scholarly journals Outbreak of Cholera in Tilathi VDC Saptari Nepal

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 36-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
DK Yadav ◽  
D Tamrakar ◽  
R Baral ◽  
P Jha ◽  
S Gautam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Stool Samples

Background On 2011, Cluster of cholera cases was reported in the Tilathi VDC of Saptari, Nepal. Objective The outbreak was investigated to identify the etiological agent and possible source of infection and guiding the prevention and control measures. Methods Demographic and clinical details were collected from the suspected case-patients, and the outbreak was described by time, place, and person. Focus group discussion and Key informant interview were conducted to assess the practice of sanitation, source of drinking water and probable cause of diarrheal disease. Five stool samples and 10 water samples of tube well and ponds were collected and microbiological study was done in BPKIHS Dharan. Results A total of 111 persons suffered with diarrhea and 02 died of it (attack rate 3.05%, case fatality rate 1.8%). All age groups were affected with disease (median age 26 yrs) and males were affected more than females. Descriptive epidemiology suggested the clustering of cases were around the pond where they clean utensils, take bath and wash clothes. The Vibrio cholerae 01 El Tor, Ogawa serotype was isolated in 03 out of 05 suspected stool samples and in all three of the pond water samples. They reported that most of the houses do not have the toilet and people do not wash their hands regularly with soap and water after defecation. Conclusion Vibrio cholerae was the causative agent behind the outbreak and probable source of infection was the problematic pond water which they used for different purpose. Immediate chlorination of the pond was recommended to halt further spread of the epidemics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i4.10992 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2012;10(4):36-39

scholarly journals Outbreak investigation of Cholera in Shantinagar VDC of Ilam District in Eastern Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
RB Rayamajhi ◽  
G Pokharel ◽  
G Sharma ◽  
B Neupane ◽  
VK Khanal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
District Health ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Stool Analysis

INTRODUCTION: In 2012 August, suspected cases of Cholera in increased number were reported to the district health office of Ilam by the in charge of Shantinagar health post asking for intervention to stop further occurrences. The aim of the investigation was to identify the possible source of infection, the causative agent and the application of local control measures for prevention of further recurrences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Focus group discussion and Key informant survey were conducted to assess the sanitary hygiene and practices along with source of drinking water for probable cause of diarrhea. Similarly, face to face interview was done among the sick and healthy local residents to collect the demographic and clinical details. Ten stool and water samples were sent for analysis in Biratnagar, Dharan. RESULTS: 150 local residents had suffered from diarrhea with no deaths. People of all the age group were affected with children being more sufferers. Six of the stool analysis and eight of the water samples were positive for Vibrio Cholerae. It was also observed that sanitary hygiene and practices wasn’t adequate after nose and bottoms cleaning of the children and before preparing the meal. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of adequate cleanliness of the common water tank was found to be the culprit behind the incident and Vibrio Cholerae being the causative agent. Local residents and water management committee were demonstrated the technique of chlorination of water and proper hand washing practices to prevent further recurrences. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i3.8666 Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(3):87-90

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae Associated with the 2017 Outbreak in Kasese district

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Stanley Iramiot ◽  
Innocent B. Rwego ◽  
Catherine Kansiime ◽  
Benon B Asiimwe
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mueller Hinton Agar ◽  
Global Threat

Abstract Background Cholera has continued to be a global threat to public health and a key indicator of lack of social development in developing countries. This report summarizes findings from the epidemiologic investigation, which aimed at identifying the mode of transmission and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the Vibrio cholerae isolated in Kasese district, Uganda. Materials and methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional study to describe the epidemiology of the 2017 cholera outbreak in Kasese district. Rectal swabs were collected from 69 suspected case-persons and cultured on Thiosulphate-Citrate-Bile-Salts Sucrose (TCBS™; SEIKEN Japan) agar and incubated at 370C for 18-24 hours. The isolates were serotyped with polyvalent 01 antiserum and monovalent serotype Inaba and Ogawa antisera (Denka Seiken, Tokyo, Japan) to determine which serotype was responsible for the outbreak. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Results A total of 222 cases were recorded in the Kasese District outbreak between the month of September 2017 and January 2018 with the case fatality rate (CFR) of 1.4%. Children below the age of 14 years contributed the biggest proportion of the cases (70%) and out of these, 33% were aged below five years. Antibiotic susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method showed 100% resistance to Ampicillin and over 50% were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole whereas gentamicin showed 100% susceptibility. The general trend also showed increased susceptibility to combination therapy as opposed to mono-therapy.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae Associated with the 2017 Outbreak in Kasese district

