The effect of glutenins on grain quality as one of the complex polygenic traits in the genus Triticum (a review)

Evaluation of plant breeding material, based on protein markers, gives an opportunity to perform rapid and reliable selection and control the transfer of desired traits from parents to their progeny. A search for new and stable protein markers is needed to identify genotypes with high grain quality. Such storage proteins in wheat as glutenins have been studied profoundly enough. Full characterization of individual protein fractions and components can be found in many scienti fic publications, while studying genetic patterns of protein accumulation in the grain of different wheat cultivars and using high-molecular-weight (HMW) and lowmolecular-weight (LMW) glutenin subunits (GS) for genotype identi fication remain high in the research agenda. This is a comprehensive review of scienti fic publications about the structure and molecular organization of glutenins and a comparative analysis of 22 research papers about the degree of their effect on grain quality indicators: SDS-sedimentation volume (ml), grain/ flour protein content (%; 14% m.b.; 12,5% m.b.), mixing time (min), mixing tolerance (min; mm), bread loaf volume (cm3; ml), dough strength (10 -4 J), and P/L ratio. As a result of reviewing, the best alleles (subunits) of glutenin were identi fied, namely: Glu-A1а, Glu-B1(h, f, b), Glu-D1d, Glu-A3d, and Glu-B3d.

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Response of Wheat Storage Proteins and Breadmaking Quality to Dimethylpyrazole-Based Nitrification Inhibitors under Different Nitrogen Fertilization Splitting Strategies

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10040703 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 703

Author(s):

Ximena Huérfano ◽

José-María Estavillo ◽

Miren K. Duñabeitia ◽

María-Begoña González-Moro ◽

Carmen González-Murua ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Quality ◽

Storage Proteins ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Environmental Damage ◽

Nitrification Inhibitors ◽

Northern Spain ◽

Dough Strength ◽

Isomeric Mixture ◽

Breadmaking Quality

Improving fertilizer nitrogen (N) use efficiency is essential to increase crop productivity and avoid environmental damage. This study was conducted during four crop cycles of winter wheat under humid Mediterranean conditions (Araba, northern Spain). The effects of N-fertilization splitting and the application of the nitrification inhibitors (NIs) 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and 2-(3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) succinic acid isomeric mixture (DMPSA) as strategies to improve grain quality were examined. The hypothesis of this study was to test if the partial ammonium nutrition and the reduction of fertilizer losses presumably induced by the application of NIs can modify the grain gliadin and glutenin protein contents and the breadmaking quality (dough rheological properties). Among both NIs assayed, only DMPP showed a slight effect of decreasing the omega gliadin fraction, following splitting either two or three times, although this effect was dependent on the year and was not reflected in terms of dough extensibility. The slight decreases observed in grain quality in terms of dough strength and glutenin content induced by DMPP suggest that DMPSA is more promising in terms of maintaining grain quality. Nonetheless, these poor effects exerted by NI application on grain quality parameters did not lead to changes in the quality parameters defining the flour aptitudes for breadmaking.

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Interpretation of grain quality results from wheat variety trials with reference to high temperature stress

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9910325 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 325 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

CS Blumenthal ◽

F Bekes ◽

IL Batey ◽

CW Wrigley ◽

HJ Moss ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

High Temperatures ◽

Grain Quality ◽

Wheat Variety ◽

Grain Filling ◽

High Temperature Stress ◽

Loaf Volume ◽

Dough Strength ◽

Variety Trials ◽

Grain Filling Period

Grain quality results for variety trials extending over 27 years (3 sites and 5 varieties) were compared with the temperature profiles during the grain filling period (56 days prior to harvest) to determine the effects on quality of high temperatures (>35�C) during this period of growth. Heat stress episodes have been frequent at two (Narrabri, N.S.W., and Turretfield, S.A.) of the three sites studied; spring temperatures were more moderate at the third site, Wongan Hills, W.A. There were highly significant (P< 0.01) correlations of heat stress (as hours above 35�C, during grain filling) with protein content (positive) and with grain yields (negative) at Narrabri for all varieties. In many combinations of site and variety, heat stress correlated negatively with loaf volume, and with dough strength (as Rmax, resistance to stretching with the Extensograph). Heat stress episodes in the Narrabri (N.S.W.) region in 1981 and 1982 gave further opportunity to examine these relationships. Results showed very clearly that high temperatures late in grain filling were associated with weaker dough properties (lower Rmax) in the resulting grain. These trends may form the basis of a predictive system by which to estimate crop quality and to interpret the results of variety trials.

