scholarly journals Is there a link between endowment inequality and deception? – An analysis of students and chess players

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Gruener ◽  
Ilia Khassine
Keyword(s):  
Private Information ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
Initial Endowment ◽  
Strategic Interactions ◽  
Standard Population ◽  
Deception Game ◽  
Chess Players ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Alternatives

This paper investigates experimentally the relationship between inequality in endowment and deception. Our basic design is adopted from Gneezy (2005): two players interact in a deception game. It is common knowledge that player 1 has private information about the payoffs for both players of two alternative ac-tions. Player 1 sends a message to player 2, indicating which alternative putatively will end up in a higher payoff for player 2. The message, which can either be true or false, does not affect the payoffs of the players. Player 2 has no information about the payoffs. However, player 2 selects one of the two alternatives A or B, which is payoff-relevant for both players. Our paper adds value to the literature by extending Gneezy (2005) in two elements. First, we systematically vary the initial endowment of the players 1 and 2 (common knowledge to both of them). Second, we do not limit ourselves to the standard population of university students but also recruit chess players that are not enrolled in any degree program. Doing so, we want to find out if our results remain robust over a non-standard subject population which is known to be experienced to some extent in strategic interactions. Our main findings are: (i) non-students behave more honestly than students, (ii) students are more likely to trust the opponent’s message, and (iii) students and non-students be-have differently to variation in initial endowment.

Immigration and population growth in early fourteenth-century Norwich: evidence from the tithing roll

Urban History ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 15-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Independent Basis ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
Tax Returns ◽  
The Relationship

Estimates of urban population before the Black Death have been hampered by a lack of suitable data. Although it is common knowledge that many towns reached a physical size in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries that was not exceeded until the early-modern period, little definite is known about the gross urban population at this date. Where attempts have been made to estimate urban populations these have traditionally depended on multiplying from one arbitrary sector of the community, such as property owners, taxpayers or freemen, or on back projections from the late-fourteenth-century poll tax returns. The problem with such an approach is not only that there is little independent basis for the multipliers used, but also that the relationship between any such arbitrary sector and the urban population as a whole may alter from town to town as well as from time to time within the same community. An exception to this approach has been the recent work of Derek Keene, who has used other indicators of population size and pressure, namely land values, the extent of the built-up area and density of settlement, to estimate the early-fourteenth-century populations of Winchester and London. It may be significant that this method has produced considerably higher population figures than had been reached by the more traditional approach. In this uncertainty, any source that purports to record the whole of a demographically defined section of the population is of considerable interest. Norwich is fortunate in the survival of such a source in an early-fourteenth-century tithing roll for the leet of Nedham and Mancroft (hereafter Mancroft), one of the four leets of the city.

Wire Adhesion Testing

1972 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Coates ◽  
C. Lauer
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Reliable Test ◽  
Adhesion Testing ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The results of this study are conclusive. The ASTM D-2229 Test Method is not a reliable test for measuring adhesion of wire cords to rubber compounds. However, by using the basic design and modifying it, an accurate measurement of bond strength on a macroscopic level can be obtained. This test is insensitive for all practical purposes to compound physical properties and changes in cord diameter and embedded length—for both stranded and rod-like cords. It is also possible with this test to calculate the amount of stress that is exerted on the surface of the wire cord to determine the relationship between failing stress and the material strength of the rubber compound. Properly used, this new test should give the compounder a better tool to study the adhesion of compounds to metal.

The effects of bigger rewards in individual tournaments on efforts and risk taking: evidence from chess

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 979-995
Author(s):  
Rasyad A Parinduri ◽  
Yoong Hon Lee ◽  
Kung Ming Tiong
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Strategic Interactions ◽  
Incentive Schemes ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Standard Rule ◽  
Chess Players

Abstract We examine the effects of bigger rewards in individual dynamic tournaments on efforts and risk taking using the three-point rule in chess. Most chess tournaments use the standard rule while some tournaments use the Bilbao rule, which is identical to the three-point rule in soccer: We observe the same pairs of chess players playing under both rules, a research design that fits fixed-effect models. We find the Bilbao rule makes games 33% more decisive, mostly to white players’ advantage, who win 50% more games. We identify two mechanisms why the Bilbao rule works: It encourages players to play longer and discourages them from using drawish openings. These results suggest incentive schemes that provide bigger rewards for better performances work in individual multi-stage tournaments in which efforts and financial rewards are directly linked, and in which strategic interactions among teammates and with competitors are less complex.

Public Intimacy and the New Face (Book) of Surveillance

2010 ◽  
pp. 2057-2068
Author(s):  
Lemi Baruh ◽  
Levent Soysal
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Interactive Media ◽  
Social Currency ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
The Relationship

In recent years, social media have become an important avenue for self-expression. At the same time, the ease with which individuals disclose their private information has added to an already heated debate about the privacy implications of interactive media. This chapter investigates the relationship between disclosure of personal information in social media and two related trends: the increasing value of subjective or private experience as a social currency and the evolving nature of automated dataveillance. The authors argue that the results of the extended ability of individuals to negotiate their identity through social media are contradictory. The information revealed to communicate the complexity of one’s identity becomes an extensive source of data about individuals, thereby contributing to the functioning of a new regime of surveillance.

