Don historian P.G. Chernopitsky: “The main thing for him was the truth”

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12-1) ◽  
pp. 150-167
Author(s):  
Alexey Grishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
State University ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Collective Farm ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Life Path ◽  
Main Thing

The article tells about the life path and research work of the Don agricultural historian P.G. Chernopitsky. The stages of scientific creativity are determined, the main scientific works in the context of the era are considered, its position on the debatable problems of the Don and North Caucasus history, in particular, on the essence and stages of decossackization is determined. The contribution of P. G. Chernopitsky to the study of the socio -economic history of the Soviet pre -collective farm village, collectivization, the famine of 1932-1933 in the North Caucasus, the history of the Don Cossacks in the Soviet period is demonstrated. Relations with colleagues at Rostov State University are highlighted.

Ideology and Historical Concepts: the Evolution of Ideas about the Caucasian War in the XX – XXI Centuries

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
Tatˈjana Aleksandrovna Nevskaja ◽  
Alla S. Kondrasheva
Keyword(s):  
General Concept ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
General Direction ◽  
The North ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolution Of Ideas ◽  
Marxist Concept ◽  
Ideological Attitudes

In the article, the authors attempted to consider changes in the general concept of the Caucasian war during the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, depending on the political and ideological attitudes inherent in various historical stages. The key moments of this complex and ambiguous phenomenon are analyzed, which still cause heated discussions in science and society (name, dating, reasons, Caucasian muridism, problems of Muhajirism).It is indicated that historiography of the beginning of the twentieth century, as in the earlier period, did not dispute the legality of the establishment of Russian orders in the region. It is shown that in the Soviet period, the assessment of the movement of highlanders in the East and West Caucasus depended not only on a change in the historical paradigm, but also on a change in the general direction of state policy in the field of ideology (“national liberation struggle against tsarism”, “Shamil is a protege of Sultan Turkey and British colonialists","the struggle against the colonial policy of tsarism and against their own feudal lords"). Attention is drawn to the fact that the collapse of the USSR, the destruction of the Marxist concept of history, the development of national and separatist movements, the beginning of the Islamic revival in the North Caucasus contributed to the beginning of the active process of revising the assessments and events of the Caucasian War, which was the most striking event in the history of many peoples.The article concludes that, despite the abundance of work, scientists have not only yet to illuminate the little-studied aspects of the Caucasian war, but also to give an objective interpretation to many of its stages, based on scientific approaches, and not following political orders for the sake of one or another ideology.

Review of Studies of Dagestan Arabic-Language Sources of the Post-Soviet Period

2021 ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Ramazan S. Abdulmazhidov
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Post Soviet Period

Materials in the Arabic language, mainly concentrated in Dagestan, occupy the most important place among the sources on the history of the North Caucasus. Its research has started since the 19th century. The academic study of these sources continued with the establishment of the Center of Oriental Manuscripts in 1963 in Makhachkala at the Institute of Language, History and Literature of Dagestan branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the post-Soviet period, Russian orientalists drew attention to a number of still insufficiently studied Arabic-language sources. The research work revealed more new sources that significantly changed established ideas about social, legal and military-political history of Dagestan. Extensive study and translations of several historical chronicles, a wide range of various sources from the period of the Caucasian War were introduced into scientific circulation. Systematic work is underway to study the epistolary sources kept both in the Fund of Oriental Manuscripts of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Makhachkala (it includes now thousands of manuscripts and documents) and in numerous private manuscript collections. Studies of Arabic-language written monuments often remain out of sight not only for a wide range of readers, but also for the historians who specialize on the history of the Caucasus. This article devoted to their review and analysis is intended to fill this gap; it summarizes a certain result of enduring research work directed to the study of these manuscripts, carried out in the post-Soviet period.

scholarly journals Абречество как одна из форм социального протеста

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.T. Agieva
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Social Protest ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Comparative

