scholarly journals Sonographic Evaluation of Plantar Fasciitis and its Relation to Body Mass Index and Heel Pad Thickness

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Prashant Khatiwada ◽  
Dinesh Chataut ◽  
Kamal Subedi
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Plantar Fasciitis ◽  
Plantar Fascia ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Heel Pad ◽  
And Control ◽  
Calcaneal Tuberosity ◽  
Symptomatic Side

Introduction: To study the sonographic appearance of plantar fascia in clinically suspected cases of plantar fasciitis (PFs) using both quantitative and qualitative parameters, and to establish the correlation between plantar fasciitis, body mass index (BMI) and heel pad thickness (HPT). Methods: In this case controlled analytical study, we sonographically evaluated 100 patients with clinical plantar fasciitis (unilateral: 90, bilateral: 10 with mean age 46.9yrs) and control group of 60 (120 heels) healthy volunteers with mean age 45.3yrs. Plantar Fascia Thickness (PFT), HPT, hypoechogenity, biconvexity, perifascial fluid, intrafascial calcification and subcalcaneal spurs were evaluated sonographically. PFT was measured 5mm distal to the calcaneal insertion of plantar aponeurosis. The unloaded HPT was measured from the skin surface to the nearest calcaneal tuberosity. Results: Mean Plantar Fascia Thickness (PFT) and Heel Pad Thickness (HPT) are greater on the symptomatic side for patients with unilateral and bilateral PFs than on the asymptomatic side for patients with unilateral PFs, and also control subjects (PFT values are 4.41 ± 0.59, 4.63 ± 0.55, 2.83 ± 0.36, 2.62± 0.37 mm, and HPT values 17.64 ± 1.07, 17.28 ± 1.10, 16.91 ± 1.06, 16.73 ± 1.13 mm, respectively) (p <0.0001). Mean BMI values of the case and control groups are 26.14 ± 1.9 and 24.42 ± 0.89 Kg/m2, respectively (p <0.05). We found hypoechogenicity of plantar fascia in 80 cases (72.7%), calcaneal spur in 69 cases (62.7%), biconvexity in 11 cases (10%) and perifascial fluid in 16 cases (14.5%) within the plantar fasciitis group (110 symptomatic heels). Conclusion: Increased plantar fascia thickness, increased heel pad thickness and hypoechogenicity of plantar fascia are consistent sonographic findings in plantar fasciitis. Its occurrence has significant relation to high BMI.

Retrospective Analysis of Plantar Fascia by Ultrasound Imaging in Patients with Plantar Fasciitis

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Henry Slayton ◽  
Richard C. Amodei ◽  
Keegan B. Compton ◽  
Luke D. Cicchinelli
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Plantar Fasciitis ◽  
Plantar Fascia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Acute Injuries ◽  
Patient Database ◽  
Thickness Measurements ◽  
Unilateral Conditions

Background: We compared diagnostic ultrasound images of the plantar fascia with available patient histories for symptomatic patients previously diagnosed as having plantar fasciitis. Plantar fascia thickness and depth, the prevalence of perifascial hypoechoic lesions, and injury timelines in patients were reviewed. Methods: Images and histories for 126 symptomatic patients were collected from a patient database. We documented plantar fascia depth and thickness and the visualization of hypoechoic perifascial lesions. After image analysis, the obtained plantar fascia thickness measurements were compared with various patient attributes for possible relationships, including age, weight, and body mass index. In addition, plantar fascia thickness measurements were separated based on injury timeline as well as symptomatic/asymptomatic foot for patients with unilateral conditions to check for significant differences between subgroups. These were, in turn, compared with a control group of 71 individuals with no heel pain or diagnosis of plantar fasciitis. Results: Overall, mean ± SD symptomatic thickness (n = 148) was 6.53 ± 1.56 mm. Mean ± SD symptomatic depth (n = 136) was 13.36 ± 2.14 mm. For the control group, mean ± SD thickness was 3.20 ± 0.66 mm and depth was 10.30 ± 2.00 mm. Comparison of thickness based on injury timeline showed two significant differences: acute injuries (≤3 months) are significantly thicker than chronic injuries (&gt;3 months), and only acute symptomatic thicknesses are significantly different from their asymptomatic thickness counterparts. Age, weight, and body mass index did not show significant correlations to thickness. Analysis of ultrasound images showed that 93% of symptomatic feet had hypoechoic lesions. Conclusions: Injury timeline and the presence of hypoechoic lesions may play important roles in patient discomfort, diagnosis, and treatment of plantar fasciitis.

scholarly journals THE COMPARISON BETWEEN NORMAL, OVERWEIGHT, AND OBESE BODY MASS INDEX CATEGORIES WITH RISK OF HAVING PLANTAR FASCIITIS IN WOMEN ADULTS AT GIANYAR DISTRICT