Game Theory and the Law

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
Marlies Ahlert
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Ideal Theory ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Strategic Interactions ◽  
Bargaining Problems ◽  
Game Forms ◽  
Classical Game ◽  
Micro Foundations ◽  
Adaptation Model

Classical game theory analyses strategic interactions under extreme idealisations. It assumes cognitively unconstrained players with common knowledge concerning game forms, preferences, and rationality. Such ideal theory is highly relevant for human self-understanding as a rational being or what Selten called ‘rationology’. Yet, ideal theory is highly irrelevant for real actors who are in Selten’s sense boundedly rational. Starting from essential features of real bargaining problems, elements of Selten’s ‘micro-psychological’ and Raiffa’s ‘telescopic’ behavioural bargaining theory are introduced. From this, an outline of a workable rationality approach to bargaining emerges. It suggests relying on telescopic elements from Raiffa’s model to provide general outcome orientation and on insights from Selten’s aspiration adaptation model of individual decision making to develop process-sensitive action advice. A bird’s eye view of a prominent recent case of ‘bargaining in the shadow of the courts’ shows a surprisingly good fit of outcomes with the implications of Raiffa’s telescopic approach while remaining compatible with a Seltenian process. Though due to a lack of specific information because the micro-foundations for the telescopic theory cannot be provided, it is at least clear how further case studies and experiments might be put to work here.

Stability and Change in Everyday Knowledge: From Taken for Granted to Social Representation

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-78
Author(s):  
Francesca Emiliani
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Ordinary Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Everyday Knowledge

What do we talk about when we talk about everyday life? This chapter considers everyday life as a “metasystem” in Moscovici’s terms, a normative system that checks and organizes knowledge and thought. Looking at social representations theory, the chapter considers the structuring power of this metasystem, referring to two kinds of research where the absence (for deprived children) or suspension (in the first COVID-19 lockdown in Italy) of everyday life causes delays in children’s development and dismay in adults. The suspension of ordinary life highlights the social representation of “normality.” The structure of the “everyday life” metasystem is largely taken for granted, and this calls into question the relationship between the taken-for-granted and the knowledge that constructs social representations or, in other words, between stability and change in common knowledge.

18. Control of information, reputation, and intellectual property

2019 ◽  
pp. 726-750
Author(s):  
Abbe Brown ◽  
Smita Kheria ◽  
Jane Cornwell ◽  
Marta Iljadica
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Personal Privacy ◽  
Trade Marks ◽  
Passing Off ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the extent to which individuals can and should be able to prevent others referring to them and their activities and, conversely, the extent to which individuals and companies should be able to commercialise and control a reputation that they have built up. The discussions cover the evolving right to personal privacy (through the tort of misuse of private information) and its base in human rights, particularly in respect of photographs; obtaining and dealing with trade marks in respect of well-known personalities; the relationship between passing off and endorsement and merchandising; and the extent to which individuals and businesses can and do control the use of their image through endorsement and sponsorship. The chapter also considers data protection, as well as the balancing of privacy and freedom of expression.

International Organizations and Preventing War

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S. Edwards ◽  
Jonathan M. DiCicco
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Bargaining Process ◽  
Regional Organizations ◽  
Alternative Outcome ◽  
Causes Of War ◽  
Dispute Settlements ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Commitment Problems ◽  
Theoretical Issues

International organizations (IOs) such as the United Nations play an important role in war prevention. In theory, IOs reduce the risk of war between belligerents by improving communication, facilitating cooperation, and building confidence and trust. In practice, however, IOs’ war-preventing capacities have sparked skepticism and criticism. Recent advances in the scholarly study of the causes of war have given rise to new and promising directions in research on IOs and war prevention. These studies highlight the problems of interstate and intrastate wars, global and regional organizations, preventive diplomacy and peacekeeping, and the relationship between IOs and domestic institutions. They also offer novel insights that both complement and challenge studies of traditional concepts such as collective security. An interesting work is that of J. D. Fearon, who frames war as a bargaining process between rational states. Fearon articulates a central puzzle of international relations: since war is costly, the question that arises is why rational leaders of competing states choose to fight instead of pursuing less costly, nonviolent dispute settlements. Three general mechanisms account for rational, unitary states’ inability to identify an alternative outcome that both would prefer to war: bluffing about private information, commitment problems, and indivisibility of stakes. Despite the obvious progress in research on IOs and war prevention, there remain methodological and theoretical issues that deserve consideration for further investigation, two of which are: the interaction of domestic and international organizations, and the implications of variations in IO design.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Temperature and CO2: Hen-or-Egg Causality?

Sci ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Demetris Koutsoyiannis ◽  
Zbigniew Kundzewicz
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

It is common knowledge that increasing CO2 concentration plays a major role in enhancement of the greenhouse effect and contributes to global warming. The purpose of this study is to complement the conventional and established theory that increased CO2 concentration due to human emissions causes an increase of temperature, by considering the reverse causality. Since increased temperature causes an increase in CO2 concentration, the relationship of atmospheric CO2 and temperature may qualify as belonging to the category of “hen-or-egg” problems, where it is not always clear which of two interrelated events is the cause and which the effect. We examine the relationship of global temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration at the monthly time step, covering the time interval 1980–2019, in which reliable instrumental measurements are available. While both causality directions exist, the results of our study support the hypothesis that the dominant direction is T → CO2. Changes in CO2 follow changes in T by about six months on a monthly scale, or about one year on an annual scale. We attempt to interpret this mechanism by involving biochemical reactions, as at higher temperatures soil respiration, and hence CO2 emission, are increasing.

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