KARYOTYPE VARIABILITY FOR THE COWS OF UKRAINIAN RED-AND-WHITE DAIRY CATTLE BREED WITH A VARYING DEGREE OF AFFINITY

With a closely related pairing a certain part of the genes passes into a homozygous state and is phenotypically displayed. In the descendants of heterozygous carriers of unwanted mutations, the disguised action of dominant alleles disappears, which is the cause of the preservation and spread of harmful recessive alleles in the population. When inbreeding, the formation of homozygous individuals is possible, which will detect the effect of unwanted chromosomal damage in them. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the karyotype variability of the first-born cows of Ukrainian Red-and-White diary breed of different levels of kinship. The object of research was the breeding stock of Ukrainian Red-and-White diary breed, which is breeding in the state enterprise "DG" Khrystynivske" of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics named after M.V.Zubets NAAS. On the basis of the analysis of materials of zootechnical records from computer information management system dairy cattle "Intesel Orsek" selected cows with different degrees of kinship. The cytogenetic analysis was performed in the Department of Genetics and Biotechnology of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics named after M.V.Zubets of NAAS with the use of special techniques and related equipment. For the preparation of chromosomes, the culture of leukocytes of peripheral blood of animals was used. Short-term culture was prepared using Moorhead et al. As a result of studies of the karyotype variability of cows of Ukrainian Red-and-White diary breed of different levels of affinity, no gross constitutional anomalies of the chromosomal set were revealed in any cow. The genomic type anomalies (aneuploidy and polyploidy) and structural aberrations of chromosomes (fragments, ruptures, association of chromosomes) have been identified. The average level of aberrant cells was highest in near-related animals, which is significantly higher than those observed in outbreed cows by 6.0%, with a distant and moderate degree of inbreeding – by 6.4 and 6.7 at P < 0.999 in all cases. The frequency of aneuploidy cells in closely related primates exceeds this rate in outbred animals with an unreliable difference. The same insignificant difference in the level of aneuploid cells is also found between the outbred and inbred individuals from the moderate and remote degree of affinity. The proportion of polyploid cells in all tested cows does not exceed one percent, which is the norm for bovine cattle. The difference between groups of outbred and inbred animals is unreliable. The frequency of cells with chromosomal rupture ranges from 2.31% in cows with distant cows to 5.50% in animals with close inbreeding, on average, and the difference between these indices (3.19%) is statistically significant (P < 0.999), as well as The difference between the outbreed and the animals with moderate inbreeding (P < 0.95). In order to assess the reproductive ability of cows of different degrees of affinity, three groups have been formed taking into account functional disorders of the reproductive system: Group I – animals with the presence of stillbirths and spontaneous miscarriages; II group – cows with a service period after the first lactation for at least 150 days; Group III – cows that have the service period after the first lactation 51–90 days (a conditional control group). Of the 103 studied cytogenetic indices in cows of different degrees of affinity, 24 cows (23.3% of the investigated livestock) were caught in a group of animals with impaired reproductive ability (Group I) The largest share in this group was cows obtained as a result of remote inbreeding (11.6%). In the group of cows with a service period of more than 150 days the most were outbreds (16.5%). In the third group (with the service period at cows 50-90 days), the most outbreed cows and animals obtained as a result of remote inbreeding were found. Their shares were the same and amounted to 8.7% each. Thus, the dependence of the condition of the reproductive system of cows on their affinity is not established. The incidence of cells with genomic disorders and structural aberrations of cows with disturbed reproductive ability, irrespective of the degree of their inbreeding, is 4.2–3.5% higher (P < 0.999) than in cows with normal reproductive function. Outbred and inbred cows have been ranked according to genetic risk levels: low genetic risk (RBD), average genetic risk (SRHR) and high genetic risk (RBD) (Fig. 3). Indicators of the frequency of genomic and chromosomal mutations of the karyotype express the level of general resistance and the potential for the implementation of vital functions of the animal organism. An analysis of the genetic structure of the population according to the level of genetic risk has shown that in the group of low genetic risk, the largest share is cows without abnormalities in the reproductive system. The cytogenetic study of cows allows not only to evaluate the saturation of undesirable aberrations of the chromosomes of this herd of Ukrainian red-billed milk breed, but also allows us to use the results obtained to predict at an early age the reproductive capacity of cows.

