scholarly journals Learning by Explaining Orally or In Written Form? Text Difficulty Matters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonie Jacob ◽  
Andreas Lachner ◽  
Katharina Scheiter
Keyword(s):  
Social Presence ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Text Difficulty ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Retrieval Condition ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Generative Processes

In this experiment, we examined whether text difficulty moderates the effect of the modality of explaining on students’ learning. Students (N = 115) read a high-difficult and a low-difficult text. Additionally, students generated either a written or an oral explanation. A control group of students retrieved the content. For the low-difficult text, we found no significant differences between conditions. For the high-difficult text, however, oral explaining yielded better comprehension than writing explanations. The retrieval condition showed the lowest performance. Mediation analyses revealed that the effect of explaining modality was mediated by the number of personal references and the comprehensiveness of the generated explanations. Our findings suggest that the effect of explaining modality emerges when students are required to learn from difficult text materials. Furthermore, the findings show that oral explaining is effective, as it triggers distinct generative processes due to increased social presence during explaining.

scholarly journals The Effect of Engage, Study, and Activate Method Towards Students’s Writing on Narrative Text

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
Enung Nurbaeti ◽  
Heva Rostiana
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Narrative Text ◽  
Teaching Writing ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Statistical Computation ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
And Control

The research aims to know the effect of ESA method towards students’ writing on narrative text at the first grade students of MAN 3 Pandeglang in 2018/ 2019 academic year. The research paper employs non-equivalent control group design. It compares both of experimental group (O2-O1) and control group (O4-O3). In her research which is consisted of 172 that is took as sample 30 as Experimental Class and 30 as Control Class. In this research, the writers use the achievement test in calculating the need of data to the relevant problem, then, giving a treatment to the experimental class by using ESA method and using Lecturer method in control class. The writers use statistical computation in order to find out which hypothesis is accepted and which is rejected, (Ha) or (Ho). From research of data, it is found that tcount is higher than ttable in term of statistic, it could be seen that t-count ≥ t- table = 2,973 ≥2,002. It means that alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected. Based on the finding, the writers concluded that ESA method has an influence in teaching writing on narrative text because it can more explore their imagination on written form.

scholarly journals The use of animation video on tenth-grade students’ vocabulary achievement

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Stefany Arbella Dzebeq ◽  
Agus Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Tenth Grade ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Written Form ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cluster Random Sampling ◽  
Vocabulary Achievement

Vocabulary is something that very important in learning English.  Relating to vocabulary, students find that it is difficult to recognize the meaning and written form. Further, there are difficulties in reading English texts. The animation video is an interested medium which expected to help and develop students’ vocabulary achievement. The research methodology in this research is quantitative, true experimental. Further, the research design is post-test only control group design. The sampling technique applied is Cluster Random Sampling, where the samples are randomly taken from the population. There are 60 samples of students and the sample classes are divided into two classes, Experimental and Control classes. Each class with 30 students. The instrument used to collect the vocabulary achievement in form of an objective test, consisting of 30 questions. The result of data are analyzed using t–test, the researcher found that Tobserved = 13,355 is higher than Ttable = 2.000 and significant (2-tailed) 0.00 than < (lower) than Alpha 0.05 that means Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. Based on the result, it can be concluded that there is a significant effect of using Animation Video on Ten-Grade Students’ Vocabulary Achievement at MAN 18 JAKARTA.

Mediation of an efficacious HIV risk reduction intervention for adolescents: A cluster-randomised controlled trial

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (13) ◽  
pp. 1884-1896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Morales ◽  
José P Espada ◽  
Mireia Orgilés
Keyword(s):  
Condom Use ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Consistent Condom ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Consistent Condom Use ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Healthy Sexuality ◽  
Randomised Controlled

The ‘Cuidate’ programme for adolescents in Spain has proven to be effective for promoting healthy sexuality ( N = 626), but the mechanisms underlying its effects are unknown. This study aimed to identify mediators of the intervention’s effects compared to a control group. Participants were students from five areas of Spain, who completed baseline, immediate-posttest, 12-month and 24-month follow-up assessments. Mediation analyses revealed that ‘Cuidate’ positively affected consistent condom use indirectly through knowledge in serial with the intention to use condoms. The findings underscore the importance of targeting knowledge on HIV and sexually transmitted infections to promote condom use intention and consistent condom use.