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Stanley Iramiot ◽  
Innocent B. Rwego ◽  
Catherine Kansiime ◽  
Benon B Asiimwe
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mueller Hinton Agar ◽  
Global Threat

Abstract Background Cholera has continued to be a global threat to public health and a key indicator of lack of social development in developing countries. This report summarizes findings from the epidemiologic investigation, which aimed at identifying the mode of transmission and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the Vibrio cholerae isolated in Kasese district, Uganda. Materials and methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional study to describe the epidemiology of the 2017 cholera outbreak in Kasese district. Rectal swabs were collected from 69 suspected case-persons and cultured on Thiosulphate-Citrate-Bile-Salts Sucrose (TCBS™; SEIKEN Japan) agar and incubated at 370C for 18-24 hours. The isolates were serotyped with polyvalent 01 antiserum and monovalent serotype Inaba and Ogawa antisera (Denka Seiken, Tokyo, Japan) to determine which serotype was responsible for the outbreak. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Results A total of 222 cases were recorded in the Kasese District outbreak between the month of September 2017 and January 2018 with the case fatality rate (CFR) of 1.4%. Children below the age of 14 years contributed the biggest proportion of the cases (70%) and out of these, 33% were aged below five years. Antibiotic susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method showed 100% resistance to Ampicillin and over 50% were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole whereas gentamicin showed 100% susceptibility. The general trend also showed increased susceptibility to combination therapy as opposed to mono-therapy.

scholarly journals Brief Epidemiological Report on Chikungunya Outbreak in Bihar, India in 2017: Implications for Control

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ragini Mishra ◽  
Navin Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
State Level ◽  
Health Department ◽  
The State ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The Status ◽  
Almost All

Aims: The present study was done to identify the epidemiology of the disease outbreak in Bihar in 2017 and suggest remedial measures for the prevention of possible future outbreaks of Chikungunya. Study Design:  Daily reports on Chikungunya were collected in prescribed format from the District Surveillance Unit, Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) that included case details from Govt. Medical Colleges and various Private Hospitals in the State. Place and Duration of Study: Index case of Chikungunya was reported in Bihar, India on 15 Feb 2017. After that, few scattered cases were reported till 23 Aug 2017. Cases started increasing from 24 Aug 2017 onwards. From 15 Feb till 31 Dec 2017, total 1223 cases were reported from 32 districts in Bihar. Methodology: The cases were analysed concerning time, place and person. Daily reporting on the health conditions of the cases and the status of the control measures like fogging and larvicidal spray in the affected area was monitored at the State level. Results: Case Fatality Rate (CFR) due to the disease was Nil in the State. The outbreak peak laid from 3-Nov to 12-Nov when 218 cases were reported. Out of 1223 cases, 100% cases were ELISA confirmed. Almost all age groups were affected, but the frequency was greater in the age group 21-30 (25%)> 31-40 (21%)>11-20 (19%). Males (61%) were more affected than females (39%). Out of the total 1223 cases, 100% of the cases were reported from Govt. institutions. State Health Department, Govt. of Bihar took many measures to limit the outbreak, and through strengthening the surveillance and response activities, transmission of the disease was curtailed in the State.     Conclusion: Patna district was most affected followed by Nalanda and Vaishali. Young adults of age group 21-30 were most affected. Males were more affected than females.