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KARYOTYPЕ VARIABILITY OF THE COWS OF UKRAINIAN RED-AND-WHITE DAIRY CATTLE BREED WITH VARIED REPRODUCTIVE ABILITY

Animal Breeding and Genetics ◽

10.31073/abg.53.32 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 235-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. M. Peredry ◽

V. V. Dzitsiuk

Keyword(s):

Chromosomal Aberrations ◽

Cytogenetic Study ◽

Reproductive Capacity ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Reproductive Ability ◽

Group I ◽

Service Period ◽

Structural Aberrations ◽

Karyotype Instability ◽

Cytogenetic Parameters

The results of the cytogenetic study of cows of Ukrainian red-bream dairy breeds with different reproductive ability are presented in the article. Breeding reproductive ability of cows is often and, as a rule, they include an increase in the duration of the service period, the occurrence of violations of embryonic development, stillbirth and miscarriages. Investigation of karyotype and thorough analysis of hereditary information of the herd population of herds will help to establish and eliminate the cause of reproductive failure of cows. The purpose of the study is to study the karyotype variability of cows with normal and violated reproductive qualities. The material for the research was the results of an individual assessment of the animals of the Ukrainian red-shingled breed of the DP DH "Khrystynivske" on the basis of zootechnical records and experimental cytogenetic data. To analyze the data of zootechnical accounting, the software package SUMS "Intesel Orsek" was used. Laboratory studies were conducted at the Laboratory of Biotechnology at the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics named after MV. Tooth The cultivation of lymphocytes, the preparation of cytogenetic drugs, the classification and recording of aberrations of chromosomes were carried out according to generally accepted techniques. The analysis of metaphase cells included cytogenetic parameters: the proportion of aneuploid and polyploid cells, the frequency of cells with structural aberrations of the chromosomes. For the cytogenetic study, based on the materials of the zootechnical account, three groups of cows have been formed, depending on their reproductive ability: I group, number 17, consists of animals with impaired reproductive ability. To II group included 33 cows, service period of which is not less than 150 days; Group ІІІ - 25 cows with a service period of 51-90 days. The study of blood lymphocytes of cows with different reproductive ability revealed a difference in the level of chromosomal instability. The results of the studies showed that in the karyotypes of animals with impaired reproductive ability, a significantly higher frequency of cells with aneuploid and polyploid chromosome sets, as well as cells with chromosomal aberrations was found to be significantly higher than that of cows with normal reproductive functions. It was established that a significantly larger proportion of cells with aneuploidy occurs in the karyotype of animals of group I, that is, in animals with a disturbed reproductive ability - 10.5 ± 2.38%. In cows of group ІІ, the frequency of cells with aneuploid number of chromosomes in blood cells decreased to 6.3 ± 1.45%. Less than twice the cows in this group and the frequency of cells with the polyploid chromosome set (from 1,0 ± 0,01 to 0,45 ± 0,16) and 15% with structural aberrations of the chromosomes (from 14,82 ± 2,87 up to 12.5 ± 2.87). In cows of group III (with normal reproductive ability), cells with aneuploid chromosomal set were found to be 2.3 times less than in cows with reproductive capacity (Group I) (P> 0.999). In the karyotypes of cows that were examined, no constitutional alterations of the chromosomes, including translocations of the Robertson type, were revealed. In animals of group I, the frequency of chromosomal aberrations was one third higher than that of animals of groups ІІ and ІІІ. The difference in frequencies between the higher and lower group values of this indicator was 4.15%. It has been established that in all groups of investigated animals there is a positive correlation between the service period and the main cytogenetic parameters. The highest positive correlation values (r = 0.70; r = 0.50; r = 0.44) are established between the duration of the service period and the frequency of structural aberrations, service period and polyploidy, service period and aneuploidy respectively in cows of the second group , In which the service period lasted 150 days or more. In cows of group I, the highest positive correlation (r = 0.48) is established between the duration of the service period and aneuploidy. For the third group, defined by us as a control, the positive relationship (r = 0.55) between the service period and aneuploidy is also established. Thus, the correlations established between the level of karyotype instability and one of the characteristics of reproductive ability (service period) indicate that the levels of karyotype instability in cows to a sufficient degree can characterize their reproductive qualities. The results of the studies show that the higher frequency of abnormal cells is found mainly in cows with broken reproductive functions. Consequently, we can conclude that for assessing the individual qualities of dairy cows, indicators of karyotype instability should be used as a criterion for evaluating the reproductive qualities of cows.

