silicon integrated circuits (ICs) to single radiation effects by means of radiation-thermal treatment including irradiation in charged particle accelerators and subsequent low-temperature heat treatment. It is shown that reduction in sensitivity to single radiation effects is provided by formation of thermostable recombination centers in semiconductor IC structure in necessary concentrations. At the same time a decrease in primary photocurrent generated by heavy charged particles or high-energy protons, reduction in transfer coefficients of parasitic bipolar transistors forming thyristor structures, reduction in carrier avalanche multiplication coefficients at high electric field strengths can be provided. Radiationthermal treatment can be introduced in the manufacturing process of ICs of various classes at the end of the manufacturing cycle and does not require correction of the basic technology. A possible undesirable growth of inverse currents and preservation of values of other electrical parameters within acceptable values when using radiation-thermal treatment is provided by choosing optimal modes of irradiation and annealing which are established in the course of experimental tests. The calculated evaluation has shown that using radiation-thermal treatment in the technology of IC fabrication can provide a decrease in the effective collection length of non-equilibrium charge carriers generated under the influence of single radiation effects by at least 10 times which allows considering radiation-thermal treatment as an effective technological tool to suppress the sensitivity to single radiation effects.

scholarly journals SEE Sensitivity Evaluation for Commercial 16 nm SRAM-FPGA

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Cai ◽  
Shuai Gao ◽  
Peixiong Zhao ◽  
Jian Yu ◽  
Kai Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Radiation Sensitivity ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Radiation Environment ◽  
Single Event

Radiation effects can induce severe and diverse soft errors in digital circuits and systems. A Xilinx commercial 16 nm FinFET static random-access memory (SRAM)-based field-programmable gate array (FPGA) was selected to evaluate the radiation sensitivity and promote the space application of FinFET ultra large-scale integrated circuits (ULSI). Picosecond pulsed laser and high energy heavy ions were employed for irradiation. Before the tests, SRAM-based configure RAMs (CRAMs) were initialized and configured. The 100% embedded block RAMs (BRAMs) were utilized based on the Vivado implementation of the compiled hardware description language. No hard error was observed in both the laser and heavy-ion test. The thresholds for laser-induced single event upset (SEU) were ~3.5 nJ, and the SEU cross-sections were correlated positively to the laser’s energy. Multi-bit upsets were measured in heavy-ion and high-energy laser irradiation. Moreover, latch-up and functional interrupt phenomena were common, especially in the heavy-ion tests. The single event effect results for the 16 nm FinFET process were significant, and some radiation tolerance strategies were required in a radiation environment.

Microfabrication research at the National Submicron Facility

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 86-89
Author(s):  
E.D. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
High Speed ◽  
New Technology ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
New Science ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intermediate Domain ◽  
Circuit Function

Most microelectronics devices and circuits operate faster, consume less power, execute more functions and cost less per circuit function when the feature-sizes internal to the devices and circuits are made smaller. This is part of the stimulus for the Very High-Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) program. There is also a need for smaller, more sensitive sensors in a wide range of disciplines that includes electrochemistry, neurophysiology and ultra-high pressure solid state research. There is often fundamental new science (and sometimes new technology) to be revealed (and used) when a basic parameter such as size is extended to new dimensions, as is evident at the two extremes of smallness and largeness, high energy particle physics and cosmology, respectively. However, there is also a very important intermediate domain of size that spans from the diameter of a small cluster of atoms up to near one micrometer which may also have just as profound effects on society as “big” physics.

General Relativity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Carlip
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
High Energy Physics ◽  
Hamiltonian Formulation ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Gravitational Energy ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Physics First ◽  
Condensed Matter Theory ◽  
Introductory Textbooks

This work is a short textbook on general relativity and gravitation, aimed at readers with a broad range of interests in physics, from cosmology to gravitational radiation to high energy physics to condensed matter theory. It is an introductory text, but it has also been written as a jumping-off point for readers who plan to study more specialized topics. As a textbook, it is designed to be usable in a one-quarter course (about 25 hours of instruction), and should be suitable for both graduate students and advanced undergraduates. The pedagogical approach is “physics first”: readers move very quickly to the calculation of observational predictions, and only return to the mathematical foundations after the physics is established. The book is mathematically correct—even nonspecialists need to know some differential geometry to be able to read papers—but informal. In addition to the “standard” topics covered by most introductory textbooks, it contains short introductions to more advanced topics: for instance, why field equations are second order, how to treat gravitational energy, what is required for a Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity. A concluding chapter discusses directions for further study, from mathematical relativity to experimental tests to quantum gravity.