scholarly journals Outbreak Investigation of Diarrheal Diseases in Jajarkot

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
GP Bhandari ◽  
SM Dixit ◽  
U Ghimire ◽  
MK Maskey
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Epidemic Outbreak ◽  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Health Institutions

Background: Diarrhea is a major public health problem in Nepal. Recently, there was an outbreak of diarrheal diseases in different districts of mid and far western region of Nepal and the most affected district was Jajarkot. The objective of this study was to detect the causative organism and analyze the epidemic outbreak patterns of diarrhea in selected health institutions in Jajarkot district, Midwestern Region of Nepal, in terms of their demographic characteristics and laboratory findings of stool specimens. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted using secondary data from health institutions of two Village Development committees of Jajarkot. Stool samples were collected purposively to identify the agents of diarrheal diseases. Results: Out of the total 13 stool samples tested, 5 were diagnosed as harboring Vibrio cholerae. The Attack Rate and Case Fatality Ratio were calculated to be 8.2% and 1% respectively for the District. Age groups 15-44 were highly affected; male and female were approximately equally affected. Conclusions: Cholera appears to have been the most important cause for mortality in Jajarkot diarrhea outbreak. The diarrhea outbreak in any districts of Nepal should be closely monitored for the possibility of a Cholera epidemic in the future. Key words: cholera; diarrhea; epidemic; outbreak. DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3008 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009 66-68

scholarly journals Bacterial Loads in Shrimp and Fish Hatchery Environments of Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Md Abdur Razzak Hasan ◽  
Md Inja Mamun Haque ◽  
Anwar Hossain ◽  
Mahmud Hasan ◽  
Mohammad Shamsur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Water Sample ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Abundance ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Bacterial Density ◽  
Live Food ◽  
Fish Hatchery

Artemia hatching tank of Cox’s Bazar hatchery had similar total bacterial build up (2.59 ± 0.10×107cfu/g) in the water sampled and in the shrimp post larvae (PL) sampled at stage 10 and 12 (2.37 ± 0.11×107cfu/g and 2.42 ± 0.10×107cfu/g, respectively). In MA plate, no significant differences was observed in the bacterial count of these samples. Similar result was observed for the total presumptive vibrio count in TCBS plates ranging from 3.8 ± 0.60×103cfu/g to1.62 ± 0.50×103cfu/g.Total bacterial load (7.5 ± 0.11×107) measured in the water sampled from 25 day old fry rearing pond of tilapia from Mymensingh Hatchery, was similar to that of 33 day old fry (8.6 ± .66×107). The bacterial density found in the 25 (1.6 ± 0.50×107), 28 (3.12 ± 0.14×107) and 40 day old fry (6.46 ± 1.52×106) samples was similar but significantly different from the sample of 33 day old fry and the water sample of the pond of 25 day old fry. In TCBS plate, bacterial abundance detected in the samples across all four age groups was similar (25 day old fry: 4.21 ± 3.79×103; 28 day old fry: 4.90 ± 3.50×103; 33 day old fry: 1.08 ± 0.12×103; 40 day old fry: 7.04 ± 2.08×103). In finfish hatchery of Bogra, the overall bacterial build up (2.03 ± 0.31×108) found in the samples of zeol fish fry in NA plate was significantly higher than that of the corresponding rearing pond water (2.11 ± 0.459×107) and the water of the live food rearing tank ( 8.43 ± 0.57×106). Similar to that, TCBS plates had 2.3-, and 5.09-folds higher bacterial load (1.08± 0.25×103) in the samples of fish fry than in the samples of the corresponding water samples and water samples of the live food rearing tank, respectively (4.70 ±w 1.67×102 and 2.12 ± 0.28×102). Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 43(1): 37-47, June 2017

scholarly journals Intestinal parasitism and Vibrio cholerae infection among diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. SAHA ◽  
K. RAJENDRAN ◽  
T. RAMAMURTHY ◽  
R. K. NANDY ◽  
S. K. BHATTACHARYA
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Concurrent Infections ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Intestinal Parasitism ◽  
Combined Infection ◽  
Epidemiological Significance

