Justice denied: Gender and Motherhood Pay Gaps in Poland

Motherhood wage penalties and the reasons for their persistence have received a great deal of attention in the sociological literature over the past twenty years. Rarely do these studies present results from Central and Eastern Europe, however. Using data from the nationally representative Polish Panel Survey (POLPAN) for the years 1988-2018, we estimate the size of the motherhood penalty in Poland. We show that while mothers and women in Poland incur significant wage penalties compared to men, even after controlling for a range of productivity and human capital characteristics, mothers do not earn less than women with no children. In order to address the argument that such disparities endure because they are viewed as just, we contrast our results with those of a multifactorial (vignette) study of fair earnings. The latter shows that such wage penalties are not perceived as just. In fact, we find no evidence of perceived just penalties for women and mothers with the same characteristics as men and fathers. Our results provide insights into the ongoing discussion of principles of legitimacy of inequality and perceptions of fairness.

Can Personality Explain the Educational Gradient in Divorce? Evidence From a Nationally Representative Panel Survey

Journal of Family Issues ◽

10.1177/0192513x15585811 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 38 (10) ◽

pp. 1339-1362 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Diederik Boertien ◽

Christian von Scheve ◽

Mona Park

Keyword(s):

Personality Traits ◽

Big Five Personality ◽

Relationship Stability ◽

Panel Survey ◽

The Social ◽

Educational Groups ◽

Married Individuals ◽

Using Data ◽

Social Demographic

The social demographic literature on divorce suggests that the lower educated are more likely to have personality traits that reduce relationship stability. However, few empirical verifications of this proposition exist. To fill this void, we look at the distribution of personality traits across educational groups of married individuals in Britain. Using data from the British Household Panel Survey ( N = 2,665), we first estimated the effects of the “Big Five” personality traits agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience on divorce and subsequently examine their distribution across educational groups. We find that in particular women’s personality traits differ by education. We also observe that personality traits affecting divorce risk are distributed unevenly over educational groups, but they do not favor the higher educated in general. In sum, the data do not support the hypothesis that the lower educated in Britain have personality traits that reduce relationship stability.

Functional Hearing Loss and Social Engagement Among Medicare Beneficiaries

The Journals of Gerontology Series B ◽

10.1093/geronb/gbz094 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 195-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aishwarya Shukla ◽

Thomas K M Cudjoe ◽

Frank R Lin ◽

Nicholas S Reed

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Hearing Loss ◽

Social Engagement ◽

Social Activity ◽

Medicare Beneficiaries ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Past ◽

Hearing Ability ◽

Abstract Objectives Hearing loss is common in older adults and limits communication. We investigated the independent association between functional hearing loss and social engagement in a nationally representative sample of older adults. Methods Using data from the 2015 Medicare Current Beneficiaries Survey, we modeled the cross-sectional association between self-reported hearing ability and limitation in social activity over the past month using multivariable logistic regression. Results The majority of the study population was female (54.8%) and non-Hispanic white (74.3%). Participants (40.4%) reported “a little trouble” hearing and 7.4% reported “a lot of trouble” hearing. Those who reported any trouble hearing had higher odds of limited social engagement in the past month. After adjustment for demographic, clinical, and functional covariates, those who reported “a lot of trouble” hearing had 37% higher odds of limited social activity in the past month compared to those with normal hearing. Discussion These results suggest that hearing loss may be an important risk factor for limited social engagement and downstream negative health consequences, independent of other disability and health conditions.

