scholarly journals FEATURES OF FORMING THE EXTERIOR OF FIRSTCALF COWS UKRAINIAN RED-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED BY INDICATORS OF MEASUREMENTS AND BODY STRUCTURE INDICES

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
L. M. Hmelnychyi ◽  
D. A. Bardash ◽  
O. I. Klуmenko ◽  
L. V. Bondarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Harmonious Development ◽  
Target Values ◽  
Constitution Type ◽  
Structure Indices ◽  
Dairy Breed

The research was conducted to study the exterior of the first-calf cows of the Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed in the herd of enterprise LLC "Mlyniv complex" (v. Pohozha Krynytsia, Romny branch of Sumy region) by major measurements and body structure indices. According to the results of researches, the measurements of the traits cows' first-calf in the controlled herd of Mlyniv complex testify to the realization of hereditary possibilities in the development of the body structure of animals of the Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed in Sumy region. The level of height measurements of first-calf cows showed that animals in this farm  provided with suitable conditions that allow them to realize their genetic development potential in the process of  growing. Average height at withers (132.5 cm) and rump (141.7 cm) exceeds the parameters of the desired type and criteria for selection of first-calf cows of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed, recommended by the prospective breeding program of Sumy region for 2011–2020, respectively on 1.3 and 1.7 cm. The average indices of latitudinal measurements of type traits of first-calf cows of controlled breed: rump width (51.5 cm), hipbone width (49.4 cm) and ischial humps (34.2 cm) well characterize the development of pelvis. The pastern girth characterizes the development of the skeletal frame of animals and the type of constitution. The average measurement of the pastern in the first-calf cows at 19.2 cm indicates about the dairy type of animal and meets the requirements of the desired type. A more detailed understanding of the exterior type of animals in its correlative and harmonious development made it possible to make the body structure indices calculated by the appropriate formulas. About satisfactory overall development of the body structure of cows was evidenced by the index of long legs index, the average level of which 45.8% corresponds to animals of the desired type (45–46%) for this breed, and the stretching index at the level of 121.8% – the conformity of estimated first-calf cows to dairy type (121–123%). The thoracic index complements the pelvic thorax, characterizing chest development. A smaller index was inherent in dairy cattle. The average thorax index indicates on the dairy type of first-calf cows (58–62%) and decreasing in chest width, and an increase in their depth. The chest depth index in the average range of 54.2% approaches to the desired level (55–56%) and indicates about optimal ratio of chest depth to the height at withers for dairy cattle. Given that the parameters of measurements of the exterior traits characterizing the desired dairy type of animals, with corresponding level of their correlative development, expressed by body structure indices, meet to the harmonious development of the first-calf cow model of the Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed [8], comparing the obtained actual numerical values of overgrowth (107.1%), narrow quarters (156.6%), boniness (14.4%), massiveness (146.0%), broad chest (31.8%) and pelvic (95.9) %) with target values of 107.0; 151.0; 14.0; 142.0; 33.0 and 96.0%, we can conclude that the estimated first-calf cows of the Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed correspond to animals of the desired type except  massiveness index, by most indices. In general, the animals of the experimental herd differ in a strong constitution type with deep chests, well-developed dense muscles, sufficiently elastic skin, firm and thin skeleton frame that determine the dairy type, good health and endurance, which very important when using cows in modern technological conditions. According to results of the research was found that by measurements of the first-calf cows of the Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed, they have excellent development of the body structure, and the level of indices indicate the positive dynamics of the exterior formation of animals towards the dairy type at the present stage of their selection.

scholarly journals External characteristics adults cows of ukrainian black and white dairy breed

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (74) ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
M. I. Kuziv
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Size Factor ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Characteristic Type ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Dairy Breed

