scholarly journals Biological Property of Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Emebet Mohammed Abdu ◽  
Abeba Haile Mariamenatu
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
E Proteins ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is a positive-sense RNA virus that possesses four genes that encode the spike (S), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N), and envelope (E) proteins. The virus was originated in seafood market selling live animals and responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The initial case was traced to the city of Wuhan in the province of Hubei, China, reported as an emerging respiratory virus, the outbreak was reported to WHO on December 31, 2019, and soon after identified the causative pathogen as a beta coronavirus named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); Furthermore, It is a highly contagious virus that spreads swiftly outside of China in March and the World Health Organization had to declare COVID-19 pandemic on March 11, 2020, and as of August 15, 2020, more than 21 million confirmed cases have been reported, with > 755 786 deaths worldwide. This day’s novel coronavirus-2019 is the most infectious virus with high infectivity and low mortality rate where a high mortality rate was observed among people above the age of sixteen (60) years and with the pre-existing health condition. To date, there is no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine available to be used against COVID-19. However, Preventive measures such as masks, hand hygiene practices, avoidance of public contact, case detection, contact tracing, and quarantines have been discussed as ways to reduce transmission. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the basic biological properties of novel coronavirus 2019. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 9(1): 16-22

scholarly journals An evidence-based systematic review on emerging therapeutic and preventive strategies to treat novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) during an outbreak scenario

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupama M. Gudadappanavar ◽  
Jyoti Benni
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Recombinant Vaccines ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Full Length Genome

AbstractA novel coronavirus infection coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged from Wuhan, Hubei Province of China, in December 2019 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is believed to be originated from bats in the local wet markets. Later, animal to human and human-to-human transmission of the virus began and resulting in widespread respiratory illness worldwide to around more than 180 countries. The World Health Organization declared this disease as a pandemic in March 2020. There is no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine available to be used against COVID-19. Nevertheless, few broad-spectrum antiviral drugs have been studied against COVID-19 in clinical trials with clinical recovery. In the current review, we summarize the morphology and pathogenesis of COVID-19 infection. A strong rational groundwork was made keeping the focus on current development of therapeutic agents and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Among the proposed therapeutic regimen, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, remdisevir, azithromycin, toclizumab and cromostat mesylate have shown promising results, and limited benefit was seen with lopinavir–ritonavir treatment in hospitalized adult patients with severe COVID-19. Early development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine started based on the full-length genome analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Several subunit vaccines, peptides, nucleic acids, plant-derived, recombinant vaccines are under pipeline. This article concludes and highlights ongoing advances in drug repurposing, therapeutics and vaccines to counter COVID-19, which collectively could enable efforts to halt the pandemic virus infection.

scholarly journals Modelling and Simulating the Novel Coronavirus with Implications of Asymptomatic Carriers

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ghassane Benrhmach ◽  
Khalil Namir ◽  
Jamal Bouyaghroumni
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Asymptomatic Carriers ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization declared that the total number of confirmed cases tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2, affecting 210 countries, exceeded 3 million on 29 April 2020, with more than 207,973 deaths. In order to end the global COVID‐19 pandemic, public authorities have put in place multiple strategies like testing, contact tracing, and social distancing. Predictive mathematical models for epidemics are fundamental to understand the development of the epidemic and to plan effective control strategies. Some hosts may carry SARS‐CoV‐2 and transmit it to others, yet display no symptoms themselves. We propose applying a model (SELIAHRD) taking in consideration the number of asymptomatic infected people. The SELIAHRD model consists of eight stages: Susceptible, Exposed, Latent, Symptomatic Infected, Asymptomatic Infected, Hospitalized, Recovered, and Dead. The asymptomatic carriers contribute to the spread of disease, but go largely undetected and can therefore undermine efforts to control transmission. The simulation of possible scenarios of the implementation of social distancing shows that if we rigorously follow the social distancing rule then the healthcare system will not be overloaded.

scholarly journals Dilemma in the foreign lands during COVID-19: An outlook of expat health care professionals with a take on a social perspective