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
I Putu Adi Merta ◽  
I Made Niko Winaya ◽  
I Wayan Sugiritama
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Plantar Fasciitis ◽  
Data Distribution ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Plantar Fascia ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Elevated body mass can increases plantar pressure, so that causing overstretch the plantar fascia and occurs inflammation. The aims of this study was to compare the risk of having plantar fasciitis in women with normal, overweight, and obese body mass index at Gianyar district. This study is a cross-sectional analytic study. Samples are selected using purposive sampling technique. The samples consists of 3 groups, which amounted to 25 people in each group. Group A was women with normal BMI, group B was women with overweight BMI, and group C was women with obese BMI. The result of pearson chi-square p = 0.022 (p ? 0.05) indicating that there is a significant data distribution difference. The relative risk for overweight-obese compared to normal BMI was RR=3.34 [95% CI 1.09 - 10.16]. Concluded that there is a difference proportion of risk having plantar fasciitis between normal BMI (4%), overweight BMI (10,7%), obesity BMI (16%) and overweight-obese BMI have 3,34 times greater risk of having plantar fasciitis than the normal BMI category. Keywords: Body Mass Index, overweight, obese, plantar fasciitis, women

Relationship of Body Mass Index, Ankle Dorsiflexion, and Foot Pronation on Plantar Fascia Thickness in Healthy, Asymptomatic Subjects

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 379-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Pascual Huerta ◽  
Juan Maria Alarcón García ◽  
Eva Cosin Matamoros ◽  
Julia Cosin Matamoros ◽  
Teresa Díaz Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Plantar Fasciitis ◽  
Plantar Fascia ◽  
Ankle Dorsiflexion ◽  
Ankle Joint Dorsiflexion ◽  
Foot Pronation ◽  
Asymptomatic Subjects

Background: We sought to investigate the thickness of plantar fascia, measured by means of ultrasonographic evaluation in healthy, asymptomatic subjects, and its relationship to body mass index, ankle joint dorsiflexion range of motion, and foot pronation in static stance. Methods: One hundred two feet of 51 healthy volunteers were examined. Sonographic evaluation with a 10-MHz linear array transducer was performed 1 and 2 cm distal to its insertion. Physical examination was also performed to assess body mass index, ankle joint dorsiflexion, and degree of foot pronation in static stance. Both examinations were performed in a blinded manner. Results: Body mass index showed moderate correlation with plantar fascia thickness at the 1- and 2-cm locations. Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion showed no correlation at either location. Foot pronation showed an inverse correlation with plantar fascia thickness at the 2-cm location and no correlation at the 1-cm location. Conclusion: Body mass index and foot supination at the subtalar joint are related to increased thickness at the plantar fascia in healthy, asymptomatic subjects. Although the changes in thickness were small compared with those in patients with symptomatic plantar fasciitis, they could play a role in the mechanical properties of plantar fascia and in the development of plantar fasciitis. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 98(5): 379–385, 2008)

Effects of Body Mass Index on Mechanical Properties of the Plantar Fascia and Heel Pad in Asymptomatic Participants

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 779-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serkan Taş ◽  
Nilgün Bek ◽  
Mehmet Ruhi Onur ◽  
Feza Korkusuz
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Plantar Fascia ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Heel Pad ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Level 3

Background: Musculoskeletal foot disorders have a high incidence among overweight and obese individuals. One of the important factors causing this high incidence may be plantar fascia and heel pad (HP)–related mechanical changes occurring in these individuals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the plantar fascia and HP stiffness and thickness parameters in overweight and obese individuals and compare these values with those of normal-weight individuals. Methods: This study was carried out in 87 (52 female, 35 male) healthy sedentary individuals between the ages of 19 and 58 years (34 ± 11 years). Participants were subsequently categorized according to body mass index (BMI) as normal weight (18.5 kg/m2 < BMI < 25 kg/m2) or overweight and obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m2). Plantar fascia and HP thickness and stiffness were measured with an ultrasonography device using a linear ultrasonography probe. Results: Overweight and obese individuals had higher HP thickness ( P < .001), plantar fascia thickness ( P = .001), heel pad microchamber layer (MIC) stiffness ( P < .001), and heel pad macrochamber layer (MAC) stiffness ( P < .001), whereas they had lower plantar fascia stiffness ( P < .001) compared with the individuals with normal weight. BMI had a moderate correlation with HP thickness ( P < .001, r = 0.500), plantar fascia thickness ( P = .001, r = 0.536), MIC stiffness ( P < .001, r = 0.496), and MAC stiffness ( P < .001, r = 0.425). A negative and moderate correlation was found between BMI and plantar fascia stiffness ( P < .001, r = –0.439). Conclusion: Increased BMI causes a decrease in the stiffness of plantar fascia and an increase in the thickness of the plantar fascia as well as the thickness and stiffness of HP. Increased body mass could cause changes in the mechanical properties of HP and plantar fascia. Level of Evidence: Level 3, comparative study.