The results of the evaluation exterior of the animals Ukrainian black and white dairy cattle in the western region of Ukraine. Studies conducted on animals Ukrainian black and white dairy cattle in the «Milk River» farm in the Sokal and Brody offices breeding reproducers «Breeder» Lviv region and plant breeding «Yamnytsya» Ivano-Frankivsk region. Exterior animals was assessed by measurement of body articles. By value measurements calculated indices of body structure cows. Weight-size factor determined by the formula D.T. Vinnychuka and P.N. Merezhko. The results of research were treated by variational statistics G.F. Lakin. Adults cows of Ukrainian black and white dairy breed for exterior fit the type of dairy animals. Measurements body cows are: height at the withers – 135,6–136,5 depth of chest – 75,1–77,1 width chest – 46,2–48,6, chest girth for by shoulder – 197,0–201,2, oblique body length – 161,4–163,6 width in clubs – 54,5–57,2 girth metacarpus – 19,1–19,5 cm. By oblique trunk length and girth metacarpus, and in the «Milk River» farm Sokal offices and plant breeding «Yamnytsya» also for girth at breast for by blades are dominated by target parameters for the desired type of animal. By other body measurements investigated cows do not reach target parameters for the desired type of animal. Further breeding work with this array of animals should be directed to increase the linear dimensions of the body, with particular attention paid to the width of the chest. Indices body structure cows in farms of different characteristic type of dairy animals. Surround dimensions of the animals constituted 494,9–501,4 cm weight-size factor – 1,08–1,15. In cows of all farms the ratio of live weight and measurements body was typical for relatively stretched animals.

scholarly journals Exterior special characteristics of cows and their descendants of different generations at high-producing herds

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (91) ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
E. I. Fedorovych ◽  
S. I. Fyl ◽  
P. V. Bodnar
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Structure Characteristic ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Chest Girth ◽  
Structure Indices ◽  
Dairy Breed

The results of studies of the exterior characteristics of first-calf cows and their descendants of different generations are presented. The studies were conducted at high-producing herds (average yields per a cow about 10000 kg) LLC “Veleten” of the Glukhiv district of Sumy region and PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy” of the Kamyansko-Dniprovskyy district of Zaporizhzhya region created out of the absorption crossing of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed females with Holstein breeders, first-calf cows and their descendants of the first, second, and at PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy” – also of third generations. The sample of animals includes 62.5–100% share of Holstein inheritance. There was some differentiation between the cows of the controlled herds according to the investigated body measurements: the first-calf cows of PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy” were highly dominated the herdmates of LLC “Veleten” by height at the withers by 3.2, chest depth by 1.4, chest girth by the shoulder by 1.2 and oblique body length – by 1.7 cm, but were inferior to them in chest width by 0.8 (P < 0.05), width of oysters – by 0.4 and girth of wrist – by 0.3 cm (P < 0.001). The cows of both farms, by all studied exterior characteristics, outweighed their descendants of different generations, which is explained by the lower age of first calving for daughters, grandchildren and great-grandchildren than the cows from which they came. However, such a slight, although in most cases, probable differentiation between the exterior features of the cows and their descendants of the above generations appears to be the result of a better level of animal production of each successive generation, as indicated by their milk yields for the first lactation. However, according to all the investigated measurements (exception – width of oysters of cows of all generations and girth of wrist in the descendants of the second and third generations) animals of both controlled herds outperformed the target parameters of exterior characteristics for the first-calf cows of the desired type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. The analysis of body structure indices shows that the first-calf cows under control and their descendants of different generations were characterized by the type of body structure characteristic of dairy cattle. Between the body measurements of animals and their descendants of different generations, different strengths and directions of communication are established. The correlation coefficients between the exterior characteristics of cows and their daughters in LLC “Veleten”, depending on the size, were in the range -0.05 – +0.15, in cows and their granddaughters, within -0.15 – +0.06, and the regression coefficients are within -0.05 – +0.19 and -0.15 – +0.05, respectively. In PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy” the relative variability of body measurements in cows and their descendants of the first, second and third generations was -0.07 – +0.23, respectively; -0.19 – +0.14 and -0.33 – +0.26, and regression coefficients ranged from -0.04 to +0.14; from -0.17 to +0.07 and from -0.47 to +0.16. It should be noted that in both farms the correlation coefficients between the exterior features of animals of different generations were by no means probable, and the regression coefficients were only reliable between the chest depth behind the shoulders of cows and their daughters in LLC “Velyten” and between heights in the cows' hedge and their great-grandchildren at PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy”.