scholarly journals Does increasing social presence enhance the effectiveness of writing explanations?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250406
Author(s):  
Leonie Jacob ◽  
Andreas Lachner ◽  
Katharina Scheiter
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Text Editor ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Instructional Text ◽  
Perceived Social Presence ◽  
Subsequent Task

Writing explanations has demonstrated to be less effective than providing oral explanations, as writing triggers less amounts of perceived social presence during explaining. In this study, we investigated whether increasing social presence during writing explanations would aid learning. University students (N = 137) read an instructional text about immunology; their subsequent task depended on experimental condition. Students either explained the contents to a fictitious peer orally, wrote their explanations in a text editor, or wrote them in a messenger chat, which was assumed to induce higher levels of social presence. A control group retrieved the material. Surprisingly, we did not obtain any differences in learning outcomes between experimental conditions. Interestingly, explaining was more effortful, enjoyable, and interesting than retrieving. This study shows that solely inducing social presence does not improve learning from writing explanations. More importantly, the findings underscore the importance of cognitive and motivational conditions during learning activities.

Effects of the Satir Model on Mental Health: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 775-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Way Kwok-Wai Lau ◽  
Pamela Pui-Yu Leung ◽  
Catherine Lai-Ping Chung
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: This randomized controlled trial examined the effect of an intensive experiential workshop based on the Satir growth model (SGM) that aims at cultivating self-transformation. Method: Ninety-six adult participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group (52 participants) or the wait-list control group. The role of self-transformation, measured by the Perceived Self-Transformation Scale, in the relationship between affects and mental health problems was examined using mediation analyses. Results: After the workshop, the intervention group demonstrated higher levels of self-transformation (η2 = .308, p < .001), as well as significant improvement ( p < .001) in positive (η2 = .557) and negative (η2 = .293) affects, self-esteem (η2 = .538), spirituality (η2 = .473), and mental health problems (η2 = .386). Importantly, increased self-transformation after the workshop partially mediated the relationship between reduced negative affect and mental health problems in the intervention group (indirect effect: β = 0.163, 95% confidence interval [0.035, 0.343]). Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest that the SGM-based intervention can be effective in ameliorating mental health problems.

Influence of Natural American Spirit advertising on current and former smokers’ perceptions and intentions

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 498-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie K Gratale ◽  
Erin K Maloney ◽  
Angeline Sangalang ◽  
Joseph N Cappella
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Regulatory Action ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Advertising Content ◽  
Made In

ObjectiveThis study sought to demonstrate causal effects of exposure to Natural American Spirit (NAS) advertising content on misinformed beliefs of current and former smokers, and to empirically establish these beliefs as a mechanism driving intentions to use NAS.MethodsOur study employed a randomised experimental design with 1128 adult daily, intermittent and former smokers. We compared participants who were exposed to NAS advertisements or claims made in the advertisements with those in a no-message control group to test the effects of NAS advertising content on inaccurate beliefs about NAS and attitudes and intentions towards the product.ResultsOne-way analysis of variance revealed that exposure to NAS advertisements produced inaccurate beliefs about the composition of NAS cigarettes among current and former smokers (p<0.05). Planned contrasts indicated a compilation of arguments taken directly from NAS advertisements resulted in significantly greater beliefs that NAS cigarettes are healthier/safer than other cigarettes (for former smokers, t(472)=3.63, p<0.001; for current smokers, t(644)=2.86, p=0.004), demonstrating that suggestive claims used in the brand’s marketing have effects on beliefs not directly addressed in the advertisements. Regression and mediation analyses showed that health-related beliefs predict attitudes towards NAS for current and former smokers, and mediate intentions to use NAS.ConclusionsThe findings of this study provide causal support for the need for further regulatory action to address the potentially harmful ramifications of claims used in NAS advertising.

scholarly journals The Effects of Cooperative Compliance on Firms’ Tax Risk, Tax Risk Management and Compliance Costs