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Reproductive qualities of dairy cows at different levels of milk yield

Agricultural science Euro-North-East ◽

10.30766/2072-9081.2021.22.4.589-596 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 589-596

Author(s):

Svetlana V. Titova

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Comparison Method ◽

Reproductive Capacity ◽

Calving Interval ◽

Milk Productivity ◽

Reproductive Ability ◽

Service Period ◽

The Impact ◽

Different Levels

The article presents the results of the analysis of the reproductive ability of cows depending on the level of their milk productivity. The studies were conducted in the Republic of Mari El on cows of the Holstein black-and-white breed (n = 3828). There have been studied the influence of different levels of milk yield on the duration of the service period and period between calvings, the output of calves per 100 cows, the coefficient of reproductive ability. The studies used the comparison method, correlation, regression and one-factor analysis of variance. It has been established that the milk yield increases with the age of cows, but at the same time the duration of the service period and calving interval increases. In first-calf cows, the service period was 128.8 days (Cv = 75.1 %), the calving interval was 403.6 days (Cv = 23.5 %). By the third lactation, with an increase in milk yield by 1030 kg (15.4 %), the duration of the service period increased by 7.2 days (5.6 %), the calving interval -by 12.3 days (3.0 %). The share of the impact (ƞ2x) of milk yield on the duration of the service period was 5.4 %, the calving interval -4.7 %. The correlation coefficients between milk yield for 305 days of the first lactation and the duration of the service period and calving interval were 0.24 and 0.22 (p<0.05), with milk yield for the entire lactation 0.81 (p<0.05). The optimal indicators of the service period (89.4 days), the calving interval (369.4 days), the reproductive capacity (0.94) and the output of calves (1.0) were possessed by the first heifers with low milk productivity-milk yield less than 5000 kg of milk. In animals with the milk yield of 6000-9000 kg of milk or more, the duration of the service period was 12.4-249.6 % higher, the calving interval -by 1.9-32.5 % (p<0.05). According to the regression coefficients, on average, each increase in milk yield per 1000 kg increased the duration of the service period by 25.9 days, the calving interval -by 23.1 days, which worsened the output of calves by 0.24 %, and the coefficient of reproductive ability decreased by 16.0 %.

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Reproductive ability and milk productivity of cows depending on breeding value of their progenitors

Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.15421/nvlvet7411 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (74) ◽

pp. 48-51

Author(s):

L. V. Ferenz

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Live Weight ◽

Breeding Value ◽

Milk Productivity ◽

The Third ◽

Reproductive Ability ◽

Service Period ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference

The influence of bullock`s different breeding value for reproductive ability and milk production of their daughters were investigated. Established that the age of first productive insemination of heifers Ukrainian black spotted milk breed, was 17.5–18.6 months and age of first calving – 26.6–27.8 months. Heifers` live weight at the first insemination was 361.4–407.1 kg. During first lactation the highest productivity had daughters from parents with breeding value by milk yield more than 801 kg. In the first lactation wasn’t found significant difference in duration service-period and interparturition-period for cows derived from progenitors with different breeding value. In the second lactation best indexes in duration service-period and interparturition-period for cows derived from progenitors with breeding value by milk yield 601–800 kg and more than 801 kg. In the third, the highest lactation, these indexes were best for cows derived from progenitors with breeding value by milk yield 601–800 kg. The difference in milk yield during first lactation between heifers received from progenitors with breeding value by milk yield less than 200 kg and heifers from bullock`s with breeding value 401–600 kg was 292 kg. The difference in milk yield between heifers received from progenitors with breeding value by milk yield less than 200 kg and heifers from bullock`s with breeding value with breeding value 601–800 kg was 660.3 kg. The difference in milk yield between heifers received from progenitors with breeding value by milk yield less than 200 kg and heifers from bullock`s with breeding value more than 801 kg was 920.8 kg In the second lactation this difference was 589.8 (Р < 0.001), 841.5 (Р < 0.001) і 894.4 (Р < 0.001) kg of milk, in the third, the highest lactation – 754.5 (Р < 0.001), 951.8 (Р < 0.001) і 1335.7 кг (Р < 0.001).