FEATURES OF THE EXTERIOR TYPE OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED OF THE CHERKASSY REGION, ESTIMATED BY THE LINEAR CLASSIFICATION METHOD

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
L. M. Khmelnychy
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
The Body ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Linear Classification ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Maternal Line ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Dairy Breed

The estimation of the first-born cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed by the exterior type in the leading breeding herds of Cherkassy region by the method of linear classification (n = 566) has been carried out. The results of the evaluated animals by the 100-score system indicate that within the group of traits, the average level of assessment is "good with the plus". The animals have been differed by the good development of group features characterizing the dairy type (82.4 score), body condition (83.5 score), limbs (82.8 score), udder (82.7 score) and overall score (82.8 score). The degree of development 18 descriptive traits of the exterior of cows, has been predicted by the method of linear classification, indicates their significant intraherd variability. Animals have the moderate height, deep body and angularity. The rump angle, the angle of hock joint and the teats length, according to the variability of scores in the range of 17.8–22.4%, have an average optimal development. The level of scores for the rear width (5.9 score), attachment of the fore (6.3 score) and the rear parts (6.0 score) of the udder testifies to their good development. The body structure of the cows-firstborn has a sufficient description of the type traits that determine their milk yield. At the present stage of selection and breeding work due to the use of bull-sires different origins and breeding value on the local population livestock with significant genotype diversity, the degree of influence each of the hereditary factors in the overall variability of linear features has a scientific and practical significance. In our studies, the force of influence conditional bloodiness of the Holstein mother's breed in the overall fraction of variability of linear type traits within the exterior complexes and the overall assessment takes a significant percentage - from 24.9 to 31.5 with a high degree of reliability according to Fischer's criterion. Among the descriptive traits, the proportion of influence the conditional bloodiness of mother, which is confirmed by high statistical confidence, ranges from 14.4 to 19.8%, and refers to the traits important for breeding. The level of coefficients of influence the father's breeding value in the total phenotypic variability for some of the linear traits is high and reliable. First of all it concerns group traits of the exterior, the development of which is determined by the pedigree value of father by 37.1–41.8%, and the overall assessment of type – by 46.6%. The coefficients of influence father's breeding value in most of the descriptive traits have high reliability (P < 0,001). The coefficients of the force of influence father, depending on the heredity of Holstein for the linear traits of almost the same level as his pedigree value. Since in this case the organized factor is purebreed Holstein and crossbreed bulls-sires of domestic selection, the positive role of Holstein heredity in improving the exterior type of cows has been traced realistically. The necessity of linear breeding, as an effective method in the system of dairy cattle breeding, has been substantiated by reliable values of the coefficients of the force of influence of father's line on the linear traits of offspring (3.4–29.5%). Despite the significant variability of coefficients of the force of influence on the linear traits, most of them have a high level of reliability within the evaluated body parts important for selection. The effect of cows belonging to the maternal line on the development of features of the body structure is insignificant and unreliable (5.3–9.2%). In the process of breeding aimed at improving cows of dairy herd by the exterior type, the pedigree value of parents has been assessed according to the method of linear classification of their daughters and their belonging to perspective genealogical formations.

scholarly journals Extraterritorial-constitutional features of Вlack-and-Spotted Dairy cows of different affinity and production types

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (89) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
O. M. Golub ◽  
S. G. Shalovylo ◽  
A. O. Bojko ◽  
R. S. Oseredchuk
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
Production Type ◽  
Adaptive Capabilities ◽  
Dairy Breed ◽  
Meat Type