Феномен абречества исследуется в русле комплекса проблем, связанных с историей национально-освободительной борьбы народов Северного Кавказа. Методологической основой явился принцип эволюционного развития, примененный к анализу социальных процессов. Материалами стали архивные источники, исследования историков, данные толковых и энциклопедических словарей. Прослежена эволюция значения термина абрек , изучено развитие самого абречества как формы социального протеста, привлечен фактографический материал, касающийся жизни одного из самых известных абреков Ингушетии Зелимхана Гушмазукаева. Термин абрек , первоначально означавший разбойника и изгоя, постепенно изменил смысл, приобретя значение борца за свободу против царских войск и администрации. Суть и внутреннее содержание абречества со временем эволюционировали аналогичным образом. Наличие у абречества социальной опоры обусловило вывод о том, что оно было ответом горского общества на политическое бесправие и экономические проблемы.The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of abrechestvo in line with a complex of scientific problems related to the history of the national liberation struggle of the peoples of the North Caucasus against the colonialist policy of the tsarist administration. The methodological basis was the principle of evolutionary development applied to social processes. The author used a set of methods inherent in historical science (historical-chronological, historical-comparative, diachronic, and others), as well as methods related to the interpretation of texts and concepts. The materials for the research were archival sources, studies of historians and data from explanatory and encyclopedic dictionaries. The term abrek is analyzed in detail, its variations in the languages of different peoples of the North Caucasus are given. Further, the author traces the evolution of the meaning of this concept in the Russian language for more than 120 yearsfrom the dictionaries of the mid-19th century to the last edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. The development of abrechestvo as a phenomenon of social life is investigated. The factual material relating to the activities of one of the most famous abreks of Mountain Ingushetia, Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev, is involved. The author comes to the conclusion that the term abrek, originally meaning a robber and an outcast, changed its meaning over the century, acquiring, in addition to a romantic connotation, the meaning of a freedom fighter against the tsarist troops and administration. Similarly, over time, the essence and inner content of abrechestvo evolved: from a forced exile and vagrancy to activities of social protest and of fighting for justice. These ideals were supported by the majority of representatives of the North Caucasian ethnic communities, who openly supported abreks, not fearing the possible reprisals from the authorities. At the same time, public consciousness quite clearly separated true abreks from those who did evil under their name and authority. The author claims that abreks resorted to robberies only selectively and avoided murders. They used the stolen property for buying weapons, for helping the needy and families who lost their breadwinners. Abreks had societys support, which led the author to the conclusion that it was a response of the highlanders society to political lawlessness and economic problems that constantly accompanied its development during the pre-Soviet period.The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of abrechestvo in line with a complex of scientific problems related to the history of the national liberation struggle of the peoples of the North Caucasus against the colonialist policy of the tsarist administration. The methodological basis was the principle of evolutionary development applied to social processes. The author used a set of methods inherent in historical science (historical-chronological, historical-comparative, diachronic, and others), as well as methods related to the interpretation of texts and concepts. The materials for the research were archival sources, studies of historians and data from explanatory and encyclopedic dictionaries. The term abrek is analyzed in detail, its variations in the languages of different peoples of the North Caucasus are given. Further, the author traces the evolution of the meaning of this concept in the Russian language for more than 120 yearsfrom the dictionaries of the mid-19th century to the last edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. The development of abrechestvo as a phenomenon of social life is investigated. The factual material relating to the activities of one of the most famous abreks of Mountain Ingushetia, Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev, is involved. The author comes to the conclusion that the term abrek, originally meaning a robber and an outcast, changed its meaning over the century, acquiring, in addition to a romantic connotation, the meaning of a freedom fighter against the tsarist troops and administration. Similarly, over time, the essence and inner content of abrechestvo evolved: from a forced exile and vagrancy to activities of social protest and of fighting for justice. These ideals were supported by the majority of representatives of the North Caucasian ethnic communities, who openly supported abreks, not fearing the possible reprisals from the authorities. At the same time, public consciousness quite clearly separated true abreks from those who did evil under their name and authority. The author claims that abreks resorted to robberies only selectively and avoided murders. They used the stolen property for buying weapons, for helping the needy and families who lost their breadwinners. Abreks had societys support, which led the author to the conclusion that it was a response of the highlanders society to political lawlessness and economic problems that constantly accompanied its development during the pre-Soviet period.

