scholarly journals Inequalities and Asymmetries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Kneese ◽  
Alex Rosenblat ◽  
danah boyd
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Institutional Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Political Determinants ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Technical Capacity ◽  
Analyze Data

The availability of data is not evenly distributed. Some organizations, agencies, and sectors are better equipped to gather, use, and analyze data than others. If data is transformative, what are the consequences of defense and security agencies having greater capacity to leverage data than, say, education or social services? Financial wherewithal, technical capacity, and political determinants all affect where data is employed. As data and analytics emerge, who benefits and who doesn't, both at the individual level and the institutional level? What about the asymmetries between those who provide the data and those who collect it? How does uneven data access affect broader issues of inequality? In what ways does data magnify or combat asymmetries inpower?

scholarly journals Cohort Profile: The China Multi-Ethnic Cohort (CMEC) Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Zhao ◽  
Feng Hong ◽  
Jianzhong Yin ◽  
Wenge Tang ◽  
Gang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Study Participants

AbstractCohort purposeThe China Multi-Ethnic Cohort (CMEC) is a community population-based prospective observational study aiming to address the urgent need for understanding NCD prevalence, risk factors and associated conditions in resource-constrained settings for ethnic minorities in China.Cohort BasicsA total of 99 556 participants aged 30 to 79 years (Tibetan populations include those aged 18 to 30 years) from the Tibetan, Yi, Miao, Bai, Bouyei, and Dong ethnic groups in Southwest China were recruited between May 2018 and September 2019.Follow-up and attritionAll surviving study participants will be invited for re-interviews every 3-5 years with concise questionnaires to review risk exposures and disease incidence. Furthermore, the vital status of study participants will be followed up through linkage with established electronic disease registries annually.Design and MeasuresThe CMEC baseline survey collected data with an electronic questionnaire and face-to-face interviews, medical examinations and clinical laboratory tests. Furthermore, we collected biological specimens, including blood, saliva and stool, for long-term storage. In addition to the individual level data, we also collected regional level data for each investigation site.Collaboration and data accessCollaborations are welcome. Please send specific ideas to corresponding author at: [email protected].

scholarly journals Towards a definition of anti-oppressive dietetic practice in Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Eric Ng ◽  
Caroline Wai
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Diversity And Inclusion ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

Increasingly, dietitians have found ourselves working with racialized clients, communities, and colleagues across the health and food systems in Canada. We are often asked to treat the adverse health outcomes of Black, Indigenous, and racialized communities resulting from these oppressions at the individual level. However, it is the role of dietitians to engage in efforts to "reduce health inequities and protect human rights; promote fairness and equitable treatment" (College of Dietitians of Ontario, 2019). An anti-oppression approach is required for dietitians to understand how their power and privilege shape the dietitian-client relationship. The purpose of this commentary is to propose a shift from cultural competence or diversity and inclusion in dietetics to an explicit intention of anti-oppressive dietetic practice. We begin our exploration from the Canadian context. We draw from our background working in health equity in public health, and our experiences facilitating equity training using anti-oppression approaches with dietetic learners and other public health practitioners. In creating a working definition of anti-oppressive dietetic practice, we conducted a scan of anti-oppression statements by health and social services organizations in Ontario, Canada, and literature from critical dietetics. A literature search revealed anti-oppressive practice frameworks in nursing and social work. However, this language is lacking in mainstream dietetic practice, with anti-oppression only discussed within the literature on critical dietetics and social justice. We propose that "dietitians can engage in anti-oppressive practice by providing food and nutrition care/planning/service to clients while simultaneously seeking to transform health and social systems towards social justice."

scholarly journals Making researchers responsible: Attributions of responsibility and ambiguous notions of culture in research codes of conduct

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Govert Valkenburg ◽  
Guus Dix ◽  
Joeri Tijdink ◽  
Sarah de Rijcke
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Attributions Of Responsibility ◽  
Institutional Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Exact Boundary ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Responsible Research

Abstract Background: Research codes of conduct offer guidance to researchers with respect to which values should be realized in research practices, how these values are to be realized, and what the respective responsibilities of the individual and the institution are in this. However, the question of how the responsibilities are to be divided between the individual and the institution has hitherto received little attention. We therefore performed an analysis of research codes of conduct to investigate how responsibilities are positioned as individual or institutional, and how the boundary between the two is drawn. Method: We selected 12 institutional, national and international codes of conduct that apply to medical research in the Netherlands and subjected them to a close-reading content analysis. We first identified the dominant themes and then investigated how responsibility is attributed to individuals and institutions.Results: We observed that the attribution of responsibility to either the individual or the institution is often not entirely clear, and that the notion of culture emerges as a residual category for such attributions. We see this notion of responsible research cultures as important; it is something that mediates between the individual level and the institutional level. However, at the same time it largely lacks substantiation. Conclusions: While many attributions of individual and institutional responsibility are clear, the exact boundary between the two is often problematic. We suggest two possible avenues for improving codes of conduct: either to clearly attribute responsibilities to individuals or institutions and depend less on the notion of culture, or to make culture a more explicit concern and articulate what it is and how a good culture might be fostered.