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Pyramiding of Genes for Grain Protein Content, Grain Quality and Rust Resistance in Eleven Indian Bread Wheat Cultivars: A Multi-Institutional Effort

10.21203/rs.3.rs-637558/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pushpendra K. Gupta ◽

Harindra S. Balyan ◽

Parveen Chhuneja ◽

Jai P. Jaiswal ◽

Shubhada Tamhankar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Rust Resistance ◽

Grain Quality ◽

Grain Protein Content ◽

Grain Protein ◽

Loaf Volume ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Glutenin Subunits ◽

Hmw Glutenin Subunits ◽

Hmw Glutenin

Abstract Improvement of grain protein content (GPC), loaf volume and resistance to rusts was achieved in 11 Indian wheat cultivars that are widely grown in four different agro-climatic zones of India. This involved use of marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) for introgression and pyramiding of the following genes: (i) the high GPC gene Gpc-B1; (ii) HMW glutenin subunits 5 + 10 at Glu-D1 loci, and (iii) rust resistance genes, Yr36, Yr15, Lr24 and Sr24. GPC was improved by 0.8–3.3%, although high GPC was generally associated with yield penalty. Further selection among high GPC lines, allowed development of progenies with higher GPC associated with improvement in 1000-grain weight and grain yield in the following four cultivars: NI5439, UP2338, UP2382 and HUW468. The high GPC progenies (derived from NI5439) were also improved for grain quality using HMW glutenin subunits 5 + 10 at Glu-D1 loci. Similarly, progenies combining high GPC and rust resistance were developed in the backgrounds of following five cultivars: Lok1, HD2967, PBW550, PBW621 and DBW1. The improved pre-bred lines developed during the present study should prove useful for development of cultivars with improved nutritional quality associated with rust resistance in future wheat breeding programmes.

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Depression, GABA, and Age Correlate with Plasma Levels of Inflammatory Markers

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20246172 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (24) ◽

pp. 6172

Author(s):

Amol K. Bhandage ◽

Janet L. Cunningham ◽

Zhe Jin ◽

Qiujin Shen ◽

Santiago Bongiovanni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Major Depressive Episode ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽

Protein Markers ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter ◽

Mental Diseases ◽

And Control

Immunomodulation is increasingly being recognised as a part of mental diseases. Here, we examined whether levels of immunological protein markers changed with depression, age, or the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). An analysis of plasma samples from patients with a major depressive episode and control blood donors (CBD) revealed the expression of 67 inflammatory markers. Thirteen of these markers displayed augmented levels in patients compared to CBD. Twenty-one markers correlated with the age of the patients, whereas 10 markers correlated with the age of CBD. Interestingly, CST5 and CDCP1 showed the strongest correlation with age in the patients and CBD, respectively. IL-18 was the only marker that correlated with the MADRS-S scores of the patients. Neuronal growth factors (NGFs) were significantly enhanced in plasma from the patients, as was the average plasma GABA concentration. GABA modulated the release of seven cytokines in anti-CD3-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the patients. The study reveals significant changes in the plasma composition of small molecules during depression and identifies potential peripheral biomarkers of the disease.