scholarly journals SOME FEATURES OF UTIZHEV’S POETICINDIVIDUAL AUTHOR’S STYLE

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Л.Б. ХАВЖОКОВА
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Prose Poems ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
National Poetry ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One

Статья посвящена изучению поэтического наследия – одной из многочисленных граней творчества кабардинского поэта, писателя, драматурга, ученого-лингвиста Бориса Кунеевича Утижева. Актуальность исследования продиктована, с одной стороны, недостаточной разработанностью некоторых жанров (сонет, баллада, стихотворения в прозе) в адыгской (кабардинской) литературе, с другой – необходимостью восполнения существующего пробела в изучении поэтического наследия Б. Утижева. Научная новизна исследования заключается в том, что поэзия указанного автора впервые стала предметом отдельного комплексного изучения в диалектике формы и содержания. В центре исследовательского внимания – лирические стихи и сонеты поэта. Отдельное внимание уделяется новаторскому жанру стихотворений в прозе, выявляется специфика их идейно-тематической и структурно-композиционной организации. Детализированному анализу подвергается единственная баллада «Песнь», дается жанровая характеристика, выявляется степень соответствия произведения заявленному автором жанру. В целом, в статье рассмотрена тематика и проблематика, эстетика и поэтика лирических и лиро-эпических произведений: выявлены основные мотивы, изучен богатый поэтический язык, представлена характеристика индивидуально-авторского стиля Утижева. Определен вклад поэта в эволюцию национальной поэзии. В работе использован ряд научных методов, в числе главных – анализ, описание, а также герменевтический метод. Полученные результаты могут стать подспорьем при изучении истории адыгских (адыгейской, кабардинской, черкесской, черкесского зарубежья) литератур, в более общем плане – литературы народов Северного Кавказа и Российской Федерации, а также при составлении спецкурсов и написании квалификационных и другого рода исследовательских работ. The article is devoted to the study of the poetic heritage of Boris Kuneevich Utizhev, that is one of the many facets of the work of the Kabardian poet, writer, playwright, scientist-linguist. The relevance of the study is dictated, on the one hand, by the insufficient development of some genres (sonnets, ballads, prose poems) in the Adyghe (Kabardian) literature, on the other hand, by the need to fill the existing gap in the study of B. Utizhev's poetic heritage. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the poetry of this author for the first time became the subject of a separate comprehensive study in the dialectic of form and content. The focus of research is the poet's poems and sonnets. Special attention is paid to the innovative genre of prose poems, the specificity of their ideological-thematic and structural-compositional organization is revealed. The only ballad "Song" is subjected to a detailed analysis, a genre characteristic is given, the degree of conformity of the work to the genre declared by the author is revealed. In general, the article examines the topics and problems, aesthetics and poetics of lyric and lyric-epic works: the main motives are revealed, the rich poetic language is studied, the characteristic of Utizhev’s individual author style is presented. The contribution of the poet to the evolution of national poetry is determined. A number of scientific methods were used in the work, among the main ones - analysis, description, as well as comparative-historical and hermeneutic methods. The results obtained can be helpful in studying the history of the Adyghe (Adyghean, Kabardian, Circassian, Circassian abroad) literatures, more generally – the literature of the peoples of the North Caucasus and the Russian Federation, as well as in the preparation of special courses and writing qualification and other types of research work.

scholarly journals ALANS-OSSETIANS IN SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY  

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Х. Хадикова
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Period ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The One ◽  
Soviet Historiography