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Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Buah Pisang (Musa acuminate L) dan Buah Alpukat (Persea americana Mill) Terhadap Berat Hati Mencit (Mus musculus) Betina

BIOTROPIC The Journal of Tropical Biology ◽

10.29080/biotropic.2018.2.1.61-66 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 61-66

Author(s):

Heny Utami Ningsih ◽

Ulfa Wafirotul Bahiyyah ◽

Risa Purnamasari

Keyword(s):

Sexual Activity ◽

Group Iv ◽

Persea Americana ◽

Control Group ◽

Male Mice ◽

Group Iii ◽

Reproductive Ability ◽

Group I ◽

Pumpkin Seeds ◽

The Difference

Male reproductive ability ability has a linear correlation with libido and testosterone. Both are associated with various things main food consumption such as protein, vitamins and minerals. Aphrodisiac is an ingredient or drug that arouses sexual arousal or libido. Pumpkin is an example of food from plants with the highest content of zinc. This study was to determine whether there is a difference between the content of zinc on the peel, flesh and pumpkin seeds against sexual activity of mice. The experimental animals used were 24 male, group I mice as control group, Group II was grouped with pumpkin peel extract, Group III was grouped with extract of pumpkin flesh, Group IV was grouped with extract of pumpkin seeds. The dose used is 2gr / kg BB and volume of 0.2 ml is given for 35 days. Sexual Activity is observed every day by the position of male mice riding females. Based on Anova One Way test results showed there are differences in sexual activity mice males in each group (ρ 0.000). The difference of the result of the number of mounts indicated that the giving of yellow pumpkin extract had an effect on the increase of mating behavior of male mice. The group treated with the extract of pumpkin flesh showed the highest number of mice mounts (mean = 24,1667.Further research is needed to get a clearer picture of the composition of the pumpkin nutrients that indirectly affect fertility in men.

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Reproductive ability of cows and their descendants of different generations

Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.32718/nvlvet8921 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (89) ◽

pp. 114-121

Author(s):

