scholarly journals Cortical transformation of stimulus-space in order to linearize a linearly inseparable task

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Huan Wu ◽  
Dave F Kleinschmidt ◽  
Lauren Emberson ◽  
Donias Doko ◽  
Shimon Edelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Shape Space ◽  
Behavioral Training ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
Representational Space ◽  
Challenging Tasks ◽  
Passive Viewing ◽  
Prototype Structure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Brain

Author's final accepted version of paper accepted for publication in Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. The human brain is able to learn difficult categorization tasks, even ones that have linearly inseparable boundaries; however, it is currently unknown how it achieves this computational feat. We investigated this by training participants on an animal categorization task with a linearly inseparable prototype structure in a morph shape space. Participants underwent fMRI scans before and after four days of behavioral training. Widespread representational changes were found throughout the brain, including an untangling of the categories' neural patterns that made them more linearly separable after behavioral training. These neural changes were task-dependent, as they were only observed while participants were performing the categorization task, not during passive viewing. Moreover, they were found to occur in frontal and parietal areas, rather than ventral temporal cortices, suggesting that they reflected attentional and decisional reweighting, rather than changes in object recognition templates. These results illustrate how the brain can flexibly transform neural representational space in order to solve computationally challenging tasks.

scholarly journals Cortical Transformation of Stimulus Space in Order to Linearize a Linearly Inseparable Task

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2342-2355
Author(s):  
Meng-Huan Wu ◽  
David Kleinschmidt ◽  
Lauren Emberson ◽  
Donias Doko ◽  
Shimon Edelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shape Space ◽  
Stimulus Space ◽  
Behavioral Training ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
Representational Space ◽  
Challenging Tasks ◽  
Passive Viewing ◽  
Prototype Structure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Brain

The human brain is able to learn difficult categorization tasks, even ones that have linearly inseparable boundaries; however, it is currently unknown how it achieves this computational feat. We investigated this by training participants on an animal categorization task with a linearly inseparable prototype structure in a morph shape space. Participants underwent fMRI scans before and after 4 days of behavioral training. Widespread representational changes were found throughout the brain, including an untangling of the categories' neural patterns that made them more linearly separable after behavioral training. These neural changes were task dependent, as they were only observed while participants were performing the categorization task, not during passive viewing. Moreover, they were found to occur in frontal and parietal areas, rather than ventral temporal cortices, suggesting that they reflected attentional and decisional reweighting, rather than changes in object recognition templates. These results illustrate how the brain can flexibly transform neural representational space to solve computationally challenging tasks.

PENGARUH PIJAT BAYI TERHADAP KUALITAS TIDUR BAYI UMUR 0 – 3 BULAN DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS SOSIAL PALEMBANG TAHUN 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Widyastuti Wahyuningsih Juliana Widyastuti Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
P Value ◽  
Development Phase ◽  
Quality Of Sleep ◽  
Infant Massage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRAK Tidur merupakan kebutuhan yang harus terpenuhi terutama pada fase perkembangan karena selama tidur akan terjadi perkembangan otak maupun tubuh, sehingga gangguan tidur merupakan masalah yang akan menimbulkan dampak buruk terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bayi. Kualitas tidur bayi yang baik dapat diciptakan dengan memberikan pemijatan bayi secara rutin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa pemijatan dapat mempengaruhi kualitas tidur bayi umur 0-3 bulan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian Quasy Eksperimental dengan metode One Group Pretest-Postest. Sampel 22 bayi yang dipilih dengan tehnik Total Sampling yang di observasi sebelum dan sesudah diberikan pemijatan. Variabel yang diukur dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitas tidur bayi 0-3 bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh pijat bayi terhadap kualitas tidur bayi umur 0-3 bulan (p value  0,008 < α = 0,05).Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini disarankan agar keluarga dan masyarakat memberikan pemijatan secara rutin dan mandiri untuk meningkatkan kebutuhan tidur bayi yang berkualitas.   ABSTRACT Sleep is a human necessity that must be met, especially in the development phase because during sleep will occur the brain and body developments, so that sleep disturbance is a problem that would cause adverse effects on infants’ growth and development. The good quality of sleep can be created by providing the infants massage routinely. This study aimed to prove that the massage could affect the quality of sleep on the 0-3 months old baby. This study used Quasy-experimental design with One Group Pretest-Posttest. The sample 22 infants selected by total sampling technique observed on before and after the massage. The variables measured in this study are the quality of sleep. The results of study indicate that there is an effect of infant massage to the sleep quality on 0-3 months old babies (p value 0,008 < α = 0,05).Based on the results of this study it recommended for the families and communities to provide infant massage regularly and independently to increase the quality of sleep on the baby.  