scholarly journals Performance Characteristics in Runner of an Impulse Water Turbine with Splitter Blade

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Lingdi Tang ◽  
Shouqi Yuan ◽  
Yue Tang ◽  
Zhijun Gao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Water Turbine ◽  
Conversion Performance ◽  
Water Turbines ◽  
Current Energy

The impulse water turbine is a promising energy conversion device that can be used as mechanical power or a micro hydro generator, and its application can effectively ease the current energy crisis. This paper aims to clarify the mechanism of liquid acting on runner blades, the hydraulic performance, and energy conversion characteristics in the runner domain of an impulse water turbine with a splitter blade by using experimental tests and numerical simulations. The runner was divided into seven areas along the flow direction, and the power variation in the runner domain was analyzed to reflect its energy conversion characteristics. The obtained results indicate that the critical area of the runner for doing the work is in the front half of the blades, while the rear area of the blades does relatively little work and even consumes the mechanical energy of the runner to produce negative work. The high energy area is concentrated in the flow passage facing the nozzle. The energy is gradually evenly distributed from the runner inlet to the runner outlet, and the negative energy caused by flow separation with high probability is gradually reduced. The clarification of the energy conversion performance is of great significance to improve the design of impulse water turbines.

scholarly journals Development and characterization of Nb3Sn/Al2O3 superconducting multilayers for particle accelerators

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Sundahl ◽  
Junki Makita ◽  
Paul B. Welander ◽  
Yi-Feng Su ◽  
Fumitake Kametani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Accelerators ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Critical Fields ◽  
Linear Accelerators ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Field ◽  
Superconducting Radio Frequency

AbstractSuperconducting radio-frequency (SRF) resonator cavities provide extremely high quality factors > 1010 at 1–2 GHz and 2 K in large linear accelerators of high-energy particles. The maximum accelerating field of SRF cavities is limited by penetration of vortices into the superconductor. Present state-of-the-art Nb cavities can withstand up to 50 MV/m accelerating gradients and magnetic fields of 200–240 mT which destroy the low-dissipative Meissner state. Achieving higher accelerating gradients requires superconductors with higher thermodynamic critical fields, of which Nb3Sn has emerged as a leading material for the next generation accelerators. To overcome the problem of low vortex penetration field in Nb3Sn, it has been proposed to coat Nb cavities with thin film Nb3Sn multilayers with dielectric interlayers. Here, we report the growth and multi-technique characterization of stoichiometric Nb3Sn/Al2O3 multilayers with good superconducting and RF properties. We developed an adsorption-controlled growth process by co-sputtering Nb and Sn at high temperatures with a high overpressure of Sn. The cross-sectional scanning electron transmission microscope images show no interdiffusion between Al2O3 and Nb3Sn. Low-field RF measurements suggest that our multilayers have quality factor comparable with cavity-grade Nb at 4.2 K. These results provide a materials platform for the development and optimization of high-performance SIS multilayers which could overcome the intrinsic limits of the Nb cavity technology.

Medical Cyclotrons

2009 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 133-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Friesel ◽  
T. A. Antaya
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Particle Accelerators ◽  
Radioisotope Production ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Medical Radioisotope ◽  
High Energy Particles

Particle accelerators were initially developed to address specific scientific research goals, yet they were used for practical applications, particularly medical applications, within a few years of their invention. The cyclotron's potential for producing beams for cancer therapy and medical radioisotope production was realized with the early Lawrence cyclotrons and has continued with their more technically advanced successors — synchrocyclotrons, sector-focused cyclotrons and superconducting cyclotrons. While a variety of other accelerator technologies were developed to achieve today's high energy particles, this article will chronicle the development of one type of accelerator — the cyclotron, and its medical applications. These medical and industrial applications eventually led to the commercial manufacture of both small and large cyclotrons and facilities specifically designed for applications other than scientific research.

