scholarly journals A database of lapidary artifacts in the Caribbean for the Ceramic Age

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Queffelec ◽  
Pierrick Fouéré ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Caverne
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
Ceramic Age ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Materials Used

Lapidary artifacts show an impressive abundance and diversity during the Ceramic period in the Caribbean islands, especially at the beginning of this period. Most of the raw materials used in this production do not exist naturally on the islands of the Lesser Antilles, nevertheless, many archaeological sites have yielded such artifacts on these islands. In the framework of a four-years-long project, we created a database by combining first hand observations and analysis, as well as a thorough literature survey. The result is a database including more than 100 sites and almost 5000 beads, pendants, blanks and raw material fragments.

Island Rhythms: The Web of Social Relationships and Interaction Networks in the Lesser Antillean Archipelago between 400 B.C. and A.D. 1492

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne L. Hofman ◽  
Alistair J. Bright ◽  
Arie Boomert ◽  
Sebastiaan Knippenberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Exchange Relationships ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
Ceramic Age ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Web

The precolonial communities of the Caribbean archipelago were not insular. The discontinuous natural resource distribution, the maritime orientation of the Caribbean Amerindians, and the complexities of regional social interaction ensured that the precolonial Caribbean islandscape was dynamic and highly interconnected. This report explores the socicultural behavior and intercommunity exchange relationships of the inhabitants of the Lesser Antilles. It combines related archaeological case studies encompassing the procurement and exchange of: (1) raw materials and utilitarian goods with a wide spatial and social distribution, (2) goods with high stylistic visibility and presumed social function as markers of identity or status, and (3) prestige goods with profound ceremonial value. The study of these objects reveals overarching social and ideological dimensions to Caribbean life. Data suggest that social relationships manifest themselves at different levels and through distinct rhythms while taking on various material guises during the Ceramic age Amerindian occupation of the Caribbean islands (400 B.C. to A.D. 1492). While there is great potential in unraveling interaction networks through the careful study of distribution patterns, the incorporation of ethnohistoric and ethnographic information is imperative to elucidate the web of social relationships underlying these material manifestations.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sarika ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽  
Taleb Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Incorporation of sugarcane bagasse ash waste as an alternative raw material for red ceramic

Cerâmica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (351) ◽  
pp. 473-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. P. Faria ◽  
J. N. F. Holanda
Keyword(s):  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phase Evolution ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Natural Clay ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Sugarcane Industry

The sugarcane industry generates huge amounts of sugarcane bagasse ashes (SCBA). This work investigates the incorporation of a SCBA waste as an alternative raw material into a clay body, replacing natural clay material by up to 20 wt.%. Clay ceramic pieces were produced by uniaxial pressing and fired at temperatures varying from 700 to 1100 ºC. The technological properties of the clay ceramic pieces (linear shrinkage, apparent density, water absorption, and tensile strength) as function of the firing temperature and waste addition are investigated. The phase evolution during firing was followed by X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the SCBA waste could be incorporated into red ceramics (bricks and roofing tiles) in partial replacement for natural clay material. These results confirm the feasibility of valorisation of SCBA waste to produce red ceramic. This use of SCBA can also contribute greatly to reducing the environmental problems of the sugarcane industry, and also save the sources of natural raw materials used in the ceramic industry.

Petrography

2016 ◽  
pp. 232-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Degryse ◽  
Dennis Braekmans
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Historical Materials ◽  
Fabric Analysis ◽  
Trade And Exchange ◽  
Indispensable Tool ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Ceramic Petrography ◽  
Material Provenance

Petrography has developed into an indispensable tool for ceramic fabric analysis, specifically studying the mineralogical and textural composition of ceramic objects. Petrography is a technique commonly used in geology to describe and classify rocks. Ceramic petrography studies clay-based archaeological or historical materials. Using a polarizing light microscope (PLM) in ceramic studies, the different raw materials used to make a ceramic object can be identified, ranging from clays and other minerals to rock fragments and inorganic or organic temper. The technique moreover feeds into the study of raw material provenance and origin, and is able to discern the different technological procedures followed to make the ceramic object (from shaping to firing), next to providing clues on the function of the object. This information not only helps reconstruct trade and exchange of raw materials and ceramics, but aids in reconstructing society behind the pot.