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Inhibition of Human Peptide Deformylase Disrupts Mitochondrial Function

Molecular and Cellular Biology ◽

10.1128/mcb.00469-10 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 30 (21) ◽

pp. 5099-5109 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Sindy Escobar-Alvarez ◽

Jeffrey Gardner ◽

Aneesh Sheth ◽

Giovanni Manfredi ◽

Guangli Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mitochondrial Dna ◽

Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽

Respiratory Function ◽

Aerobic Glycolysis ◽

Peptide Deformylase ◽

Protein Accumulation ◽

Human Homolog ◽

Mitochondrial Translation ◽

And Control

ABSTRACT Deformylases are metalloproteases in bacteria, plants, and humans that remove the N-formyl-methionine off peptides in vitro. The human homolog of peptide deformylase (HsPDF) resides in the mitochondria, along with its putative formylated substrates; however, the cellular function of HsPDF remains elusive. Here we report on the function of HsPDF in mitochondrial translation and oxidative phosphorylation complex biogenesis. Functional HsPDF appears to be necessary for the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA-encoded proteins and assembly of new respiratory complexes containing these proteins. Consequently, inhibition of HsPDF reduces respiratory function and cellular ATP levels, causing dependence on aerobic glycolysis for cell survival. A series of structurally different HsPDF inhibitors and control peptidase inhibitors confirmed that inhibition of HsPDF decreases mtDNA-encoded protein accumulation. Therefore, HsPDF appears to have a role in maintenance of mitochondrial respiratory function, and this function is analogous to that of chloroplast PDF.

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No-time dough baking performance and mixing properties of Canadian Red Spring wheat cultivars using Canadian and Australian test procedures

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/a96113 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 48 (5) ◽

pp. 587 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

K. R. Preston ◽

K. J. Quail ◽

S. Zounis ◽

P. W. Gras

Keyword(s):

Spring Wheat ◽

High Speed ◽

Mixing Time ◽

Loaf Volume ◽

Test Procedures ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Export Markets ◽

Mixing Properties ◽

Quality Properties ◽

Baking Performance

The mixing properties and baking performance of 17 Canada Western Red Spring wheat varieties and advanced breadwheat lines grown under the same environmental conditions have been assessed using Canadian and Australian test bake procedures with emphasis on no-time dough processes. Mixing times with the Australian rapid dough process (RDP) were considerably shorter than those obtained with the Canadian short process (CSP). However, a very high correlation was obtained for mixing time with the RDP and the CSP, indicating a similar ability to rank cultivar bake mixing requirements. Dough development times obtained from normal and high speed (180 rpm) farinograms and micro-mixograms were found to be poor predictors of CSP and RDP mixing time. Cultivars generally showed good to excellent baking performance with the 2 no-time procedures (RDP and CSP) and the Australian fermented dough procedure (FDP). High correlations and similar cultivar rankings were obtained for loaf volume and bread score with the CSP and FDP. However, no significant correlations and different cultivar rankings were obtained between RDP and CSP (or FDP), indicating that different quality properties may determine relative cultivar baking performance. These results also suggest that both no-time dough procedures may be required in breeder selection and quality monitoring programs to ensure superior breadwheat performance in domestic and export markets.

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Full Characterization of Act-and-wait Control for First-order Unstable Lag Processes

Journal of Vibration and Control ◽

10.1177/1077546309341135 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 16 (7-8) ◽

pp. 1209-1233 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

T. Insperger ◽

P. Wahi ◽

A. Colombo ◽

G. Stépán ◽

M. Di Bernardo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Delay ◽

Feedback Systems ◽

Periodic Control ◽

First Order ◽

Full Characterization ◽

The Stability ◽

And Control ◽

Time Periodic ◽

Special Case

Act-and-wait control is a special case of time-periodic control for systems with feedback delay, where the control gains are periodically switched on and off in order to stabilize otherwise unstable systems. The stability of feedback systems in the presence of time delay is a challenging problem. In this paper, we show that the act-and-wait type time-periodic control can always provide deadbeat control for first-order unstable lag processes with any (large but) fixed value of the time delay in the feedback loop. A full characterization of this act-and-wait controller with respect to the system and control parameters is given based on performance and robustness against disturbances.