Attitudinal Acceptance of Intimate Partner Violence Among U.S. Adults

Violence and Victims ◽

10.1891/0886-6708.16.2.115 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 115-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 107

Author(s):

Thomas R. Simon ◽

Mark Anderson ◽

Martie P. Thompson ◽

Alex E. Crosby ◽

Gene Shelley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Violent Behavior ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Never Married ◽

The Past ◽

Victims Of Violence ◽

Attitudinal acceptance of intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important correlate of violent behavior. This study examined acceptance of IPV using data collected from a nationally representative telephone survey of 5,238 adults. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to test for associations between sociodemographic characteristics, exposure to violence, question order, and acceptance of hitting a spouse or boyfriend/girlfriend under specific circumstances. Depending on the circumstance examined, acceptance of IPV was significantly higher among participants who were male and younger than 35; were non-White; were divorced, separated, or had never married; had not completed high school; had a low household income; or were victims of violence within the past 12 months. Participants were more accepting of women hitting men; they also were consistent’; more likely to report tolerance of IPV if they were asked first about women hitting men rather than men hitting women. Reports of IPV tolerance need to be interpreted within the context of the survey. Efforts to change IPV attitudes can be tailored to specific IPV circumstances and subgroups, and these efforts should emphasize that the use of physical violence is unacceptable to both genders.

Emergency department increased use of observation care for elderly medicare patients

Journal of Hospital Administration ◽

10.5430/jha.v7n3p9 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gelareh Z. Gabayan ◽

Li-Jung Liang ◽

Brian Doyle ◽

David Yu-Chuang Huang ◽

Catherine A. Sarkisian

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Estimating Equation ◽

Generalized Estimating Equation ◽

Inpatient Service ◽

Medicare Beneficiaries ◽

The Past ◽

Medicare Patients ◽

Using Data ◽

The Relationship

Background: Over the past decade, a growing number of older Medicare beneficiaries visit the emergency department (ED) and have been placed in observation care. We investigated and compared the prevalence and factors associated with patients age ≥ 65 years with Medicare insurance who are placed in the hospital, observation care, or discharged following an ED visit.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from a nationally representative 5% sample of Medicare patients age ≥ 65 years during the year 2013. We performed multiple generalized estimating equation (GEE) logistic regression analyses to assess the relationship between placement in a hospital vs. discharge, observation care vs. discharge, and observation care vs. admission.Results: Of 537,455 Medicare beneficiaries age ≥ 65 years who visited an ED in 2013, 48.0% (N = 258,083) were discharged, 10.5% (N = 56,184) placed in observation care, and 41.5% (N = 223,188) were admitted to the inpatient service following the ED visit. The top 2 diagnoses associated with placement in the hospital vs. discharge were ischemic heart disease and renal disease. Patients with symptomatic diagnoses such as chest pain and dizziness were more likely to be placed in observation care following an ED visit as compared to admission to the hospital.Conclusions: Compared to prior studies, we found a greater number of older Medicare ED patients placed in observation care and a lower number admitted to the hospital. Most common diagnoses of placement in observation care were symptom-based as compared to being admitted to the hospital which were disease-based.

Theodore W. Schultz. The Economics of Being Poor. Oxford: Blackwell. 1993. ix+340 pp.+ Index. Hardbound. £ 40.00.

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v34i1pp.84-85 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 84-85

Author(s):

Mir Annice Mahmood

Keyword(s):

Economic Policy ◽

Human Capital ◽

Policy Formulation ◽

The Past ◽

The Poor ◽

Logical Sequence ◽

Standards Of Living ◽

Economic Journals ◽

Material Conditions ◽

Demand For Children

Improving the material conditions of the poor has been the main focus of economic policy formulation for the past fifty years or so. Thus, in this connection, a vast body of literature has been published which deals with such issues as identifying the poor and suggesting remedies to alleviate their lot. The book by Theodore W. Schultz deals specifically with the economics of the poor. The book is primarily a collection of articles the author wrote over a fortyyear period (1950-1990), and these have been published previously in a number of leading economic journals. The articles have been grouped under three headings: "Most People Are Poor"; "Investing in Skills and Knowledge"; and "Effects of Human Capital". The articles basically deal with the concept of human capital. There is a logical sequence to the articles that make up this book; the poor are identified and steps are then suggested to improve their standing. Issues such as women's economic emancipation and the demand for children are highlighted in the collection of articles dealing with these two subjects. By investing in themselves through education, the poor raise their level of skills, and thus their level of wages/salaries, allowing them to enjoy higher standards of living.