S. I. Fyl ◽

E. I. Fedorovych ◽

P. V. Bodnar

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Reproductive Function ◽

Reproductive Capacity ◽

Reproduction Rate ◽

Mothers And Daughters ◽

Black And White ◽

Reproductive Ability ◽

Service Period ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference

The research was carried out on cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed and their descendants of the first and second generations on the conditions of LLC “Veletenj” in the Glukhiv district of the Sumy region. In cows, based on a retrospective analysis of data and the results of their own searches, was studied the age dynamics of reproductive capacity of cows for the first-seventh and higher lactation, and their daughters and granddaughters for the first and higher lactation. It has been established that reproductive ability of cows to some extent is due to their age. Depending on the lactation, the duration of the parturition of the cows of LLC “Veletenj” varied from 278.2 to 280.0, the duration of the indifference period – from 64.4 to 69.0 days, service period – from 123.5 to 136.4, inter-calving period – from 402.2 to 414.8 and in the dry stable period – from 61.3 to 75.8 days, the reproduction rate was 0.91–0.93, the calves output for 100 cows was 90.9–93.0 the index of insemination is 2.41–2.56 and the fertility index is 42.2–44.8. The results of our research indicate that each subsequent generation of cows was characterized by a better reproductive ability, which, in our opinion, is due to the timely abandonment of fetuses and stimulation of infertile cows, as well as an improved level of feeding. The difference in the duration of the service period for the first lactation between the mothers and their daughters was 24.5, for the best lactation – 24.8, for the duration of the interotional period – 24.8 and 23.7 days, respectively, at P < 0.001 in all cases. A more significant difference in reproductive performance was observed between cows and their granddaughters. In terms of the duration of the service period for the first and best lactation, it was 15.5 (P < 0.05) and 33.3 (P < 0,001) and interotional period – 17.3 (P < 0.05) and 33,2 days (P < 0.001) respectively. Between the majority of the studied reproductive abilities of mothers and daughters for the first and higher lactation, the relative variability was positive and reliable, and mothers and granddaughters – low uncertainty and mostly negative (exception – the duration of calving). The highest positive correlation coefficients were observed between the duration of cervix and their daughters (r = 0.113 ± 0.039 at P < 0.001) and granddaughters (r = 0.211 ± 0.088 at P < 0.05) for the first lactation, as well as mothers and daughters for higher lactation (r = 0.114 ± 0.039 at P < 0.01). Between indicators of the indifference period (r = -0.036–0.051) and the index of fertility of cows (r = -0.080–0.014) and their descendants for the lactation under investigation have low, multidirectional, unreliable connections. The influence of mothers on indicators of reproductive function of descendants is established. They made the most significant impact on the duration of service and inter calving periods, reproduction rate, calving out of 100 cows and the index of daughter insemination (ηx2 = 27.57–52.22%). For higher lactation, this effect was significantly lower (exception – the index of insemination) – ηx2 = 15,39–28,10%.

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The effect of immunogenetic factors on productive longevity and reproductive qualities of cows

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20202700072 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 00072

Author(s):

Lyubov Efimova ◽

Elena Gatilova ◽

Evgeny Ivanov ◽

Vera Tereshchenko

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Cattle Breeding ◽

Fertility Index ◽

Reproductive Ability ◽

Service Period ◽

Foreign Countries ◽

Urgent Task ◽

Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽

The Difference ◽

Economic Use

Increasing the productive longevity of cows with high reproductive ability is an urgent task in dairy cattle breeding both in Russia and foreign countries. Research was conducted in Krasnoyarsk region. The object was retired cows (n = 484). The blood groups of cows, indicators of productive longevity, and reproductive ability of cows were studied. The number of antigen carriers and non-carriers (frequency 30.0% and more) was analyzed. Out of 21 antigens with a frequency of more than 30.0%, the most frequently encountered antigens were E (80.6%), H` (77.5%), L (58.5%), W (57.6 %), A2 (57.0%), Z (54.1%), C (52.5%) and X2 (50.4%). The cows carrying O1 antigen had the highest productive longevity, – the difference from the cows not carrying this antigen by the retirement and lactation age was 0.8 years (p <0.001), and the period of economic use was 9.5 months (p <0.001), life-long milk yield was 3852 kg (p <0.001). Cows carrying antigens G3, O1, and L` had the best reproductive ability. In carriers of antigens O1, G3, and E`3, the service period was lower by 22.9; 20.3 and 18.9 days (p <0.05), and the fertility index was higher by 1.8; 1.6 and 1.7 units (p <0.05). In cows carrying L` antigen, the service period was shorter by 16.9 days (p <0.05).

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Efektivitas Mikronutrien Zinc dari Ekstrak Labu Kuning (Cucurbita Moschata D) Terhadap Perilaku Kawin Mencit (Mus musculus) Jantan

BIOTROPIC The Journal of Tropical Biology ◽

10.29080/biotropic.2018.2.1.53-60 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 53-60

Author(s):

Linda Prasetyaning ◽

Risa Purnamasari ◽

Nova Lusiana

Keyword(s):

Sexual Activity ◽

Group Iv ◽

Control Group ◽

Test Results ◽

Male Mice ◽

Group Iii ◽

Reproductive Ability ◽

Group I ◽

Pumpkin Seeds ◽

The Difference

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A Mutation in Plasma Platelet-activating Factor Acetylhydrolase (Val279Phe) Is a Genetic Risk Factor for Cerebral Hemorrhage but not for Hypertension