scholarly journals Impact of Wars and Conflicts on Women and Children in Middle East: Health, Psychological, Educational and Social Crisis

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaser Snoubar ◽  
Nurdan Duman
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
The Individual

The wars and armed conflicts in many regions of the world and especially in the Middle East have an eloquent impact on all life's happenings most especially in areas affected. Wars destroys community infrastructure such as health, education and other social services sectors. As of present, the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East had left a significant impact on the family and the individual in the areas affected. In the family, it has lead to disintegration and roles change. It is also lead to forced migration and asylum. At the individual level, it have impacted negatively in terms of psychology, social and physical wellbeing. Women and children are the most affected by traumatic events of war and they are the most vulnerable to all types of exploitation and abuse. The devastating effects of war on this vulnerable group can hardly be overemphasized. This paper discusses the problems faced by children and women in war and conflict zones. It also explores physical, mental health, social and educational crisis experienced by women and children in the Middle Eastern society. A society that is known to have witnessed many civil wars and armed conflicts. In addition, the study also discusses social and health services which must be provided to women and children in conflict affected area from the social work perspective.

Effects of Imprisonment and Community Supervision on Neighborhood Political Participation in North Carolina

2013 ◽  
Vol 651 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Traci R. Burch
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Community Supervision ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Probation And Parole ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Analyze Data

This article considers the effect of prison, probation, and parole on neighborhood political participation in North Carolina. I analyze data from state boards of elections, departments of corrections, departments of public health, the Census Bureau, and market research firms for 2000 and 2008. Multivariate regressions reveal a complex relationship between criminal justice supervision and voter turnout. The evidence suggests that at the individual level and in the aggregate, the criminal justice system shapes neighborhood political participation.

scholarly journals Patterns of Trust and Collaboration among Nonprofit Organizations and Health Funds: A Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vered Reiter ◽  
Shay S. Tzafrir ◽  
Nathaniel Laor
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Collaboration Process ◽  
The Individual

The importance of collaboration between organizations, especially in the modern world, has been discussed extensively by researchers from different fields. Yet, the importance of the context, trust dynamics, and the employment social environment, such as the interplay among these factors, i.e., trust, individual behavior, and political behavior, has been less studied. This study evaluates the role of trust in and between organizations on successful collaboration processes. Using qualitative methodology, we interviewed 11 senior directors who were involved in a specific case-study of collaboration among four major organizations as well as direct observation, documentation, and archive records. Our findings emphasize the importance of analyzing multilevel trust, interpolitics, and intrapolitics, even when success is at stake. We suggest that managers have to account for emotional involvement at the individual level, even when successful organizational-level collaboration occurs. Overall, we found that there are two aspects of trust in a collaboration process between organizations: system’s aspect and personal aspect. Each aspect is influenced by various factors, mainly different goals and interest and lack of procedures or regulations (from the system’s aspect) and feelings of vagueness in goals and managerial procedures as well as feelings of exploitation (from the personal aspect). In addition, we found that past acquaintances, mutual experience, and shared visions raise the level of trust, which in turn affects the reciprocal relations and therefore the collaboration process resulting in higher social effectiveness for social services.

scholarly journals The Opportunities of the Performance-based Publication Model in Hungary

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-133
Author(s):  
Péter Sasvári ◽  
Bálint Teleki ◽  
Anna Urbanovics
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Citation Index ◽  
Multiple Authorship ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Institutional Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Index Level ◽  
The Individual

The performance-based publication model is a direct rewarding system among the scientific community, referring to the reward that authors receive for their publications. The amount of the reward depends on the citation index level of the journal in which a given article is published. Based on international best practices, the paper aims to investigate the possibilities of the implementation of this publication model within the Hungarian context. The model’s main advantage is that rewarding takes place at the individual level so its distribution is independent from the institutional level. After reviewing the best practices used in various countries worldwide, an empirical analysis is carried out which is based on the total number of publications in Hungary in 2019 indexed by Scopus. It means a total of 12,281 publications, based on scientometric indicators. Two models are used, model A considers the Hungarian co-authorship rate of the publications while model B takes the amount of the reward into account based on the publication without the co-authorship rate. Results show that in Hungary, the disciplines of Medicine and Engineering are the most competitive at an international level where we find a high proportion of highly indexed Q1 and Q2 publications. Beside these, results demonstrate the dominance of multiple authorship and journal articles in the research sample. As a conclusion, the proposed publication model could be implemented within the Hungarian context, based on the analysis, its estimated cost would be around 6 billion Hungarian forints.