The evaluation of animals by exteriors and constitutions is an important component in an integrated selection system. Exterior of farm animals is an external manifestation of the constitution and fully characterizes their tribal, productive and adaptive capabilities. The exteriors also assess the degree of animal typical for the line, family, because the type of body structure, along with the indicators of milk productivity is the main selection criterion for the improvement of any breed. The research was carried out on a herd of cows of Ukrainian Black-and- Spotted Dairy breed in the amount of 320 heads in the LTD “Pershe Travnya” Drohobych district Lviv region. The definition of productive types was carried out in accordance with the recommendations from the evaluation of the type of body tissue of dairy cattle of Derzhagroprom of Ukraine (1991). In the result of the evaluation, two groups of animals were identified: milk and milk and meat types. At the same time, in each production type, two groups of cows were established by the method of genealogical analysis: I – up to 75% and II – over 75% of the inheritance of Holstein breed. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the cows of the Ukrainian Black-and-Spotted Dairy breed are characterized by strong body structure and good muscle development. The assessment of exterior – constitutional parameters of experimental animals revealed, that from 320 cows to dairy type belong 170 heads, or 55.6%, and to a milk-meat type – 142 heads, or 44.4%. It was installed that the cows of Ukrainian Black-and-Spotted Dairy breed of various types of production, despite the same conditions of keeping, are distinguished by the following measurements: height at the withers – 132.9 – 136.2 cm, height in the back - 135.8 – 138.9 cm, height in the sacrum – 137.7 – 140.7 cm, depth of chest – 72.9 – 75.9 cm, breast width 43.4 – 45.9 cm, breast circumference – 193.3 – 196.4 cm, curvature of the body – 160.7 – 165.3 cm, spit curve length of the back – 53.6 – 55.1 cm, girth heel – 19.7 – 20.5 cm. The indicated measurements in the section of lactation in high-clover cows compared to animals with a proportion of heredity of holstein to 75% are generally higher in both types of production. This indicates that with the increase in genotypes the share of heredity and among the animals of the milk-meat type are formed externality signs with a bias in the milk type.

VARIABILITY OF POPULATION-GENETIC PARAMETERS OF EXTERIOROF COWS IN SUMY INTERBREED TYPE OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY CATTLE

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 144-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Khmelnyhcyy
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Body Conformation ◽  
Chest Girth ◽  
Efficient Selection ◽  
Dairy Breed

The study of variability of population-genetics parameters of cows’ exterior was conducted on the livestock number of Sumy interbreed type of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed in the pedigree farm Pidlisnivskа branch of PJSC «Rise-Maksymko», Sumy district. The level of positive correlation coefficients and their reliability showed that milk yield of first-calf heifers in the experimental herd to the greatest extent depended on the height at withers (r = 0.458) and rump (r = 0.324), depth of chest (r = 0.375) latitudinal measurements of backside (r = 0.263-0.375), body length (r = 0.303) and chest girth (r = 0.388). With age, the relation between the measurements of body conformation and the amount of milk yield of first-calf heifers in this direction remains, but with a slight decrease of correlation coefficients that can be the result of natural growth of age variability of exterior traits under the influence of ontogenetic regularities of development and paratypical factors. Analysis of inheritance coefficients of the body conformation measurements of the estimated cows of Sumy innerbreed type of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed showed their genotypic variability, which varied within the recorded lactations. In the pedigree farm a sufficient, reliable according to Fisher criterion, level of inheritance coefficients was found, which would provide appropriate effectiveness of mass selection on the measurements of height at withers and rump, depth of chest, latitudinal measurements of backside which were different in the first and second lactations. Somewhat lower and less reliable levels of the inheritance coefficients of body measurements traits were obtained from cows according to the third lactation, which is explained, in a certain way, increasing age variability of the estimated traits. The level of correlation of the measurements with milk yield allows to perform indirect selection by type, and the figures of inheritance of the measurements confirm the possibility of efficient selection of dairy cattle at the age of the first lactation with the aim of improvement of exterior for the herd and breed.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF THE EXTERIOR OF THE COWS OF THE UKRAINIAN BLACK- AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED UNDER THE ABSORPTIVE CROSSOVER

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
A. R. Pendyuk ◽  
V. V. Fedorovych ◽  
N. P. Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Body Constitution ◽  
New Genotype ◽  
The World ◽  
Dairy Breed