SUMMARYIn this study, we have analysed the epidemiological significance of the concurrent infections caused by Vibrio cholerae and intestinal parasites among different age groups of hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata. A total of 3556 stool samples collected during 1996–2004 were screened for vibrios and parasites. The seasonality of V. cholerae and parasitic infections were studied in detail. The detection rates for Ascaris lumbricoides and Giardia lamblia infection were more than for the hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Entamoeba histolytica. V. cholerae O1 was identified as the predominant serogroup among diarrhoeal patients. The highest rates for V. cholerae infection were in the 2–5 years age group and combined infection of V. cholerae and parasites was recorded among children aged between 2 and 10 years.

scholarly journals Evidence of a Dominant Lineage of Vibrio cholerae-Specific Lytic Bacteriophages Shed by Cholera Patients over a 10-Year Period in Dhaka, Bangladesh

mBio ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberley D. Seed ◽  
Kip L. Bodi ◽  
Andrew M. Kropinski ◽  
Hans-Wolfgang Ackermann ◽  
Stephen B. Calderwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Comparative Sequence Analysis ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Surveillance Period ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT Lytic bacteriophages are hypothesized to contribute to the seasonality and duration of cholera epidemics in Bangladesh. However, the bacteriophages contributing to this phenomenon have yet to be characterized at a molecular genetic level. In this study, we isolated and sequenced the genomes of 15 bacteriophages from stool samples from cholera patients spanning a 10-year surveillance period in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Our results indicate that a single novel bacteriophage type, designated ICP1 (for the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh cholera phage 1 ) is present in all stool samples from cholera patients, while two other bacteriophage types, one novel (ICP2) and one T7-like (ICP3), are transient. ICP1 is a member of the Myoviridae family and has a 126-kilobase genome comprising 230 open reading frames. Comparative sequence analysis of ICP1 and related isolates from this time period indicates a high level of genetic conservation. The ubiquitous presence of ICP1 in cholera patients and the finding that the O1 antigen of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) serves as the ICP1 receptor suggest that ICP1 is extremely well adapted to predation of human-pathogenic V. cholerae O1. IMPORTANCE The severe diarrheal disease cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which can be transmitted to humans from the aquatic environment. Factors that affect V. cholerae in the environment can impact the occurrence of cholera outbreaks; one of these factors is thought to be the presence of bacterial viruses, or bacteriophages. Bacteriophages that prey on V. cholerae in the environment, and potentially in humans, have not been extensively genetically characterized. Here, we isolated and sequenced the genomes of bacteriophages from cholera patient stool samples collected over a 10-year period in Dhaka, Bangladesh, a region that suffers from regular cholera outbreaks. We describe a unique bacteriophage present in all samples, infer its evolution by sequencing multiple isolates from different patients over time, and identify the host receptor that shows that the bacteriophage specifically predates the serogroup of V. cholerae responsible for the majority of disease occurrences.

scholarly journals A prolonged cholera outbreak caused by drinking contaminated stream water, Kyangwali Refugee Settlement, Hoima District, Western Uganda: 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Monje ◽  
Alex Riolexus Ario ◽  
Angella Musewa ◽  
Kenneth Bainomugisha ◽  
Bernadette Basuta Mirembe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Watery Diarrhoea ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
Tank Water