DETERMINANTS OF THE SELECTION OF RAW MATERIALS USED IN ANIMAL FEED PRODUCTION

2020 ◽  
Vol XXII (2) ◽  
pp. 191-199
Author(s):  
Magdalena Śmiglak-Krajewska
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Selection Of

The main purpose of this paper was to identify the factors affecting the selection of raw materials used by feed operators in feed production. An attempt was also made to indicate the barriers to increasing the use of native protein plants by feed operators in feed production. Today, many EU countries (including Poland) primarily rely on vegetable protein derived from genetically modified soya bean meal (mainly imported from South America and the U.S.) in addressing their needs for protein raw material used in animal feed. For many years now, Poland has taken steps to increase the production and use of native protein raw material to partially replace soya bean meal imports. The use of mixes of diverse domestic protein sources derived from grain legumes (peas, field beans, lupine) can provide an advantageous alternative to compound feeding stuff based on imported post-extraction soya bean meal. To meet the objective defined above, this paper relied on the results of a 2018 survey conducted with a sample of 29 feed operators located across the country. More than half (55%) of the enterprises surveyed did not use legumes in feed production; the use of legumes was above 10% in only 3% of respondents. When asked about the key factors affecting the selection of raw materials used in production processes, the respondents declared to be interested in buying large batches of homogeneous raw materials that meet specific quality parameters (33% replied “rather yes” and 67% replied “definitely yes”). The protein content of plant seeds used in feed production was identified as another aspect of extreme importance (55% replied “rather yes” and 24% replied “definitely yes”).

scholarly journals Traditional and new raw materials for spirit beverage production

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
Szymon Ługowoj ◽  
Maria Balcerek
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Growth Requirements ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Production Industry

The ethanol production industry is a fast growing branch of the economy in many countries, and there is a rich tradition of spirit beverage production of many unique drinks such as Polish vodka and Starka or Irish and Scotch whisk(e)y, all of which have unique organoleptic features. This variety is possible thanks to different raw materials used for production such as rye, barley or corn and potatoes, as well as technological solutions developed over the generations of manufacturing. Rye deserves a closer look due to its low growth requirements and many different uses as well as its long tradition of cultivation, especially in Poland. On the other hand, manufacturers are currently interested in using new, original raw materials for the production of so-called craft alcohols. Buckwheat is an example of a raw material that can be successfully used in the production of original spirits.

scholarly journals Effect of washing time and storage of raw Material on Surimi and Kamaboko of Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Eka Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Minced Fish ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
And Storage

This study aim was to determine the effect of washing and raw materials on frozen storage on the quality of surimi and kamaboko from raw material of tilapia (Oreochromis sp). There were three types of raw materials used, namely minced fish, surimi, and surimi with addition of sorbitol, with three washing treatments and four weeks frozen storage period observed every week. The method used consisted of measurements of pH, water content, bite test, and folding test. Then the results obtained for the best kamaboko tilapia (Oreochromis sp) were obtained from fillet raw materials compared to the raw material of Minced fish and raw materials of Minced Fish + Sorbitol, with a frequency of washing once and frozen storage for 3 weeks.

scholarly journals KAJIAN KOMPOSISI KIMIA SNACK BARS DARI BERBAGAI BAHAN BAKU LOKAL : SYSTEMATIC REVIEW STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SNACK BARS FROM VARIOUS LOCAL RAW MATERIALS : SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Mayestika S. D. Taula’bi’ ◽  
Yoakhim Y.E. Oessoe ◽  
Maria F. Sumual
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Local Food ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Great Demand ◽  
Review Study ◽  
Materials Used