В статье анализируются основные достижения научного алановедения советского периода, рассматриваются фундаментальные изыскательские направления, сложившиеся либо продолжавшиеся в это время. Наиболее приоритетными становятся вопросы происхождения алан и условий их выхода на историческую арену. Безусловно, главные гипотезы были обозначены ранее, но именно советские исследователи историки, лингвисты, археологи и др. сформулировали основные подходы и наиболее жизнеспособные концепции. И, конечно же, новый импульс отечественное алановедение получило в связи с усилением интереса ученых к скифославянской проблематике. В статье последовательно и обстоятельно систематизируются выдвинутые в рассматриваемый период версии истории алан с учетом двух классификационных групп, в рамках которых и развивались изыскания советских ученых автохтонистской и миграционной. Помимо этого, в обзоре нашли свое отражение и достаточно казуистические предположения, отрицающие этническое содержание самого термина аланы . В анализе историографии аланской проблематики в советский период учитывается хронологический принцип формирования концептуальных взглядов, а в случае, когда это необходимо и их научной критики. То немалое значение, которое играли аланы в средневековой истории юговостока СССР, предопределило появление широкого ряда исследований, затрагивающих общие и частные вопросы истории алан на Северном Кавказе, а также их культурной и генетической преемственности с живыми этносами этого региона. Указанное направление изначально связано с этногенезом осетин. В статье представлен анализ разработок и этого вопроса в трудах ученых. Советская наука с ее внушительной историографической традицией внесла значительный вклад в полуторавековую историю развития отечественной и мировой аланистики. The article analyzes the main achievements of the Soviet period ofscientificAlanic studies. The fundamental research directions that developed or were being continued at that time in the Alanic studies are considered. The most priority issues are the origin of the Alans and the context of their entry into the historical arena. The main relevant hypotheses had been outlined earlier, but due to the Soviet researchers historians, linguists, archaeologists, etc. the main approaches and the most viable conceptswere formulated. And, of course, the Alanicstudies receiveda new impetus in connection with the increased interest of the scientists in the ScythianSlavic problems. The article consistently and in great detail systematizes all the versions of the main Alanian problem put forward in the Soviet period, taking into account the two classification groups, within which the research of Soviet scientists developedalongsideautochthonous and migration lines. In addition, this review considers rather casuistic assumptions, for example, the one denying the ethnic content of the term Alans. The analysis of the historiography of the Alanian problems in the Soviet period takes into account the chronological principle of the formation of conceptual views, and when necessary their scientific criticism. The considerable importance played by the Alans in the medieval history of the SouthEast of the USSR, predetermined a wide range of studies dealing with general and particular issues of the history of the Alans in the North Caucasus, their cultural and genetic relationship with the living ethnic groups of the region. This line was originally associated with the ethnogenesis of the Ossetians. The article presents an analysis of this issue in the works of major Soviet scientists as well. The Soviet science, with its impressive historiographic tradition, has made a very significant contribution to the history of a century and a half of development of domestic and world Alanic studies.

scholarly journals From the Older Generation of Irkutsk Historians. Yuri Alexandrovich Petrushin: 70 Years since Birth

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-552
Author(s):  
Alexander Ivanov ◽  
Sergey Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
70Th Anniversary ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Russian History ◽  
State University ◽  
Collective Farm ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
History Of

The article is dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Professor Yu. A. Petrushin’s birth, a famous Irkutsk historian. The text includes description of the main stages of his life, including his scientific and pedagogical activity. The main directions of the scientist's research are considered in the article, such as historiography and methodology of Russian history, the history of the Siberian village and the repressive policy of the Soviet state. The main monographic works of Professor Petrushin, which include his views on the problems of the resettlement of peasants to Siberia from the center of Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century, were reviewed. The assessments made by scientist regarding collective farm construction, industrialization of industry in the 1930s and socio-economic development of the region in the Soviet period of our country's history were also in focus of the authors’ attention. The article emphasizes the role of Historical Faculty of Irkutsk State University, where Petrushin’s development as a historian took place.