During the last decade the world Gene pool of the best cattle breeds is intensively used in Ukraine with the aim to improve productive qualities of animals. In particular, the improvement of dairy cattle includes intensive usage of gene pool of Holstein breed, as its level of milk productivity is the best in the world. The creation of new genotype caused permanent control on the exterior peculiarities of animals and the nature of their connection with productive features. On this basis the aim of our researches was to learn formation of the exterior of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed under the absorptive crossover. The researches were conducted at agricultural LCC “Lyshche” of Lutsk region of Volyn oblast on heifers (n = 1164) and full-grown cows (n = 596) of different genotype of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. There were formed 5 groups of animals: I – cows with Holstein share heredity of 75% and lower, II – with Holstein share heredity 75.1–81.25%, III – with Holstein share heredity 81.26–87.50%, IV – with Holstein share heredity 87.51–93.75% and V – with Holstein share heredity over 93.75%. The assessment of exterior was conducted on the measurements of body parts of heifers and full-grown cows on the retrospective analysis. The following measurements were taking into account: height at the withers, breast depth, breast width, chest area behind the shoulder blades, hips width, oblique corpus length and girth of the metacarpus which were used to measure indices of body constitution. It is well-known that the exterior of heifers is the criteria of selection of cows into a herd and the assessment if bulls by the type of daughter’s body constitution. It is established that the heifers and cows of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed under control were quite high (height at the withers – 132.3 and 138.9 cm) with well-developed thorax (breast depth – 72.2 and 81.6, breast width – 46.4 and 54.2, chest area behind the shoulder blades – 191.0 and 201.9 cm). The average length of their corpus was 156.2 and 163.7, hips width – 51.7 and 58.8 and girth of the metacarpus – 18.1 and 19.1 cm. The connection between the exterior forms of body constitution and the indices of productivity of animal is especially opening with the use of index estimation of exterior. The usage of body constitution indices gives the opportunity objectively identify development of some parts, their changeability with age, productive and type differences, identify their connection with direction and the level of animals’ productivity in some household environment. The analysis of body constitution indices shows that heifers and full grown cows by the exterior peculiarities belongs to dairy type, were quite harmonious by the body constitution. The identifying of measurements of body parts of animals allows to compare their both individual and group peculiarities and to select the best dairy cows. That is why there is the necessity to learn changes of exterior and milk productivity of cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed of different genotype. With the increase of Holstein heredity share in the genotype of animals of Ukrainian Black-and-White increased the investigated body measurements (except – breast width and girth metacarpus). The heifers had significant (P < 0.05–0.001) decrease in boniness indices, extension, thoracic, hips and chest, chest width and increase of indices of blockiness, sex and conventional corpus girth after the saturation of their Holstein genotype (I). There is a similar tendency of change of body structure indices was also observed in cows, but these changes were mainly unreliable. The strength of impact of genotype on the measurements and indices of body structure of both heifers and grown cows was negligible. The heifers’ conditional share of Holstein heredity had the most significant impact on measurements at withers (6.0%) and breast depth (3.6%), and cows – on measurements of oblique corpus length (5.8%), breast girth behind shoulder blades (4.9%) and height at the withers (4.2%) at 0.001 in all cases. The genotype had the most significant influence on bone indices (5.8%), sex (4.0%), breast (3.8%) and hips and breast (3.6%) in heifers’ case, and in full-grown cows’ case – on indexes of conditional volume (II) (5.6%), bones (4.3%) and conditional corpus (I) (3.2%).

scholarly journals THE LIFETIME OF COWS UKRAINIAN RED-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED DEPENDING ON THE LINEAR TRAITS ESTIMATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 197-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Khmelnychiy ◽  
V. V. Vechorka
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Linear Classification ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Dairy Breed

