scholarly journals Абречество как одна из форм социального протеста

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.T. Agieva
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Social Protest ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Comparative

Феномен абречества исследуется в русле комплекса проблем, связанных с историей национально-освободительной борьбы народов Северного Кавказа. Методологической основой явился принцип эволюционного развития, примененный к анализу социальных процессов. Материалами стали архивные источники, исследования историков, данные толковых и энциклопедических словарей. Прослежена эволюция значения термина абрек , изучено развитие самого абречества как формы социального протеста, привлечен фактографический материал, касающийся жизни одного из самых известных абреков Ингушетии Зелимхана Гушмазукаева. Термин абрек , первоначально означавший разбойника и изгоя, постепенно изменил смысл, приобретя значение борца за свободу против царских войск и администрации. Суть и внутреннее содержание абречества со временем эволюционировали аналогичным образом. Наличие у абречества социальной опоры обусловило вывод о том, что оно было ответом горского общества на политическое бесправие и экономические проблемы.The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of abrechestvo in line with a complex of scientific problems related to the history of the national liberation struggle of the peoples of the North Caucasus against the colonialist policy of the tsarist administration. The methodological basis was the principle of evolutionary development applied to social processes. The author used a set of methods inherent in historical science (historical-chronological, historical-comparative, diachronic, and others), as well as methods related to the interpretation of texts and concepts. The materials for the research were archival sources, studies of historians and data from explanatory and encyclopedic dictionaries. The term abrek is analyzed in detail, its variations in the languages of different peoples of the North Caucasus are given. Further, the author traces the evolution of the meaning of this concept in the Russian language for more than 120 yearsfrom the dictionaries of the mid-19th century to the last edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. The development of abrechestvo as a phenomenon of social life is investigated. The factual material relating to the activities of one of the most famous abreks of Mountain Ingushetia, Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev, is involved. The author comes to the conclusion that the term abrek, originally meaning a robber and an outcast, changed its meaning over the century, acquiring, in addition to a romantic connotation, the meaning of a freedom fighter against the tsarist troops and administration. Similarly, over time, the essence and inner content of abrechestvo evolved: from a forced exile and vagrancy to activities of social protest and of fighting for justice. These ideals were supported by the majority of representatives of the North Caucasian ethnic communities, who openly supported abreks, not fearing the possible reprisals from the authorities. At the same time, public consciousness quite clearly separated true abreks from those who did evil under their name and authority. The author claims that abreks resorted to robberies only selectively and avoided murders. They used the stolen property for buying weapons, for helping the needy and families who lost their breadwinners. Abreks had societys support, which led the author to the conclusion that it was a response of the highlanders society to political lawlessness and economic problems that constantly accompanied its development during the pre-Soviet period.The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of abrechestvo in line with a complex of scientific problems related to the history of the national liberation struggle of the peoples of the North Caucasus against the colonialist policy of the tsarist administration. The methodological basis was the principle of evolutionary development applied to social processes. The author used a set of methods inherent in historical science (historical-chronological, historical-comparative, diachronic, and others), as well as methods related to the interpretation of texts and concepts. The materials for the research were archival sources, studies of historians and data from explanatory and encyclopedic dictionaries. The term abrek is analyzed in detail, its variations in the languages of different peoples of the North Caucasus are given. Further, the author traces the evolution of the meaning of this concept in the Russian language for more than 120 yearsfrom the dictionaries of the mid-19th century to the last edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. The development of abrechestvo as a phenomenon of social life is investigated. The factual material relating to the activities of one of the most famous abreks of Mountain Ingushetia, Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev, is involved. The author comes to the conclusion that the term abrek, originally meaning a robber and an outcast, changed its meaning over the century, acquiring, in addition to a romantic connotation, the meaning of a freedom fighter against the tsarist troops and administration. Similarly, over time, the essence and inner content of abrechestvo evolved: from a forced exile and vagrancy to activities of social protest and of fighting for justice. These ideals were supported by the majority of representatives of the North Caucasian ethnic communities, who openly supported abreks, not fearing the possible reprisals from the authorities. At the same time, public consciousness quite clearly separated true abreks from those who did evil under their name and authority. The author claims that abreks resorted to robberies only selectively and avoided murders. They used the stolen property for buying weapons, for helping the needy and families who lost their breadwinners. Abreks had societys support, which led the author to the conclusion that it was a response of the highlanders society to political lawlessness and economic problems that constantly accompanied its development during the pre-Soviet period.