scholarly journals Challenges and Coping: Perspectives of Syrian and Iraqi Refugee Youth in Germany

2021 ◽  
pp. 074355842110560
Author(s):  
Lina Alhaddad ◽  
Robin Goodwin ◽  
Patricia Kanngiesser
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Coping Resources ◽  
Active Engagement ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Refugee Youth ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
Iraqi Refugee ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Coping

Refugee youth constitute around a third of the refugee population in Germany. We studied the experiences of newly arrived Syrian and Iraqi refugee youth, aged 14 to 18 years ( N = 20), in Germany. We utilized semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis to investigate (a) the main challenges faced by youth and (b) their main coping resources to deal with these challenges. We grouped challenges into three levels: the individual level, the immediate social level, and the broader societal level. The most frequently mentioned challenges in our sample related to psychological wellbeing, school, friendship, accommodation, and discrimination. Youth reported relying on social support (friends, family, social services) and on themselves (through avoidance, persistence, activity seeking, active engagement) to cope with their challenges. Our findings provide insights into refugee youth’s experiences in Germany, encompassing the acculturative, developmental, and generational aspects of their lives and demonstrating their coping and resilience. We discuss our results in relation to the literature on refugee youth in high income countries.

Temporary Appointments and Judicial Independence: Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Findings from the Supreme Court of Israel

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 481-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli M. Salzberger
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Judicial Independence ◽  
Institutional Level ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Essential Condition ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Individual

Judicial independence is regarded as an essential condition for the rule of law and separation of powers — two pillars of liberal democracy. Judicial independence ought to include components to secure independence on the individual level, as well as components to secure independence on the institutional level of courts. The most important objects of judicial independence are the other branches of government, but some degree of independence from the general public and from other judges is required as well. These features of independence can be achieved by rigid and entrenched arrangements regarding tenure, immunity from wage decrease, special procedures for appointment and promotion of judges, mechanisms for the allocation of cases to judges and the composition of the benches, and more.

Journalistic Autonomy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Örnebring ◽  
Michael Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Political Influence ◽  
Information Provision ◽  
The State ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
The Political ◽  
Undue Influence ◽  
Institutional Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
The Individual

The notion of journalistic autonomy is the idea that journalism as a societal institution, as well as individual journalists in their workplace (the newsroom), should be free from undue influence from other societal institutions and actors. The term “independence” is frequently used as synonymous with autonomy. Journalistic autonomy is commonly seen as normatively desirable as it is linked to two of journalism’s core democratic functions: information provision (journalists who are not autonomous may produce biased information) and the watchdog function (non-autonomous journalists may act in the interests of other actors when fulfilling the watchdog function rather than in the public interest). Autonomy exists on three distinct analytical levels: first, the institutional level (referring to journalism as a whole, being independent from other societal institutions like the state and the market); second, the individual level (referring to individual journalists having discretionary decision-making power in their own work); and third, the organizational level (referring to the workplace level, where individual preferences frequently are mediated by institutional constrains). In general, journalism research has focused mostly on analyzing autonomy on the institutional and individual levels and less on the organizational level. Research on journalistic autonomy on the institutional level focuses on the autonomy of journalism from the state (or, more broadly, the political sphere in general) and the market. The key instrument for both state and market actors seeking to influence journalism (thereby decreasing journalistic autonomy) is information subsidies, that is, information resources of different types that conform to journalistic genre demands and professional norms but which also advance the agenda of the actors who produce them. Research on journalistic autonomy on the individual level focuses on so-called perceived influences on journalistic work, that is, the factors that journalists themselves see as limiting their autonomy. There are broad cross-national patterns to such perceptions. The political system is the most important determinant of perceived political influence, as journalists in more authoritarian countries perceive more political interference than journalists in democratic countries. Another broad pattern is that nation-level and individual-level influences are perceived as more important than organizational-level influences. Almost regardless of country, most journalists actually see themselves as having a high degree of workplace autonomy. This is in contrast to the research on organizational-level autonomy (as well as much of the research on autonomy on the institutional level), which demonstrates that journalists’ workplace autonomy is constrained in many important ways. Tacit rules, implicit policies, and norms of professionalism all combine to make journalists obedient employees who generally voluntarily accept many constraints on their autonomy without perceiving them as such. Only overt and explicit attempts from political and commercial actors to control reporting are perceived as interference, whereas informal norms of story selection that favor resource-rich actors are seen as “natural” or “normal.” Thus in many ways, journalistic autonomy is a rhetorical construct as much as a normative ideal.

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