Abstract Background: On 23 February 2018, the Uganda Ministry of Health (MOH) declared a cholera outbreak affecting more than 60 persons in Kyangwali Refugee Settlement, Hoima District, bordering the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). We investigated to determine the outbreak scope and risk factors for transmission, and recommend evidence-based control measures.Methods: We defined a suspected case as sudden onset of watery diarrhoea in any person aged ≥ 2 years in Hoima District, 1 February–9 May 2018. A confirmed case was a suspected case with Vibrio cholerae cultured from a stool sample. We found cases by active community search and record reviews at Cholera Treatment Centres. We calculated case-fatality rates (CFR) and attack rates (AR) by sub-county and nationality. In a case-control study, we compared exposure factors among case- and control-households. We estimated the association between the exposures and outcome using Mantel-Haenszel method. We conducted an environmental assessment in the refugee settlement, including testing samples of stream water, tank water, and spring water for presence of fecal coliforms. We tested suspected cholera cases using cholera Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kits followed by culture for confirmation. Results: We identified 2122 case-patients and 44 deaths (CFR = 2.1%). Case-patients originating from DRC were the most affected (AR = 15/1000). The overall attack rate in Hoima District was 3.2/1000, with Kyangwali sub-county being the most affected (AR = 13/1000). The outbreak lasted four months, which was a multiple point-source. Environmental assessment showed that a stream separating two villages in Kyangwali Refugee Settlement was a site of open defecation for refugees. Among three water sources tested, only stream water was feacally-contaminated, yielding >100 CFU/100 ml. Of 130 stool samples tested, 124 (95%) yielded V. cholerae by culture. Stream water was most strongly associated with illness (OR = 14.2; 95%CI=1.5-133), although tank water also appeared to be independently associated with illness (OR = 11.6; 95%CI = 1.4–94). Persons who drank tank and stream water had a 17-fold higher odds of illness compared with persons who drank from other sources (OR = 17.3, 95%CI = 2.2–137). Conclusions: Our investigation demonstrated that this was a prolonged cholera outbreak that affected four sub-counties and two divisions in Hoima District, and was associated with drinking of contaminated stream water. In addition, tank water also appears to be unsafe. We recommended boiling drinking water, increasing latrine coverage, and provision of safe water by the District and entire High Commission for refugees.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae Associated with the 2017 Outbreak in Kasese district, Uganda.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Stanley Iramiot ◽  
Innocent B. Rwego ◽  
Catherine Kansiime ◽  
Benon B Asiimwe
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cholera Epidemic ◽  
Two Samples

Abstract Background: Uganda is among the 51 countries where cholera outbreaks are common. This report summarizes findings from the epidemiologic investigation, which aimed at identifying the mode of transmission and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the Vibrio cholerae isolated in Kasese district, Uganda. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out between 2017 and 2018 to describe the epidemiology of the cholera epidemic of in Kasese district, Uganda. Rectal swabs from 69 suspected case-persons were cultured on Thiosulphate-Citrate-Bile-Salts Sucrose (TCBS™; SEIKEN Japan) agar and incubated at 370C for 18-24 hours. The isolates were serotyped with polyvalent 01 antiserum and monovalent serotype Inaba and Ogawa antisera (Denka Seiken, Tokyo, Japan) to determine which serotype was responsible for the outbreak. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Questionnaires were administered to a total of 75 participants who were either the cases or relatives to the case. GPS points of the homes of the cases and pictures of potential source infection were also taken and cases were mapped. Results: A total of 222 cases were recorded in the Kasese District outbreak between the month of September 2017 and January 2018 with the case fatality rate (CFR) of 1.4%. Children below the age of 14 years contributed the biggest proportion of the cases (70%) and out of these, 33% were aged below five years. Culture isolated 69 V. cholerae 01 serotype Inaba from the total of 71 samples. Salmonella typhi was Isolated from the other two samples which were negative for V. cholerae. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed 100% resistance to Ampicillin and over 50% were resistant to trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole whereas gentamicin showed 100% susceptibility. Environmental assessment revealed rampant cases of open defecation. Conclusion: Though we did not culture water to confirm contamination with Vibrio cholerae, we hypothesize that the cholera epidemic in Kasese 2017 was sparked off by consumption of contaminated water following the heavy floods that washed away latrines into water sources in Bwera, Isango and Nakiyumbu sub-counties. V. cholerae was also highly resistant to the commonly used antibiotics. Key words: Cholera, antibiotic resistance, epidemiology, environment.

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