Don historian P.G. Chernopitsky: “The main thing for him was the truth”

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12-1) ◽  
pp. 150-167
Author(s):  
Alexey Grishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
State University ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Collective Farm ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Life Path ◽  
Main Thing

The article tells about the life path and research work of the Don agricultural historian P.G. Chernopitsky. The stages of scientific creativity are determined, the main scientific works in the context of the era are considered, its position on the debatable problems of the Don and North Caucasus history, in particular, on the essence and stages of decossackization is determined. The contribution of P. G. Chernopitsky to the study of the socio -economic history of the Soviet pre -collective farm village, collectivization, the famine of 1932-1933 in the North Caucasus, the history of the Don Cossacks in the Soviet period is demonstrated. Relations with colleagues at Rostov State University are highlighted.

Ideology and Historical Concepts: the Evolution of Ideas about the Caucasian War in the XX – XXI Centuries

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
Tatˈjana Aleksandrovna Nevskaja ◽  
Alla S. Kondrasheva
Keyword(s):  
General Concept ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
General Direction ◽  
The North ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolution Of Ideas ◽  
Marxist Concept ◽  
Ideological Attitudes

In the article, the authors attempted to consider changes in the general concept of the Caucasian war during the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, depending on the political and ideological attitudes inherent in various historical stages. The key moments of this complex and ambiguous phenomenon are analyzed, which still cause heated discussions in science and society (name, dating, reasons, Caucasian muridism, problems of Muhajirism).It is indicated that historiography of the beginning of the twentieth century, as in the earlier period, did not dispute the legality of the establishment of Russian orders in the region. It is shown that in the Soviet period, the assessment of the movement of highlanders in the East and West Caucasus depended not only on a change in the historical paradigm, but also on a change in the general direction of state policy in the field of ideology (“national liberation struggle against tsarism”, “Shamil is a protege of Sultan Turkey and British colonialists","the struggle against the colonial policy of tsarism and against their own feudal lords"). Attention is drawn to the fact that the collapse of the USSR, the destruction of the Marxist concept of history, the development of national and separatist movements, the beginning of the Islamic revival in the North Caucasus contributed to the beginning of the active process of revising the assessments and events of the Caucasian War, which was the most striking event in the history of many peoples.The article concludes that, despite the abundance of work, scientists have not only yet to illuminate the little-studied aspects of the Caucasian war, but also to give an objective interpretation to many of its stages, based on scientific approaches, and not following political orders for the sake of one or another ideology.

scholarly journals Islam among the Turkmen of Stavtopol Krai and Astrakhan Oblast.

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-234
Author(s):  
Olga Brusina
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Regional Administration ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Astrakhan Oblast ◽  
Almost All

The article is devoted to the role of Islam in culture and social life of the Turkmen of southern Russia. The study is based on the author's field materials collected in 2007–2015 in the Stavropol and Astrakhan Regions. The ethnic group of the Russian Turkmen was formed in the XVII–XIX centuries and currently counts about 17,000 people. The Turkmen are Sunni Muslims, most of their customs and rituals are associated with Muslim prayers and symbolism. At the same time, the Turkmen are not among the zealous Muslims, in their spiritual culture there are folk customs and beliefs that are very superficially associated with Islam. In the Soviet period, the Russian Turkmen maintained their religion, secretly carried out Islamic rites and rules, despite the anti-religious state policy. Currently, the religiousness of the Turkmen varies greatly, but almost all families hold major religious ceremonies. Mosques play the role of community centers, social life in the Turkmen settlements is closely intertwined with religious life, and the mullahs are local leaders and take part in self-government bodies. Propaganda of fundamentalist Islam has not bypassed the Turkmen, as many regions of the North Caucasus. A peculiar situation has developed: young people have become involved in religion much more than old honored people, educated in the Soviet ideals. Residents of the Turkmen settlements and imams of mosques are trying to resist the spread of fundamentalist ideas. The situation is particularly difficult in the Stavropol Territory; so the regional administration is trying to control any cultural and religious activities on the ground, sometimes suspecting “Wahhabi sentiments” among quite loyal citizens, such as the Turkmen. It is important that the Turkmen are almost the only people of this region who, traditionally practicing Islam, retain complete loyalty to the Russian population and the Russian state

scholarly journals On the question of agrarian, administrative and judicial reform in the Kurin Khanate in the XIX century

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
R. A. Bogdanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Administrative Reforms ◽  
Rural Government ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century