Openness and Self-enhancement are predictors of cultural and economic beliefs: an analysis of European countries across 15 years

10.31234/osf.io/q2s35 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Gabriela Czarnek ◽

Małgorzata Kossowska

Keyword(s):

Cultural Context ◽

Cultural Beliefs ◽

European Social Survey ◽

European Countries ◽

Political Beliefs ◽

Economic Beliefs ◽

Self Transcendence ◽

Using Data ◽

The Relationship

In this study, we investigate the relationship between values and political beliefs and how it varies as a function of cultural context and time. In particular, we analyzed the effects of Conservation vs. Openness to change and Self-transcendence vs. Self-enhancement for cultural and economic political beliefs using data from nationally representative samples of citizens from 34 European countries from eight rounds of the European Social Survey (data spans the 2002–2016 period). We found that the effects of values on political beliefs are moderated by the Western vs. Eastern cultural context and that there is a modest round-to-round variation in the effects of values on beliefs. The relationship between Openness and cultural beliefs was negative and largely consistent across the Western and Eastern countries. Similarly, the effects of Self-enhancement were positive across these Western and Eastern countries. In contrast, the effects of Openness on economic beliefs were positive for the Eastern countries but largely weak and inconsistent for the Western countries. Finally, the effects of Self-enhancement on cultural beliefs are weak for both cultural contexts.

Increase associated risk of gynaecological cancer due to long-term exposure to high concentration of atmospheric SO2 industrial pollutant

Indoor and Built Environment ◽

10.1177/1420326x211003655 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1420326X2110036

Author(s):

Qian Xu ◽

Chan Lu ◽

Rachael Gakii Murithi ◽

Lanqin Cao

Keyword(s):

Time Windows ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Gynaecological Cancer ◽

High Concentration ◽

The Past ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Using Data ◽

Air Quality Monitoring Stations ◽

Control Study

A cohort case–control study was conducted in XiangYa Hospital, Changsha, China, which involved 305 patients and 399 healthy women, from June 2010 to December 2018, to evaluate the association between Chinese women’s short- and long-term exposure to industrial air pollutant, SO2 and gynaecological cancer (GC). We obtained personal and family information from the XiangYa Hospital electronic computer medical records. Using data obtained from the air quality monitoring stations in Changsha, we estimated each woman’s exposure to the industrial air pollutant, sulphur dioxide (SO2), for different time windows, including the past 1, 5, 10 and 15 years before diagnosis of the disease. A multiple logistic regression model was used to assess the association between GC and SO2 exposure. GC was significantly associated with long-term SO2 exposure, with adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 1.56 (1.10–2.21) and 1.81 (1.07–3.06) for a per interquartile range increase in the past 10 and 15 years, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that different groups reacted in different ways to long-term SO2 exposure. We concluded that long-term exposure to high concentration of industrial pollutant, SO2 is associated with the development of GC. This finding has implications for the prevention and reduction of GC.

Human Capital Disparities and Earnings Inequality in The Portuguese Private Labour Market

Social Indicators Research ◽

10.1007/s11205-021-02745-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Derick R. C. Almeida ◽

João A. S. Andrade ◽

Adelaide Duarte ◽

Marta Simões

Keyword(s):

Human Capital ◽

Labour Market ◽

Tertiary Education ◽

Earnings Inequality ◽

Kuznets Curve ◽

Positive Trend ◽

Returns To Schooling ◽

Education Inequality ◽

AbstractThis paper examines human capital inequality and how it relates to earnings inequality in Portugal using data from Quadros de Pessoal for the period 1986–2017. The objective is threefold: (i) show how the distribution of human capital has evolved over time; (ii) investigate the association between human capital inequality and earnings inequality; and (iii) analyse the role of returns to schooling, together with human capital inequality, in the explanation of earnings inequality. Our findings suggest that human capital inequality, computed based on the distribution of average years of schooling of employees working in the Portuguese private labour market, records a positive trend until 2007 and decreases from this year onwards, suggesting the existence of a Kuznets curve of education relating educational attainment levels and education inequality. Based on the decomposition of a Generalized Entropy index (Theil N) for earnings inequality, we observe that inequality in the distribution of human capital plays an important role in the explanation of earnings inequality, although this role has become less important over the last decade. Using Mincerian earnings regressions to estimate the returns to schooling together with the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition of real hourly earnings we confirm that there are two important forces associated with the observed decrease in earnings inequality: a reduction in education inequality and compressed returns to schooling, mainly in tertiary education.