Historiography and the politics of land, identity, and belonging in the twentieth-century North Caucasus

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian T. Lanzillotti
Keyword(s):  
Identity Politics ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
The North ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
Central Caucasus ◽  
History Of

Intercommunal, socio-economic, and political relations in the North Caucasus have historically revolved around access to this mountain region's prized pasturage and scarce farmland. Given the centrality of the land question in the North Caucasus, it is unsurprising that historiography on land relations in the region has been highly politicized. This article examines how indigenous writing on the history of land relations in the central Caucasus – a region inhabited by today's Kabardians, Balkars, Ossetians, Ingushes, and Karachais, and dominated by the princely confederation of Kabarda before the tsarist conquest – has been subject to wide revision in response to changes in local and national political dynamics and the emergence of ethnicized identity politics. In the late-imperial and early Soviet periods, Karachai, Balkar, and Ossetian elites-cum-historians, writing for an audience of imperial policy-makers, crafted histories to influence state policies toward land reform. By the 1930s, historians from the region tailored their histories of land relations to the prerogatives of Soviet nationality policies. The ideas contained in these histories impacted the construction of national identities in the Soviet period. Post-Soviet Karachai and Balkar intellectuals, seeking to establish new post-colonial national histories for their peoples, have reinterpreted the history of land relations in order to depict their ancestors as independent of Kabarda's land-based dominance. This revisionism is part of the struggle of the Karachais and Balkars against their historiographical erasure, which was a product of the exclusion of the Karachais and Balkars from the family of Soviet nations during their deportation and exile to Central Asia from 1944 to 1957 and their subsequent political and cultural marginalization.

scholarly journals REVIEW OF: SHAPAROVA A.K. POLITICAL REPRESSION OF CIRCASSIANS IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS (1918 - 1940S). HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL MATERIALS AND MEMOIRS. NALCHIK: IGI KBSC RAS, 2027. 824 P. CIRCULATION 500 COPIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3/2) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
N. F. BUGAI
Keyword(s):  
Complex Problem ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forced Resettlement

In the reviewed narrative, a thorough analysis of the book offered to  the reader is made. For the first time in Russian historiography  and as an author, and at the same time, the compiler A.K.  Shaparova draws attention to the collective name of representatives  of various Circassian communities living in the North Caucasus -  Kabardians, Adygeyan ethnic communities, etc. Turning to such a  complex problem as forced resettlement of peoples on the territory  of Russia, the USSR, the author focuses on the Circassians. For a  long period she was engaged in the identification and generalization of materials and documents on the life of Circassian  communities in the study area in the chronological framework of the  1930s-1940s, specifically revealing many of the historical portraits of  Circassians. And it concerns exclusively the peoples of the North  Caucasus until 1917 and as an independent period after 1917, under  the conditions of Soviet power. Of particular interest is the  period until the early 1920s, which was associated with various kinds of transformations of society that had to be overcome by new  state autonomous entities. In fact, the independent period is also the  1940s, when the mechanism of interethnic relations in the state  was actively involved in practice as forced resettlement. It  universally acted as a kind of management of peoples and citizens. It  often resorted to the authorities as before 1917, and in the Soviet  period. The book is intended for a wide range of readers that  have the opportunity to significantly expand their knowledge on this  complex issue of the history of the peoples of Russia, the USSR,  about the complex process when such a method of managing many  aspects of interethnic relations as forced relocations was actively  involved. The book is read with great interest.

An Economic Analysis of Indian Behavior in the North American Fur Trade

1972 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. McManus
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
North American ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Fur Trade ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

This study of Indian behavior in the fur trade is offered more as a report of a study in progress than a completed piece of historical research. In fact, the research has barely begun. But in spite of its unfinished state, the tentative results of the work I have done to this point may be of some interest as an illustration of the way in which the recent revival of analytical interest in institutions may be used to develop an approach to the economic history of the fur trade.

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