The article is devoted to information on the history of the Kurin Khanate and Dagestan, especially in the XIX century, about the orders that reigned in the khanates, about the mountain rulers and their power. Along with administrative reforms, tsarism also implemented judicial reform in the North Caucasus, which was completely subordinated to the interests of Russia and its policies in the region. This reform was carried out, gradually replacing the centuries-old judicial system in Cure, based on customary law. The reform of the rural government occupies a prominent place in the administrative reform of the Dagestan region. The need for its implementation stemmed from the need to create a unified system of rural administration: rural (aul) public administration was the lowest step of the administrative ladder. The main issues of the social life of rural society were solved by the village (aul) assembly. Administrative-territorial transformations of the 60-70s of the XIX century were practically aimed at strengthening control over the local population.

scholarly journals ALANS-OSSETIANS IN SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY  

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Х. Хадикова
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Period ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The One ◽  
Soviet Historiography

В статье анализируются основные достижения научного алановедения советского периода, рассматриваются фундаментальные изыскательские направления, сложившиеся либо продолжавшиеся в это время. Наиболее приоритетными становятся вопросы происхождения алан и условий их выхода на историческую арену. Безусловно, главные гипотезы были обозначены ранее, но именно советские исследователи историки, лингвисты, археологи и др. сформулировали основные подходы и наиболее жизнеспособные концепции. И, конечно же, новый импульс отечественное алановедение получило в связи с усилением интереса ученых к скифославянской проблематике. В статье последовательно и обстоятельно систематизируются выдвинутые в рассматриваемый период версии истории алан с учетом двух классификационных групп, в рамках которых и развивались изыскания советских ученых автохтонистской и миграционной. Помимо этого, в обзоре нашли свое отражение и достаточно казуистические предположения, отрицающие этническое содержание самого термина аланы . В анализе историографии аланской проблематики в советский период учитывается хронологический принцип формирования концептуальных взглядов, а в случае, когда это необходимо и их научной критики. То немалое значение, которое играли аланы в средневековой истории юговостока СССР, предопределило появление широкого ряда исследований, затрагивающих общие и частные вопросы истории алан на Северном Кавказе, а также их культурной и генетической преемственности с живыми этносами этого региона. Указанное направление изначально связано с этногенезом осетин. В статье представлен анализ разработок и этого вопроса в трудах ученых. Советская наука с ее внушительной историографической традицией внесла значительный вклад в полуторавековую историю развития отечественной и мировой аланистики. The article analyzes the main achievements of the Soviet period ofscientificAlanic studies. The fundamental research directions that developed or were being continued at that time in the Alanic studies are considered. The most priority issues are the origin of the Alans and the context of their entry into the historical arena. The main relevant hypotheses had been outlined earlier, but due to the Soviet researchers historians, linguists, archaeologists, etc. the main approaches and the most viable conceptswere formulated. And, of course, the Alanicstudies receiveda new impetus in connection with the increased interest of the scientists in the ScythianSlavic problems. The article consistently and in great detail systematizes all the versions of the main Alanian problem put forward in the Soviet period, taking into account the two classification groups, within which the research of Soviet scientists developedalongsideautochthonous and migration lines. In addition, this review considers rather casuistic assumptions, for example, the one denying the ethnic content of the term Alans. The analysis of the historiography of the Alanian problems in the Soviet period takes into account the chronological principle of the formation of conceptual views, and when necessary their scientific criticism. The considerable importance played by the Alans in the medieval history of the SouthEast of the USSR, predetermined a wide range of studies dealing with general and particular issues of the history of the Alans in the North Caucasus, their cultural and genetic relationship with the living ethnic groups of the region. This line was originally associated with the ethnogenesis of the Ossetians. The article presents an analysis of this issue in the works of major Soviet scientists as well. The Soviet science, with its impressive historiographic tradition, has made a very significant contribution to the history of a century and a half of development of domestic and world Alanic studies.

scholarly journals “OSSETIANS” BY EZETKHAN URUYMAGOVA: THE HISTORY OF THE NOVEL

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
И.Т. ЦОРИЕВА
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
The Novel ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
History Of The Novel ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Soviet Literature ◽  
History Of