Overview of EAF Screening Results on the 900 MWe NPP French Fleet

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Métais ◽  
Nicolas Robert ◽  
Pierre Genette ◽  
Nicolas Etchegaray
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Primary System ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
The Usa ◽  
License Renewal ◽  
The Impact

In the wake of numerous experimental tests carried out in air and also in a PWR environment, both abroad and in France, an update of the current thermal fatigue codification is underway in France. Proposals are currently being integrated in the RCC-M code [1]. In parallel, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of codification evolution on the RCS components. In the USA, such evaluations have already been implemented for license renewal to operate power plants beyond their initial 40 years of operation. In order to reduce the scope of the calculations to perform, a preliminary screening was carried out on the various areas of the primary system components: this screening is detailed in an EPRI report [2]. The output of this screening process is a list of locations that are most prone to EAF degradation process and it is on these zones only that detailed EAF calculations are carried out. In France, a similar approach was defined in the perspective of the fourth ten-year visit of the 900 MWe plants (VD4 900 MWe) so as to map out all the locations that are most impacted by EAF and hence concentrate the calculation effort on these specific areas for the VD4 900 MWe. In that respect, a specific methodology to evaluate the factor to account for environmental effects or Fen [3] based on correlations [4] for hot and cold shocks was established. These correlations use data that is readily accessible in transient description documents and stress reports such as temperature change, heat transfer coefficients, ramp duration and geometry. The need for these correlations is specific to the French context due to a need for a preliminary and yet precise idea of the overall impact of the modifications brought to the RCC-M code in fatigue before the VD4 900 MWe. This paper presents the results of the screening method that was applied to the whole RCS of the 900 MWe NPP fleet.

scholarly journals The starburst galaxy NGC 253 revisited by H.E.S.S. and Fermi-LAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 617 ◽  
pp. A73 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
H. Abdalla ◽  
F. Aharonian ◽  
F. Ait Benkhali ◽  
E. O. Angüner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Index ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Thick Target ◽  
Starburst Galaxy ◽  
Particle Accelerators ◽  
Power Law Distribution ◽  
Particle Population ◽  
Measurement Uncertainties

Context. NGC 253 is one of only two starburst galaxies found to emit γ-rays from hundreds of MeV to multi-TeV energies. Accurate measurements of the very-high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) and high-energy (HE; E > 60 MeV) spectra are crucial to study the underlying particle accelerators, probe the dominant emission mechanism(s) and to study cosmic-ray interaction and transport. Aims. The measurement of the VHE γ-ray emission of NGC 253 published in 2012 by H.E.S.S. was limited by large systematic uncertainties. Here, the most up to date measurement of the γ-ray spectrum of NGC 253 is investigated in both HE and VHE γ-rays. Assuming a hadronic origin of the γ-ray emission, the measurement uncertainties are propagated into the interpretation of the accelerated particle population. Methods. The data of H.E.S.S. observations are reanalysed using an updated calibration and analysis chain. The improved Fermi–LAT analysis employs more than 8 yr of data processed using pass 8. The cosmic-ray particle population is evaluated from the combined HE–VHE γ-ray spectrum using NAIMA in the optically thin case. Results. The VHE γ-ray energy spectrum is best fit by a power-law distribution with a flux normalisation of (1.34 ± 0.14stat ± 0.27sys) × 10−13 cm−2 s−1 TeV1 at 1 TeV – about 40% above, but compatible with the value obtained in Abramowski et al. (2012). The spectral index Γ = 2.39 ± 0.14stat ± 0.25sys is slightly softer than but consistent with the previous measurement within systematic errors. In the Fermi energy range an integral flux of F(E > 60 MeV) = (1.56 ± 0.28stat ± 0.15sys) × 10−8 cm−2 s−1 is obtained. At energies above ∼3 GeV the HE spectrum is consistent with a power-law ranging into the VHE part of the spectrum measured by H.E.S.S. with an overall spectral index Γ = 2.22 ± 0.06stat. Conclusions. Two scenarios for the starburst nucleus are tested, in which the gas in the starburst nucleus acts as either a thin or a thick target for hadronic cosmic rays accelerated by the individual sources in the nucleus. In these two models, the level to which NGC 253 acts as a calorimeter is estimated to a range of fcal = 0.1 to 1 while accounting for the measurement uncertainties. The presented spectrum is likely to remain the most accurate measurements until the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) has collected a substantial set of data towards NGC 253.

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