Sexual harassment and psychological complaints: student- and class-level associations

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.944 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

S Brolin Låftman ◽

Y Bjereld ◽

B Modin ◽

P Löfstedt

Keyword(s):

School Climate ◽

Sexual Harassment ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Well Being ◽

Negative Effects ◽

School Class ◽

School Aged Children ◽

The Past ◽

Class Level ◽

Abstract Background Students who are subjected to sexual harassment at school report lower psychological well-being than those who are not exposed. Yet, it is possible that the occurrence of sexual harassment in the school class is stressful also for those who are not directly targeted, with potential negative effects on well-being for all students. The aim was to examine whether sexual harassment at the student- and at the class-level was associated with students' psychological complaints. Methods Data from the Swedish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) of 2017/18 was used, with information from students aged 11, 13 and 15 years (n = 3,720 distributed across 209 classes). Psychological complaints were constructed as a summative index of four items capturing how often the student had felt low, felt irritable or bad tempered, felt nervous, or had difficulties to fall asleep, during the past six months (Cronbach's alpha=0.78). Sexual harassment at the student-level was measured by one item concerning bullying at school: “Other students have exposed me to sexual jokes”. Students who reported that this had happened at least “2 or 3 times a month” were classified as exposed to sexual harassment at school. Sexual harassment at the class-level was defined as the school class proportion of students exposed to sexual harassment, reported in per cent. Two-level linear regression analysis was applied. Results Students who had been exposed to sexual harassment had higher levels of psychological complaints (b = 2.74, p < 0.001). The proportion of students in the school class who had been exposed to sexual harassment was also associated with higher levels of psychological complaints, even when adjusting for sexual harassment at the student-level, gender and grade (b = 0.03, p = 0.015). Conclusions Sexual harassment is harmful for those who are exposed, but may also affect other students negatively. Thus, a school climate free from sexual harassment will profit all students. Key messages Using data collected among students aged 11, 13 and 15 years, this study showed that sexual harassment at the student- and class-level was associated with higher levels of psychological complaints. Sexual harassment is harmful for those who are exposed, but may also affect other students negatively. Thus, a school climate free from sexual harassment will profit all students.

Ten-year trends of hypertension treatment and control rate in Korea

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-86199-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kwang-il Kim ◽

Eunjeong Ji ◽

Jung-yeon Choi ◽

Sun-wook Kim ◽

Soyeon Ahn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Favorable Effect ◽

Age Group ◽

Hypertension Treatment ◽

Treatment Rate ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Past ◽

Multistage Sampling ◽

And Control

AbstractWe analyzed the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) database to determine the trends of hypertension treatment and control rate in Korea over the past 10 years. In addition, we tried to investigate the effect of chronic medical conditions on hypertension management. We investigated the hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rate from 2008 to 2017. KNHANES, which uses a stratified multistage sampling design, is a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey conducted by the Korean government. A total of 59,282 adults (≥ 20 years) were included, which was representative of the total population of around 40 million Koreans per year. The mean age was 50.7 ± 16.4 years and 42.6% were male. The prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity significantly increased over the 10 years. During this period, the hypertension treatment and control rate significantly improved. Hypertension treatment rate was significantly lower in the younger age group compared to the older age group, but the control rate among the treated patients was not significantly different between age groups. The treatment and control rates of hypertension were higher in patients with multimorbidity, which implies that it has a favorable effect on the treatment and control of hypertension. Hypertension treatment and control rate have improved over the past 10 years. The higher treatment and control rate in patients with multimorbidity suggest that the more aggressive surveillance might be associated with the improvement of hypertension treatment and control rate in Korea.