Snack bars is one of the commercial food products found in the market but this product mostly still use imported raw materials such as soybeans and wheat. Research on the use of local food as raw material for making snack bars is currently in great demand considering that Indonesia has abundant potential agricultural to be optimized in supporting food diversification efforts. This study aims to make an inventory of the types of local raw materials that have been used in the manufacture of snack bars, to record and to study the types binders of snack bars and to evaluate the chemical composition of local raw material snack bars. This research was made with a systematic review design with the PRISMA method. From the results of the systematic review conducted, it was found that local raw materials for cereals, nuts, fruits, vegetables and local tubers can be combined to be used as raw material for making snack bars. Several types of binders that have been used in the manufacture of snack bars are cornstarch, tapioca, sugar, eggs, and also maltodextrin. The evaluation results of the chemical composition of local raw material snack bars, namely having water content ranged from 2.28% - 53.4%, carbohydrate content 27.3% - 86.66%, fat content 8% - 34.46%, protein content 3.49% - 17.61%, and total calories 294.19 kcal/100 g - 552.71 kcal/100 g which is influenced by several factors, namely the use of various raw materials, additional materials used, and the processing of snack bar products

scholarly journals Technology of Dvaravati Pottery: A View from Petrographic Analysis.

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duangkamol Aussavamas
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Material Distribution ◽  
Material Source ◽  
Period Analysis ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Central Thailand

This study focuses on the examination of aspects of the carinated pottery of the Dvaravati period. This type of pottery is one of the most prominent types found in a large number of Dvaravati sites in Thailand. Samples used for this study were collected from excavations at archaeological sites located in several regions of Thailand including Northern, Northeastern and Central Thailand. The carinated potteries were analyzed using petrographic analysis. The objective of this work was to examine the pottery fabric. This method is used to establish sources of raw materials, and whether production techniques, decorations, and firing temperature show patterns associated with the raw material source distributions. It is also possible to reconstruct the production technology of the vessels. Knowing the source of raw materials (source of clay and temper) and understanding the patterns of manufacturing and decorative processes help better understand material distribution patterns of the Dvaravati period. Analysis shows that Dvaravati earthenware pottery raw materials include both primary and secondary clays, and that temper used was both organic matter (rice chaff) and grogs (fired clay mixed with iron oxide). Evidence for wheel-thrown production was associated with all decoration styles, and finishing techniques included plain, polishing, incising, cord marking, red slip and black burnishing. The firing temperatures were as low as 400-550° C. These samples indicate there was general homogeneity over a wide area, but also the presence of regional groups of pottery. This suggests the widespread circulation of pottery styles among various production centers during the Dvaravati period.

scholarly journals The exploitation of obsidian in the Central Plateau of Santa Cruz, Argentina: Results from La María and Cerro Tres Tetas and a regional perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Enrique Cueto ◽  
Ariel David Frank ◽  
Fabiana Skarbun
Keyword(s):  
Late Holocene ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Central Plateau ◽  
Argentine Patagonia ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
Historical Times ◽  
Obsidian Source

La María and Cerro Tres Tetas archaeological localities are located in the Central Plateau, in the province of Santa Cruz, Argentine Patagonia. This area presents abundant lithic raw materials of very good quality for knapping including flint, chalcedony and silicified wood. These raw materials were used by the inhabitants of the region since the end of the Pleistocene until recent historical times. Besides, we have recorded the exploitation of exotic stones in low proportions at the archaeological sites. Among these, the most abundant is obsidian which probably comes from sources located more than125 kmaway. In this context, the use of this type of raw material should be evaluated in terms of social and symbolic issues.In this paper, we examine the strategies of acquisition and reduction of the obsidian found at the archaeological sites Cerro Tres Tetas 1, Casa del Minero 1, Cueva de La Ventana, La Mesada and Cueva Túnel. We carry out a technomorphological analysis of the obsidian remains from these sites.Results from this work strengthen the idea that the groups which lived in the Central Plateau knew about and exploited an obsidian source known as Pampa del Asador. A raise in the use of this raw material throughout time is recorded, reaching its peak in the late Holocene. We identified two different moments in the exploitation of obsidian at the regional level. During the final Pleistocene and early Holocene, obsidian would not have played a relevant role in the organization of technology. Production sequences indicate that tools probably were entered to the sites already manufactured. During the middle and late Holocene nodules and cores could have been brought into the sites. The strategies involved in their reduction are in broad terms similar to those implemented with local raw materials; there is no evidence that obsidian had more value in any way. On the other hand, it is also not possible to state that there was just an eventual exploitation of this raw material. We believe that obsidian was acquired during mobility circuits which enabled the contact between different groups.

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