Sources of the Scalp-Recorded Amplitude-Modulation Following Response

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 188-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeyuki Kuwada ◽  
Julia S. Anderson ◽  
Ranjan Batra ◽  
Douglas C. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Natacha Teissier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Amplitude Modulation ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
High Modulation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Single Unit Recordings ◽  
Composite Response ◽  
The Brain

The scalp-recorded amplitude-modulation following response (AMFR)” is gaining recognition as an objective audiometric tool, but little is known about the neural sources that underlie this potential. We hypothesized, based on our human studies and single-unit recordings in animals, that the scalp-recorded AMFR reflects the interaction of multiple sources. We tested this hypothesis using an animal model, the unanesthetized rabbit. We compared AMFRs recorded from the surface of the brain at different locations and before and after the administration of agents likely to enhance or suppress neural generators. We also recorded AMFRs locally at several stations along the auditory neuraxis. We conclude that the surface-recorded AMFR is indeed a composite response from multiple brain generators. Although the response at any modulation frequency can reflect the activity of more than one generator, the AMFRs to low and high modulation frequencies appear to reflect a strong contribution from cortical and subcortical sources, respectively.

scholarly journals Using Brain-Breaks® as a Technology Tool to Increase Attitude towards Physical Activity among Students in Singapore

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Govindasamy Balasekaran ◽  
Ahmad Arif Bin Ibrahim ◽  
Ng Yew Cheo ◽  
Phua Kia Wang ◽  
Garry Kuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
School Students ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Brain Breaks ◽  
Student's Attitudes ◽  
The Brain

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of classroom-based Brain Breaks® Physical Activity Solution in Southeast Asia Singaporean primary school students and their attitude towards physical activity (PA) over a ten-week intervention. A total of 113 participants (8–11 years old) were randomly assigned to either an experimental (EG) or a control group (CG), with six classes to each group; the Brain Breaks® group (EG: six classes) and the Control group (CG: six classes). All EG members participated in a Brain Breaks® video intervention (three–five min) during academic classes and the CG continued their lessons as per normal. The student’s attitudes towards PA in both research conditions were evaluated using the self–reported Attitudes toward Physical Activity Scale (APAS), applied before and after intervention. The effects of the intervention on APAS scores were analysed using a mixed model analysis of variance with Time as within-subject and Group as between-subject factors. The analysis revealed evidence in support of the positive effect of classroom video interventions such as Brain Breaks® on student’s attitudes toward benefits, importance, learning, self-efficacy, fun, fitness, and trying to do their personal best in PA. The Brain Breaks® intervention provided a positive significant impact on students in Singapore. This study also revealed that interactive technology tools implemented into the school curriculum benefit students in terms of health and education.

Intraventricular injection of antibodies to β1-integrins generates pressure gradients in the brain favoring hydrocephalus development in rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (5) ◽  
pp. R1312-R1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurjit Nagra ◽  
Lena Koh ◽  
Isabelle Aubert ◽  
Minhui Kim ◽  
Miles Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Intraventricular Injection ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Tissue Pressure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Periventricular Area ◽  
The Brain

In some tissues, the injection of antibodies to the β1-integrins leads to a reduction in interstitial fluid pressure, indicating an active role for the extracellular matrix in tissue pressure regulation. If perturbations of the matrix occur in the periventricular area of the brain, a comparable lowering of interstitial pressures may induce transparenchymal pressure gradients favoring ventricular expansion. To examine this concept, we measured periventricular (parenchymal) and ventricular pressures with a servo-null micropipette system (2-μm tip) in adult Wistar rats before and after anti-integrin antibodies or IgG/IgM isotype controls were injected into a lateral ventricle. In a second group, the animals were kept for 2 wk after similar injections and after euthanization, the brains were removed and assessed for hydrocephalus. In experiments in which antibodies to β1-integrins ( n = 10) but not isotype control IgG/IgM ( n = 7) were injected, we observed a decline in periventricular pressures relative to the preinjection values. Under similar circumstances, ventricular pressures were elevated ( n = 10) and were significantly greater than those in the periventricular interstitium. We estimated ventricular to periventricular pressure gradients of up to 4.3 cmH2O. In the chronic preparations, we observed enlarged ventricles in many of the animals that received injections of anti-integrin antibodies (21 of 29 animals; 72%) but not in any animal receiving the isotype controls. We conclude that modulation/disruption of β1-integrin-matrix interactions in the brain generates pressure gradients favoring ventricular expansion, suggesting a novel mechanism for hydrocephalus development.