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The effect of two forms of nitrogen fertiliser applied near anthesis on the grain quality of irrigated wheat

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9900615 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 615 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

JL Cooper ◽

AB Blakeney

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Grain Quality ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Quality Criteria ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Grain Protein ◽

Loaf Volume ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Irrigated Wheat

In 1976, the feasibility of using nitrogen (N) fertiliser to raise the protein levels of irrigated wheat was investigated using 3 rates of fertiliser (0, 40 and 80 kg N/ha) applied either at anthesis or 3 days later to the soil surface (ammonium nitrate), or as a foliar spray (urea). Each 40 kg/ha increment in N applied as ammonium nitrate or urea produced a 1.1% increase in grain protein. Ammonium nitrate produced significantly (P<0.01) higher protein levels than urea. The relationships between grain protein level and several grain quality criteria (farinograph absorption, extensibility, loaf volume, bake score) were examined to determine whether protein quality was maintained when protein levels were increased by late application of N fertiliser. All the criteria examined indicate that protein quality was maintained. Although it is possible to raise protein levels with N fertiliser, large price premiums for high protein would be necessary to make the practice economic.

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Identification and expression analysis of a novel phytocystatin in developing and germinating seeds of triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.)

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae ◽

10.5586/asbp.2015.011 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

pp. 139-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joanna Simińska ◽

Wiesław Bielawski

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Seed Development ◽

Storage Protein ◽

Cdna Sequence ◽

Storage Proteins ◽

Cysteine Proteinase ◽

Protein Accumulation ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Germinating Seeds ◽

Cysteine Proteinase Activity

In this paper the complete cDNA sequence of a newly identified triticale phytocystatin, TrcC-7, was analyzed. Because <em>TrcC-7</em> transcripts were present in seeds, we hypothesized that it may regulate storage protein accumulation and degradation. Therefore, changes in mRNA and protein levels during the entire period of seed development and germination were examined. Expression of <em>TrcC-7</em> increased during development and decreased at the end of maturation and subsequently increased during seed germination. Based on these results, TrcC-7 likely regulates cysteine proteinase activity during the accumulation and mobilization of storage proteins.

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Wheat avenin-like protein and its significant Fusarium Head Blight resistant functions

10.1101/406694 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yujuan Zhang ◽

Xinyou Cao ◽

Angela Juhasz ◽

Shahidul Islam ◽

Pengfei Qi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Storage Proteins ◽

Infection Process ◽

Aleurone Layer ◽

Head Blight ◽

Dough Strength ◽

Association Analyses ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Plant Immune System ◽

Encoding Genes

AbstractWheat Avenin-like proteins (TaALP) are atypical storage proteins belonging to the Prolamin superfamily. Previous studies on ALPs have focused on the proteins’ positive effects on dough strength, whilst no correlation has been made between TaALPs and the plant immune system. Here, we performed genome-wide characterization of ALP encoding genes in bread wheat. In silico analyses indicated the presence of critical peptides in TaALPs that are active in the plant immune system. Pathogenesis-related nucleotide motifs were also identified in the putative promoter regions of TaALP encoding genes. RT-PCR was performed on TaALP and previously characterised pathogenesis resistance genes in developing wheat caryopses under control and Fusarium graminearum infection conditions. The results showed that TaALP and NMT genes were upregulated upon F. graminearum inoculation. mRNA insitu hybridization showed that TaALP genes were expressed in the embryo, aleurone and sub-aleurone layer cells. Seven TaALP genes were cloned for the expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli, which displayed significant inhibitory function on F. graminearum under anti-fungal tests. In addition, FHB index association analyses showed that allelic variations of two ALP genes on chromosome 7A were significantly correlated with FHB symptoms. Over-expression of an ALP gene on chromosome 7A showed an enhanced resistance to FHB. Yeast two Hybridization results revealed that ALPs have potential proteases inhibiting effect on metacaspases and beta-glucosidases. A vital infection process related pathogen protein, F. graminearum Beta-glucosidase was found to interact with ALPs. Our study is the first to report a class of wheat storage protein or gluten protein with biochemical functions. Due to its abundance in the grain and the important multi-functions, the results obtained in the current study are expected to have a significant impact on wheat research and industry.

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