Studies conducted in the herd for breeding Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed (n=250). Evaluation of exterior-type heifers were conducted by the method of linear classification according to the latest recommendations of the ICAR at the age of 2-4 months after calving. Such descriptive traits, that characterize the body structure of cows – chest width, body depth, angularity, the fatness, the position and rump width had been studied. The results of studies showed reliable influence of the score level of exterior descriptive traits on the lifetime of cows. The degree of variability of relationship between these traits depended on the score level and specific point of the body structure. The effect of the chest width on the lifetime of cows has curvilinear variability. Longer lifespan have been identified in animals in 3-5 scores for the development of this trait and was 2452-2505 days. With the increase from the average value in 5 scores, the lifetime of cows decreased from 2351 (6 scores), to 2041 days (9 scores). Comparing group of animals valued in 5 score with groups in 6-9 scores revealed a reliable variance in favor of the former, which ranged from 184 (P<0,05), to 464 days (P<0,001). Studies of the effect of body depth on lifetime showed that the longest periods of longevity inherent in animals evaluated the development of trait in 6-9 scores, with the highest value of 2531 days estimated in 8 scores. Cows with excessive angularity and maximum lifespan (2455-2503 days) had higher scores (7-9). A significant decrease is observed when reducing the score for this trait starting from 6 scores (-193 days; P<0,001) to 1 score (-648 days; P<0,001) in comparison with the best result in 8 scores. The relationship between the assessment for condition of rump angle and lifespan of cows has a curvilinear nature. Animals with an optimal rating of the trait in 5 scores had a high lifetime in 2517 days, whereas with the increase and decrease of scores, the number of cows days of life decreased. The difference in life expectancy between cows valued at 5 scores with groups of animals assessed in 6-9 scores ranges from 12 to 284 days with a reliable variance only compared with 8 and 9 scores (P<0,05). Compared with groups of animals estimated by 1-4 scores, the variability of variance was 100-509 days with reliability compared with 1 and 2 scores (P<0,01). The lifetime of cows is in straight dependence on the score level for trait chest width. Cows with the highest estimate for the development of trait in 9 scores was used for 462 days longer compared to animals with 1 score (P<0,01). Among the evaluated population, the greatest number of cows (n=88) estimated in 7 scores, next (n=56) in 6. In general, the vast number of cows (n=189), or 75,6% are for the development of this trait above the average, i.e. is characterized by a rather wide rump. The highest average lifetime of animals in 5 scores for fatness is on average – 2523 days. A sufficient lifetime of cows valued 1 to 4 scores with variability 2276-2459 days inferior for animals in 5 scores on 64-247 days with a significant difference between the groups estimated in 1 and 3 scores (P<0,05). A significant reduction in lifetime observed in cows with body condition score in 7-9. They are significantly worse in comparison with groups of animals with 5 scores, for a high reliable difference 282-566 days (P<0,001). A significant effect on the development of linear type traits was installed on longevity of cows Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed. Each of the estimated descriptive traits influence on life expectancy of cows with different variability within grading scores in accordance with desirable development. Selection of Dairy cattle for desirable development of exterior type traits by results of linear classification will enhance the duration use of cows.

scholarly journals Population-genetic parameters of the traits of the body structure of cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
L. Khmelnychyi ◽  
S. Khmelnychyi
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Body ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Chest Girth ◽  
Dairy Breed

Researches of the linear traits of the body structure of cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed were conducted in the herd of the breeding plant of the Pidlisnivskoyi branch of PJSC «Rise-Maksymko» in Sumy region. The results of the correlated variability between conformation measurements and the value of animal milk yield in the age-related lactation dynamics were presented. Positive correlation coefficients were determined within the statistical significance between measurements and milk yield of first-born cows: height at withers (r=0,422) and sacrum (0,353), chest depth (r=0,362), width in pin (r=0,311), hip bone (0,271 ) and ischial humps (r=0.366); oblique body length (r=0,286) and rear (r=0,244); chest girth (r=0.391). With age ties are weakening. The degree of heritability measurements varies within the traits and age of cows. In the herd of the breeding farm revealed sufficient, reliable by Fisher's criterion, the level of inheritance coefficients, which will provide adequate efficiency of mass selection by height measurements at the withers (h2=0,347) and sacrum (h2=0,288), depth (h2=0,244) and chest girth (h2=0,348), rear width (h2=0,251‒0,264), oblique body length (h2=0,318) and rear part (h2=0,216), for which animals differed at the age of the first lactation. It was determined that the share of variability of measurements of the main traits of the body structure is caused by the heritability of improving breed (22.1‒36.4 %), parent breeding value of cows (16.1‒37.7 %), blood of father (10.9‒26, 6 %) and father line (8.6‒19.6 %). The positive correlation coefficients have been determined between the majority of body parts measurements and the value of milk yield, and the sufficient level of heritability in age-related lactation dynamics were the motivating factors for efficiency of selective breeding of dairy cattle breed by conformation. Power of influence of the breeding value of parent and his origin on the indicators of the conformation measurements of their offspring indicated the need to consider when selection of indicators of comprehensive assessment the breeding value of sires. Key words: Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed, cows, measurements, correlation, inheritance, power of influence, hope.

scholarly journals Optimization of an EMU train carbody by the value of the natural bending frequency