70 лет назад вышел в свет романа Езетхан Уруймаговой «Осетины» – первая книга двухтомного романа-эпопеи, в последующем не раз переиздававшегося и вошедшего в наци- ональную художественную культуру под названием «Навстречу жизни». В представлен- ной статье рассматривается история создания произведения, отслеживаются основные этапы его написания – от возникновения замысла до его реализации. Отмечается большое участие в творческой судьбе Уруймаговой видных советских писателей Н. Тихонова и Ю. Либединского, оказавших профессиональную поддержку в период работы над рукописью ро- мана и подготовки его к изданию. Книга, вышедшая в конце 1948 г., стала событием для национальных литератур Северного Кавказа не только по резонансу среди читателей, но и как первый русскоязычный роман писательницы-осетинки. За прошедшие десятилетия многие идеологические постулаты, являвшиеся частью мировоззрения автора, потеряли актуальность. Но неоспоримым остается факт: в осетинской культуре произведение Уруймаговой заслуженно признано одним из образцов историко-революционного рома- на осетинской советской литературы и знаковым явлением художественной традиции. Преждевременный уход из жизни Уруймаговой не дал осуществиться планам написания трилогии. Однако и сегодня роман в незавершенном виде воспринимается произведением широкого эпического плана, представляющим события революционной эпохи в тесной свя- зи с социально-психологическим портретом осетинского народа и историко-культурным контекстом времени. Статья подготовлена по материалам переписки Уруймаговой, из- влеченной из фондов РГАЛИ, Научного архива СОИГСИ, Архива Музея осетинской лите- ратуры и тематически связанной с работой над рукописью и изданием книги. 2019 marks the 70th anniversary of the novel “Ossetians” by Ezetkhan Uruymagova – of the first book of a two-volume epic novel, which later was published more than once and became famous under the name “Towards Life”. The article deals with the history of creation of the work, traces its main stages – from conceiving the idea to its artistic implementation. Participation of famous Soviet writers N. Tikhonov and Y. Libedinsky in the creative destiny of E. Uruymagova is noted, as well as their professional support in the period of writing of the manuscript and in preparing it for publication. The book was published at the end of 1948 and became an event for the national literatures of the North Caucasus not only through resonating readers’ response, but also as the first novel by Ossetian authoress written in the Russian language. Over the past decades, many ideological postulates that were part of the author’s worldview lost their relevance. But one fact remains indisputable: in Ossetian culture E.Uruymagova’s book is deservedly recognized as one of the outstanding examples of the historical and revolutionary novel of Ossetian Soviet literature and as the phenomenon of artistic tradition. Untimely death prevented the writer from finishing this trilogy. However, even today, the novel in its unfinished form is perceived as big epic work, which represents the events of the revolutionary era in close connection with the socio-psychological portrait of the Ossetian people and with the historical and cultural context of the time. The article is based on the correspondence of E.Uruymagova. Her letters have been extracted from the funds of the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, the Scientific Archives of North Ossetian Institute for Humanitarian and Social Studies, the Archive of the Museum of Ossetian Literature and are thematically related to the work on the manuscript and on the publication of the book.

Historiography and the politics of land, identity, and belonging in the twentieth-century North Caucasus

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian T. Lanzillotti
Keyword(s):  
Identity Politics ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
The North ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
Central Caucasus ◽  
History Of

Intercommunal, socio-economic, and political relations in the North Caucasus have historically revolved around access to this mountain region's prized pasturage and scarce farmland. Given the centrality of the land question in the North Caucasus, it is unsurprising that historiography on land relations in the region has been highly politicized. This article examines how indigenous writing on the history of land relations in the central Caucasus – a region inhabited by today's Kabardians, Balkars, Ossetians, Ingushes, and Karachais, and dominated by the princely confederation of Kabarda before the tsarist conquest – has been subject to wide revision in response to changes in local and national political dynamics and the emergence of ethnicized identity politics. In the late-imperial and early Soviet periods, Karachai, Balkar, and Ossetian elites-cum-historians, writing for an audience of imperial policy-makers, crafted histories to influence state policies toward land reform. By the 1930s, historians from the region tailored their histories of land relations to the prerogatives of Soviet nationality policies. The ideas contained in these histories impacted the construction of national identities in the Soviet period. Post-Soviet Karachai and Balkar intellectuals, seeking to establish new post-colonial national histories for their peoples, have reinterpreted the history of land relations in order to depict their ancestors as independent of Kabarda's land-based dominance. This revisionism is part of the struggle of the Karachais and Balkars against their historiographical erasure, which was a product of the exclusion of the Karachais and Balkars from the family of Soviet nations during their deportation and exile to Central Asia from 1944 to 1957 and their subsequent political and cultural marginalization.

scholarly journals REVIEW OF: SHAPAROVA A.K. POLITICAL REPRESSION OF CIRCASSIANS IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS (1918 - 1940S). HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL MATERIALS AND MEMOIRS. NALCHIK: IGI KBSC RAS, 2027. 824 P. CIRCULATION 500 COPIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3/2) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
N. F. BUGAI
Keyword(s):  
Complex Problem ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forced Resettlement