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-178
Author(s):  
Eva Eberhartinger ◽  
Maximilian Zieser
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Compliance Costs ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Compliance Programs ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractIn cooperative compliance programs, firms and tax administrations agree on cooperation instead of confrontation. Firms provide full transparency and advanced tax control frameworks. Tax administrations, in turn, offer certainty as to the tax treatment of complex transactions. In this study, we test how firms’ perceptions of tax risk, the quality of tax risk management, and compliance costs are related to cooperative compliance. To our knowledge, this is the first study that attempts to analyze both reasons for and consequences of participation in cooperative compliance programs. We examine the Austrian cooperative compliance pilot project known as horizontal monitoring that was aimed at large businesses and launched in 2011. We use survey data from representatives of firms participating in the pilot project and a sample of comparable firms under a traditional ex-post audit regime. We conduct group comparisons to test differences between these groups, as well as mediation analyses to shed light on more complex relationships between variables. Results show that horizontal monitoring firms perceive a significantly higher increase in tax certainty, which is associated with significant relative decreases in tax risk and compliance costs. Furthermore, while the quality of tax risk management upon entering the pilot project appears significantly higher for horizontal monitoring firms, they do not report greater improvement in tax risk management compared to the control group. These results are relevant for the development of cooperative compliance programs and the decision to participate in them.

Familiarity, comprehension and use of Indian English only

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srishti Nayak ◽  
Inder Singh ◽  
Catherine Caldwell-Harris
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Method ◽  
American English ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Indian English ◽  
English Only ◽  
The Us ◽  
Written Form ◽  
American English Speakers

Indian English only (IndE-only), e.g. “I’ll meet you here only”, is rejected as poor English by many IndE speakers. In the present study, we used a mixed method to investigate familiarity, comprehension and use of IndE-only in 20 L1 IndE speakers in the US. Participants completed a psycholinguistic task comprising syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic judgments of IndE, standard English, and grammatically or semantically odd control sentences. L1 IndE speakers’ task performance was compared to a control group of 33 American English speakers. Results showed that IndE speakers were familiar with syntactic aspects of IndE-only consistent with the literature, and were able to extract significantly more information about implicatures and conversational contexts compared to the control group. L1 IndE speakers were also interviewed about their attitudes towards IndE and IndE-only. Qualitative results indicated that despite some stigmatization, mostly in the written form, IndE-only exemplifies the emerging identity of L1 IndE.

Managing the face in service failure: the moderation effect of social presence

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 1314-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shangzhi (Charles) Qiu ◽  
Mimi Li ◽  
Anna S. Mattila ◽  
Wan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Social Presence ◽  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Service Failure ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Online Reviews ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Face Concern ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Situational Effect

Purpose This study aims to investigate the moderating effect of in-group social presence on the relationship between face concern and hotel customers’ behavioral responses to service failures. Design/methodology/approach Participants were randomly assigned to two conditions: in-group presence vs control group. They read a scenario describing a hotel check-in service failure and answered questions regarding their behavioral intention after the failure and level of face concern. Findings The results indicate that face concern is positively associated with the intention to voice a complaint, to spread negative word-of-mouth and to post negative online reviews. While the impact of face concern on complaint intention became insignificant in the presence of an in-group, its effect on posting negative online reviews was enhanced when surrounded by an in-group. Research limitations/implications It addresses the long-lasting debate about the association between face concern and various types of behavioral responses to service failure. Practically, extra attention should be paid to the process quality when serving face concerned customers, particularly when they are accompanied by important others. Originality/value This study enriches the literature on cultural effects by identifying the situational effect of face concern on customers’ service failure responses. A model that describes the situational effect of face concern on different types of behavioral intention has been built.

scholarly journals Social presence and motivation in online environments: Second Life versus the Enocta Learning Management System/Adobe Connect

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mesut Ozonur ◽  
Tugba Yanpar Yelken ◽  
Hatice Sancar Tokmak
Keyword(s):  
Social Presence ◽  
Second Life ◽  
Management System ◽  
Learning Management System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Computer Supported Collaborative Learning ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
The Social ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Learning Management

This study aims to compare the social presence and motivation of students taking a database II course using either the virtual world Second Life (SL) or the Enocta learning management system (LMS)/Adobe Connect. The study group consisted of 60 undergraduate sophomore students enrolled in a fully online computer programming program. Students were divided into two groups of 30. The first group was the experimental group taking the course on Second Life and the latter was control group taking the course through the Enocta LMS/Adobe Connect. A matching-only pre- and post-test control group design was applied. The data were collected through the Perceived Sociability Scale of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Environments (Sociability Scale) and the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). The results of the study showed significant differences in motivation and social presence scores in favour of the students taking the course through Second Life.

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