Work ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-782
Author(s):  
Namdeo Prabhu ◽  
Rakhi Issrani
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection a global pandemic due to the fast transmission of this disease worldwide. To prevent and slow the transmission of this contagious illness, the public health officials of many affected countries scrambled to introduce measures aimed at controlling its spread. As a result, unprecedented interventions/measures, including strict contact tracing, quarantine of entire towns/cities, closing of borders and travel restrictions, have been implemented by most of the affected countries including the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to share health care professionals’ perspectives who are experiencing COVID19 firsthand in a foreign land. In addition, the role of the Saudi governance to combat the current situation is also discussed. DISCUSSION: Personal and previous experiences as related to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) by the authors has been compared to the current situation and how it affected our thoughts and management. A review of the evidence-based literature was conducted to investigate the demographics of the region; and to understand the awareness of the various tools that are available and how they were utilized in the present situation of pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Saudi Arabia has been challenged during the pandemic as are other countries.

scholarly journals IOT IN THE WAKE OF COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol XLVI-4/W5-2021 ◽  
pp. 103-107
Author(s):  
K. Belasri ◽  
T. Mazri
Keyword(s):  
Quality Care ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract. Healthcare is an imperative portion of life. Tragically, the exceptional outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, named as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has strained the largest part of health systems and the request for resources from hospital packs to specialists and nurses have become extremely high. However, With the rise of the Internet of Things, new services in healthcare will be accessible and existing systems will be coordinated within the IoT system, giving automated medical supervision and efficient medical treatment, it is evident that a solution is necessary and required to promote the health sector in the era of Covid-19 pandemic whereas proceeding to supply a high-quality care to patients. In this article, we shed light on a few of the issues and challenges related to the appropriation of portable contact tracing and monitoring of patients’ arrangements for fighting COVID-19.

scholarly journals Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-73
Author(s):  
Ernest Kenu ◽  
Joseph Frimpong ◽  
Kwadwo Koram
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The disease was christened COVID-19 and the pathogen (an RNA virus) identified as SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).1,2 The virus is primarily spread through contact with small droplets produced from coughing, sneezing, or talking by an infected person. While a substantial proportion of infected individuals may remain asymptomatic, the most common symptoms in clinical cases include, fever, cough, acute respiratory distress, fatigue, and failure to resolve over 3 to 5 days of antibiotic treatment. Complications may include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome.3 Over five million confirmed cases of COVID-19 has been recorded globally with more than 300,000 deaths as at 25th May 2020. The United States of America has recorded the highest number of cases with more than 1.5 million and over 100,000 deaths.4 In Africa, more than 90,0000 cases have been reported with about 3,000 deaths. South Africa has recorded the highest number of cases with 23,615 cases and 481 deaths. Ghana confirmed its first cases of COVID-19 on 12th March 2020 and had as at 25 May 2020 recorded over 7,000 cases with 34 deaths.5  

scholarly journals Genome-based Detection of Novel Coronavirus: An Overview Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
Mehdi Zeinoddini ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Virus ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Isothermal Method ◽  
One Step ◽  
Orf1 Gene ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Large Animals

The Coronavirus Disease 2019, named COVID-19 is a global problem. According to the declaration of the World Health Organization (WHO), it is a novel and extreme outbreak, spreading worldwide. Firstly, numerous patients reported exposure in Wuhan City, China at a large animals and seafood market. Accordingly, the first idea is suggesting the animal-to-human transmission of this infection pathogen. Next, since then, numerous patients have decelerated no exposure to animal shops, indicating that human-to-human transmission is occurring. The new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is a positive RNA virus with a 29.8 kb genome and S, E, M, N, and Orf1 gene fragments. The most popular method for 2019-nCoV detection is genome-based approaches, like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based tests that require expensive experimental equipment, a controlled working environment, and high-trained technicians; they are often lacking in massive viral outbreaks. Therefore, another rapid and simple genome-based assay was evaluated for this pathogen. In this review study, the RT-LAMP technique, as the main isothermal amplification assays with less time consumption and without the need for expensive equipment, compared to conventional PCR-based methods to 2019-nCoV identification, was discussed. Accordingly, the advantage or disadvantage of these techniques was compared. The obtained data indicated that this molecular and isothermal method could be used as a successful one-step process for portable screening and the rapid identification of 2019-nCoV.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Relationship and Impact on Breastfeeding—A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2972
Author(s):  
Marcelino Pérez-Bermejo ◽  
Belén Peris-Ochando ◽  
María Teresa Murillo-Llorente
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Bibliographic Search ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mother To Child

COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). One major problem faced is whether breastfeeding by mothers infected with the virus is safe. The objective of this work is to study the impact that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can have on breastfeeding, and whether the virus or antibodies can be transmitted from mother to child through milk. We carried out a systematic review of studies focusing on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on breastfeeding by mothers infected with the virus. The bibliographic search was done through Medline (Pubmed), MedlinePlus and Google Scholar. From 292 records, the title and summary of each were examined according to the criteria, and whether they meet the selection criteria was also analysed. A total of 30 articles are included, of which 26 deal with the study of RNA virus in breastmilk and its involvement in breastfeeding and four on the study of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in milk. Most studies have been conducted in China. Breastfeeding by mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2 is highly recommended for infants, if the health of the mother and the infant allow for it. Direct breastfeeding and maintaining appropriate protective measures should be encouraged. Should the mother’s health condition not permit direct breastfeeding, infants should be fed with pumped breastmilk or donor milk.

scholarly journals COVID-19: a brief review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1659-1662
Author(s):  
Niranjan Nayak ◽  
Arnab Ghosh ◽  
Dharma Raj Bhatta ◽  
Dilasma Gharti Magar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Diffuse Alveolar Damage ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

In December 2019, Wuhan, in China, became the center of an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause. In January 2020, a novel coronavirus was identified. Later the whole genomic sequence of this novel virus was established. The World Health Organization named the disease “COVID-19” and marked it as a pandemic. The origin of the virus is still conjectural. Studies suggested markedly increased levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in these patients, which lead to injury to several organs. The organ which is most commonly damaged is the lungs. On histopathology, lung shows diffuse alveolar damage with hyaline membrane formation. The incubation period ranges from 1-14 days. The clinical features vary widely, from asymptomatic to multi-organ failure and shock. The common clinical features are related to the respiratory system. For diagnosis, oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swabs should be collected by Dacron swabs under proper precaution and the samples should be collected in viral transport media. The viral ribonuclei acid is detected by Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction. Till now no definite therapy or vaccination is available and the main approach to manage the pandemic is by preventive measures like social distancing, hygiene maintenance, and contact tracing.

scholarly journals Karakteristik gejala klinis kehamilan dengan Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 726-734
Author(s):  
Luluk Windra Yuliana
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan penyakit infeksi respiratorik akut yang menyebar dengan cepat secara global dalam waktu yang singkat. COVID-19 disebabkan oleh novel coronavirus yang diketahui sebagai Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Virus ini berupa RNA virus dengan rantai tunggal. Transmisi virus ini menyebar sangat cepat melalui kontak antara manusia-ke-manusia (human-to-human contact) via droplet respiratorik dan saliva dari orang yang terinfeksi COVID-19. Gejala klinis COVID-19 dapat berupa simptomatik dan asimptomatik. World Health Organization (WHO) membagi gejala klinis COVID-19 yang simptomatik menjadi gejala klinis ringan, sedang, berat, dan kondisi kritis. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran klinis umum ibu hamil dengan infeksi COVID-19. Metode penelitian ini adalah dengan meninjau artikel review yang diterbitkan 1 tahun terakhir dengan kata kunci kehamilan, COVID-19, gejala klinis, dan coronavirus. Data menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas ibu hamil dengan COVID-19 memiliki gejala klinis yang ringan, dimana gejala utama yang muncul adalah demam, batuk, dan dispnea. Usia kehamilan tidak menentukan beratnya gejala klinis ibu hamil dan rata-rata ibu hamil dengan COVID-19 memiliki durasi rawat inap di rumah sakit yang singkat.

Current updates on COVID-19 - A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ghotekar D S ◽  
Vishal N Kushare ◽  
Sagar V Ghotekar
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that cause illness such as respiratory diseases or gastrointestinal diseases. Respiratory diseases can range from the common cold to more severe diseases. A novel coronavirus outbreak was first documented in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic. A global coordinated effort is needed to stop the further spread of the virus. A novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain that has not been identified in humans previously. Once scientists determine exactly what coronavirus it is, they give it a name (as in the case of COVID-19, the virus causing it is SARS-CoV-2).

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