In the reviewed narrative, a thorough analysis of the book offered to  the reader is made. For the first time in Russian historiography  and as an author, and at the same time, the compiler A.K.  Shaparova draws attention to the collective name of representatives  of various Circassian communities living in the North Caucasus -  Kabardians, Adygeyan ethnic communities, etc. Turning to such a  complex problem as forced resettlement of peoples on the territory  of Russia, the USSR, the author focuses on the Circassians. For a  long period she was engaged in the identification and generalization of materials and documents on the life of Circassian  communities in the study area in the chronological framework of the  1930s-1940s, specifically revealing many of the historical portraits of  Circassians. And it concerns exclusively the peoples of the North  Caucasus until 1917 and as an independent period after 1917, under  the conditions of Soviet power. Of particular interest is the  period until the early 1920s, which was associated with various kinds of transformations of society that had to be overcome by new  state autonomous entities. In fact, the independent period is also the  1940s, when the mechanism of interethnic relations in the state  was actively involved in practice as forced resettlement. It  universally acted as a kind of management of peoples and citizens. It  often resorted to the authorities as before 1917, and in the Soviet  period. The book is intended for a wide range of readers that  have the opportunity to significantly expand their knowledge on this  complex issue of the history of the peoples of Russia, the USSR,  about the complex process when such a method of managing many  aspects of interethnic relations as forced relocations was actively  involved. The book is read with great interest.

scholarly journals ON THE WAY TO THE NEW ECONOMIC CULTURE (ABOUT G.V. BAEV’S ARTICLE “NATIONAL FOOD IN THE TEREK REGION”)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.А. АЙЛАРОВА
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Food System ◽  
Storage System ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Economic Culture ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
History Of ◽  
Food Legislation

Статья посвящена анализу работы видного общественного деятеля и публициста до- революционной Осетии, просветителя Г.В. (Гаппо) Баева «Народное продовольствие в Тер- ской области». Этот труд является одним из лучших в его экономической публицистике. Он обосновывает необходимость становления новой хозяйственной культуры в крае как важнейшую проблему. Частью этой проблемы являлась организация продовольственной системы в Терской области, учитывающая климат в регионе, его экономику, менталитет его народов. Баев рассматривает историю продовольственного вопроса в России, разра- ботку продовольственного законодательства, основные модели продовольственного обе- спечения в российской деревне, сложившиеся к началу ХХ в. Констатирует отсутствие страховых зерновых запасов у всех народов области (за исключением казаков). С учетом этих обстоятельств автор предлагает модель продовольственного обеспечения в обла- сти, опирающуюся на собственный хозяйственный опыт – формирование хлебозапасной системы в осетинском селе Ольгинское. Эта модель могла стать основой смешанной на- турально-денежной системы народного продовольствия в крае. Хлебозапасную систему публицист рассматривает как натуральный кредитный институт, способный прино- сить доходы сельскому населению, стать основой самофинансирования и самоинвестиро- вания горской деревни. В преамбуле новой хозяйственной культуры должны лежать идеи сбережения и накопления, формирование общественных фондов и капиталов, являвшихся основой процветания ведущих экономик тогдашней Европы. Проведенный анализ статьи Баева дает возможность заключить, что она является ярким примером постановки в об- щественном сознании горских народов Северного Кавказа проблемы реформации традици- онной хозяйственной культуры, модернизации экономики и формирования современного хозяйственного менталитета. The article is devoted to the analysis of the work of a prominent public figure and publicist of pre-revolutionary Ossetia, educator G. V. (Gappo) Baev “National food in the Terek region”. This work is one of the best in his heritage in economic journalism and solves an important problem – the need for establishing new economic culture in the region. Part of this problem was the organization of the food system in the Terek region, taking into account the climate in the region, its economy, the mentality of its people. The author examines the history of the food issue in Russia, the development of food legislation, the main models of food supply in the Russian village, formed by the beginning of the twentieth century. Absence of insurance grain stocks of all the peoples in the region (except for Cossacks) is stated. Taking into account these circumstances, G. V. Baev offers a model of food supply in the region, based on his own economic experience – the formation of a grain-storage system in the Ossetian village of Оlginskoye. This model could become the basis of the mixed natural-monetary system of the national food in the region. The publicist considers the bread-and-butter system as a natural credit institution capable of bringing income to the rural population, and becoming the basis of self-financing and self-investment of the mountain village. The idea of saving and accumulation should lie in the preamble of the new economic culture; as well as the formation of public funds and capital, which are the bases for the prosperity of the leading economies of Europe of that time. The author came to the conclusion that the reviewed article is a vivid example of the problem of reforming traditional economic culture, modernizing the economy and forming a modern economic mentality in the public consciousness of the mountain peoples of the North Caucasus.

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