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1615214 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 80 (09) ◽

pp. 372-375 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Hidemi Yoshida ◽

Tadaatsu Imaizumi ◽

Koji Fujimoto ◽

Hiroyuki Itaya ◽

Makoto Hiramoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Genetic Risk ◽

Platelet Activating Factor ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Genetic Risk Factor ◽

Brain Hemorrhage ◽

Platelet Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase ◽

Paf Acetylhydrolase ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

The Difference

SummaryPlatelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase is an enzyme that inactivates PAF. Deficiency of this enzyme is caused by a missense mutation in the gene. We previously found a higher prevalence of this mutation in patients with ischemic stroke. This fact suggests that the mutation might enhance the risk for stroke through its association with hypertension. We have addressed this hypothesis by analyzing the prevalence of the mutation in hypertension. We studied 138 patients with essential hypertension, 99 patients with brain hemorrhage, and 270 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was analyzed for the mutant allele by the polymerase-chain reaction. The prevalence of the mutation was 29.3% (27.4% heterozygotes and 1.9% homozygotes) in controls and 36.2% in hypertensives and the difference was not significant. The prevalence in patients with brain hemorrhage was significantly higher than the control: 32.6% heterozygotes and 6.1% homozygotes (p <0.05). PAF acetylhydrolase deficiency may be a genetic risk factor for vascular diseases.

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Mode Shape-Based Damage Detection Method (MSDI): Experimental Validation

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11104589 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 4589

Author(s):

Ivan Duvnjak ◽

Domagoj Damjanović ◽

Marko Bartolac ◽

Ana Skender

Keyword(s):

Boundary Conditions ◽

Damage Detection ◽

Mode Shape ◽

Experimental Validation ◽

Detection Method ◽

Dynamic Properties ◽

Damage Index ◽

Main Principle ◽

The Difference ◽

Different Levels

The main principle of vibration-based damage detection in structures is to interpret the changes in dynamic properties of the structure as indicators of damage. In this study, the mode shape damage index (MSDI) method was used to identify discrete damages in plate-like structures. This damage index is based on the difference between modified modal displacements in the undamaged and damaged state of the structure. In order to assess the advantages and limitations of the proposed algorithm, we performed experimental modal analysis on a reinforced concrete (RC) plate under 10 different damage cases. The MSDI values were calculated through considering single and/or multiple damage locations, different levels of damage, and boundary conditions. The experimental results confirmed that the MSDI method can be used to detect the existence of damage, identify single and/or multiple damage locations, and estimate damage severity in the case of single discrete damage.

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Pleiotropic Roles of the Orthologue of the Drosophila melanogaster Intersex Gene in the Brown Planthopper

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12030379 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 379

Author(s):

Hou-Hong Zhang ◽

Yu-Cheng Xie ◽

Han-Jing Li ◽

Ji-Chong Zhuo ◽

Chuan-Xi Zhang

Keyword(s):

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Reproductive System ◽

Splice Variants ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens ◽

Vital Role ◽

Sexually Dimorphic ◽

Specific Product ◽

Reproductive Ability ◽

Female Specific

Intersex(ix), a gene involved in the sex-determining cascade of Drosophila melanogaster, works in concert with the female-specific product of doublesex (dsx) at the end of the hierarchy to implement the sex-specific differentiation of sexually dimorphic characters in female individuals. In this study, the ix homolog was identified in the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, which contained two splice variants expressed in both female and male insects. We found that Nlix played a vital role in the early nymphal development of BPH, showing an accumulated effect. RNAi-mediated knockdown of Nlix at 4th instar led to the external genital defects in both sexes, consequently resulting in the loss of reproductive ability in female and male individuals. After dsRNA injection, the males were normal on testes, while the females had defective ovarian development. Nlix was also required for early embryogenesis. Notably, when the dsNlix microinjection was performed in newly emerged females, the copulatory bursas were abnormally enlarged while the other tissues of the reproductive system developed normally. Our results demonstrated the pleiotropic roles of Nlix in embryogenesis and development of the reproductive system in a hemimetabolous insect species.

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