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-159
Author(s):  
R. V. Guchinsky
Keyword(s):  
Vibration Frequency ◽  
Natural Vibration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Natural Vibration Frequency ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Main Bearing ◽  
Bending Vibrations ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Target Values

Finding ways to optimize the body structure is an important point in the design of new electric train cars. Reducing the mass of the body leads to a lightening of the parts of the rolling stock associated with it, a reduction in energy consumption for operation and a decrease in wear in the “wheel — rail”system. Reducing the weight of the body is possible by assigning optimal rigidity to its main load-bearing elements. Increasing the rigidity of the body with a constant mass is also an important task to obtain the standard dynamic properties of the car body.The article presents method for optimizing the body structure based on calculating the value of its first frequency of natural bending vibrations. The calculation was carried out by the finite element method using a simplified beam-shell parametric model. Within the optimization calculations, 3125 working versions of sections of the main load-bearing structural elements with different rigidity were considered — bracing and cross-beams of the frame, inter-window racks and cross-beams of the roof. The sensitivity of the value of the natural vibration frequency to the change in the rigidity of the main bearing elements without taking into account the change in mass is analyzed. It was found that the rigidity of the frame bracing and cross beams has the greatest influence on the frequency value. It is shown that the ratio of the rigidity of the main bearing elements does not remain constant for optimal design options and depends on the design of the body, the target values of its mass and rigidity. When mass is limited, it is possible to choose designs that are characterized by the greatest overall body rigidity and are the most optimal in terms of manufacturability. By limiting the values of natural vibration frequency, it is possible to choose a body structure with the lowest metal mass. The presented approach allows making decisions on body modification based on the required parameters of mass and (or) the frequency of natural bending vibrations. This approach can be used in pre-design studies of the bodies of new passenger rolling stock.

MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF COWS OF VARIOUS EXTERIOR AND CONSTITUTIONAL TYPES

2021 ◽  
pp. 102-113
Author(s):  
BATANOV S.D. BATANOV S.D. ◽  
◽  
KH.A. AMERKHANOV ◽  
I.A. BARANOVA ◽  
O.S. STAROSTINA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Productivity Level ◽  
Udmurt Republic ◽  
Constitution Type ◽  
Arch Index

Improvement of the genetic potential in terms of cows’ productivity and creation of high milk-yield cattle with good health and long productive lifetime characteristics is impossible without systematic evaluation of such traits as milk-yield, exterior, and constitution type. The aim of our research was to study the trends in exterior traits genetic selection parameters changing, determine the extent of interconnection between cow productivity traits and constitution type among the Black-Motley and Kholmogory cow breeds of the Udmurt Republic. The research based on cow breeding-stocks was carried out in 2018–2020. The sampled population included 449 specimens. The whole cow population to be analyzed was divided in 3 groups by the productivity level: 1 – low (up to 6,000 kg); 2 – moderate (from 6,000 to 8,000 kg); 3 – high (over 8,000 kg). High milk-yield cows were higher – withers height was higher by 1.5% and 1.4% (P < 0.05) – and had more elongated body (by 1.0% and 0.8%) as compared with the 1st and 2nd group specimens. Low milk-yield cows (up to 6,000 kg) had short stature and big-boned constitution type with better-developed skeleton. They had greater values of such parameters as the chest width (by 1.6%), wide hip width (by 7.3%, P < 0.01), width of loin (by 13.2%, P < 0.01), and metacarpus girth (by 3.2%, P < 0.05). Cows with a productivity level over 8,000 kg of milk per 305 days of lactation had relatively high value of the Pelvic arch length (by 2.0% and 2.3%, Р < 0.05) and the depth of loin (by 1.3% and 1.5%) with insignificant difference in rump bone length. The lowest value of the mean exterior index of constitution type (by 3.0%, P < 0.05) was observed in high milkyield cows that is the evidence of the constitution proportionality, namely, optimal relation between the body volume and the height of a cow. Moreover, the Pelvic arch index – the ratio of the Pelvic arch volume to the body length – also testifies to harmonious constitution. High milk-yield cows demonstrated this index to be the lowest (by 3.8%, Р < 0.01) and featured more harmonious constitution.

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