Study of electrical conductivity of biologically active points on the skin before and after mental activity

Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 190-195
Author(s):  
М.С. Кулбаева ◽  
А.Н. Курал ◽  
Л.Б. Умбетьярова ◽  
Н.Т. Аблайханова ◽  
Г.К. Атанбаева ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological State ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Mental Work ◽  
Heart Meridian ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Specific Organ ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Biologically Active Points

Человека давно интересует вопрос о том, как умственная нагрузка влияет на организм. Известно, что при длительной умственной работе преобразуется сила процессов возбуждения и торможения, изменяется соотношение между ними. С возникновением утомления в головном мозгу нарушаются взаимосвязи между корой больших полушарий и подкорковыми образованиями. При этом наблюдается снижение регулирующего влияния больших полушарий на все функции организма и уменьшение активизирующих воздействий подкорковых отделов мозга. Кроме того, длительное сидячие положение, состояние низкой двигательной активности ведут к значительному уменьшению центростремительных импульсов с рецепторов мышц, сухожилий, суставов. В исследовании приняли участие 17 относительно здоровые, имеющие стабильное физиологическое состояние девушек-студенток в возрасте от 21 до 25 лет. Для исследования были взяты 16 биологически активных точек на стандартных меридианах, связаных с определенным органом. Для оценки физиологического состояния органов до и после умственной нагрузки были исследованы показатели ЭП БАТ на коже. Выявлено снижение показателей каждого органа после умственной нагрузки по сравнению с показателями до ее выполнения со статистической достоверностью во всех исследуемых органах (р<0,05). Особенно низкие значения показателей ЭП БАТ после умственной нагрузки были выявлены в биоактивных точках меридиана печени F.3 Тай-Чун, меридиана толстой кишки GI.5 Ян-Си и GI.4 Хэ-Гу, меридиана сердца С.7 Шэнь-Мэнь, меридиана тонкой кишки IG.1 Шао-Цзе и IG.2 Цянь-Гу, меридиана почек R.1 Юн-Цюань и Р.2 Жань-Гу. Humans has long been interested in the question of how mental activity affects the body It is known that with prolonged mental work, the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition is transformed, the ratio between them changes. With the onset of fatigue in the brain, the relationship between the cerebral cortex and subcortical formations is disrupted. At the same time, there is a decrease in the regulatory influence of the large hemispheres on all body functions and a decrease in the activating effects of the subcortical parts of the brain. In addition, prolonged sitting, a state of low motor activity leads to a significant decrease in centripetal impulses from the receptors of muscles, tendons, and joints. The study involved 17 relatively healthy, stable physiological condition of female students aged 21 to 25 years. For the study, 16 biologically active points were taken from standard meridians associated with a specific organ. To assess the physiological state of the organs before and after the load of mental labor, the indicators of EC BAP on the skin. A decrease in the indicators of each organ after mental labor was revealed in comparison with the indicators before mental labor with statistical reliability in all the studied organs (p˂0.05). Especially low values of the EC BAP values after a load of mental labor were found in the bioactive points of the liver meridian F. 3 Tai-Chun, the colon meridian GI.5 Yang-Si and GI. 4 He-Gu, the heart meridian C. 7 Shen-Men, the small intestine meridian IG.1 Shao-tse and IG.2 Qian-Gu, the meridian of the kidneys R. 1 Yun-Chuan and R. 2 Zhan-Gu.

scholarly journals Perfusion Imaging of the Brain Using Z-Score and Dynamic Images Obtained by Subtracting Images from before and after Contrast Injection

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunseob Choi ◽  
Haiying Liu ◽  
Tae Beom Shin ◽  
Jin Hwa Lee ◽  
Seong Kuk Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perfusion Imaging ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Contrast Injection ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals The Neural Representational Space of Social Memory

Open Mind ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Dziura ◽  
James C. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Multivariate Pattern Analysis ◽  
Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
Representational Space ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multivariate Pattern ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Social functioning involves learning about the social networks in which we live and interact; knowing not just our friends, but also who is friends with our friends. This study utilized an incidental learning paradigm and representational similarity analysis (RSA), a functional MRI multivariate pattern analysis technique, to examine the relationship between learning social networks and the brain’s response to the faces within the networks. We found that accuracy of learning face pair relationships through observation is correlated with neural similarity patterns to those pairs in the left temporoparietal junction (TPJ), the left fusiform gyrus, and the subcallosal ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), all areas previously implicated in social cognition. This model was also significant in portions of the cerebellum and thalamus. These results show that the similarity of neural patterns represent how accurately we understand the closeness of any two faces within a network. Our findings indicate that these areas of the brain not only process knowledge and understanding of others, but also support learning relations between individuals in groups.

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