Detection of Normal Plantar Fascia Thickness in Adults via the Ultrasonographic Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadir Abul ◽  
Devrim Ozer ◽  
Secil Sezgin Sakizlioglu ◽  
Abdul Fettah Buyuk ◽  
Mehmet Akif Kaygusuz
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Plantar Fasciitis ◽  
Plantar Fascia ◽  
Heel Pain ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Thickness Measurements

Background Heel pain is a prevalent concern in orthopedic clinics, and there are numerous pathologic abnormalities that can cause heel pain. Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of heel pain, and the plantar fascia thickens in this process. It has been found that thickening to greater than 4 mm in ultrasonographic measurements can be accepted as meaningful in diagnoses. Herein, we aimed to measure normal plantar fascia thickness in adults using ultrasonography. Methods We used ultrasonography to measure the plantar fascia thickness of 156 healthy adults in both feet between April 1, 2011, and June 30, 2011. These adults had no previous heel pain. The 156 participants comprised 88 women (56.4%) and 68 men (43.6%) (mean age, 37.9 years; range, 18–65 years). The weight, height, and body mass index of the participants were recorded, and statistical analyses were conducted. Results The mean ± SD (range) plantar fascia thickness measurements for subgroups of the sample were as follows: 3.284 ± 0.56 mm (2.4–5.1 mm) for male right feet, 3.3 ± 0.55 mm (2.5–5.0 mm) for male left feet, 2.842 ± 0.42 mm (1.8–4.1 mm) for female right feet, and 2.8 ± 0.44 mm (1.8–4.3 mm) for female left feet. The overall mean ± SD (range) thickness for the right foot was 3.035 ± 0.53 mm (1.8–5.1 mm) and for the left foot was 3.053 ± 0.54 mm (1.8–5.0 mm). There was a statistically significant and positive correlation between plantar fascia thickness and participant age, weight, height, and body mass index. Conclusions The plantar fascia thickness of adults without heel pain was measured to be less than 4 mm in most participants (~92%). There was no statistically significant difference between the thickness of the right and left foot plantar fascia.

scholarly journals Effect of Nutritional Therapy on Body Mass Index of Cancer Patients- A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S shanthi ◽  
. Shambhavi
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Nutritional Therapy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
And Control ◽  
Test Level

Introduction: Nutritional issues are typically encountered throughout the treatment of cancer. Cancer cachexia is usually recognised as not only reduced bodily function and quality of life, but also poor positive outcome in patients. Naturally, Body Mass Index (BMI) is frequently used for determining nutritional status of a patient. Intervening nutritional problems of the patient leads to better prognosis. It is necessary to identify patients at-risk earlier and provide effective nutritional interventions. Aim: To determine the level of BMI and evaluate the effect of nutritional therapy on BMI and find its association with demographic characteristics. Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental interventional trial conducted among 100 patients admitted in the hospital with a diagnosis of head, neck and breast cancers. Parameters assessed were baseline proforma, weight and height which were measured and BMI was calculated (BMI=kg/m2 in which kg is a individuals weight in kilograms and m2 is their height in meters squared) and classified as per World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. Results: Before nutritional intervention 20% and 26% of patients were underweight in the experimental and control group respectively, whereas after 21 days 18% in experimental and 32% in control were underweight. Z score for post-test level of BMI in the experimental and control group were 2.125 and 2.34, respectively is greater than the tabulated value (Z=1.96 at p-value=0.05 level of significance), hence there was a significant difference between post-test level of BMI in the experimental and control group. High protein high caloric whole food was significant. Conclusion: Investigators concluded from the present study that nutrition therapy can help to maintain or improve the nutritional status among patients on cancer treatment.

No Difference in Magnesium Intake between Obese Women and Healthy Controls

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
Jennifer Beatriz Silva Morais ◽  
Taynáh Emannuelle Coelho de Freitas ◽  
Juliana Soares Severo ◽  
Ana Raquel Soares de Oliveira ◽  
Kyria Jayanne Clímaco Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Control ◽  
Macronutrient Distribution

Abstract. Magnesium is a predominantly intracellular ion and plays an important role in energy metabolism and in the maintenance of energy homeostasis. This study aimed to estimate the dietary intake of magnesium and its association with adiposity parameters in obese women. This cross-sectional study included 125 women, aged between 20 and 50 years, who were divided into two groups: obese group (n = 62) and control group (n = 63). The control group was age-matched. Adiposity parameters determined were weight, body mass index and waist circumference as well as the intake of calories, macronutrients, and magnesium were calculated. The cut-off for obesity was body mass index between 30.0 and 39.9 kg/m2 and for control group was between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2 Food intake was calculated using 3-day food records, and energy consumption as well as the intake of macronutrients and magnesium was calculated using the NutWin software version 1.5. The reference values used were the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for macronutrients and the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for magnesium. The average levels of magnesium found in the diet were lower than those recommended (169.1 ± 64.5 mg Mg/day and 158.5 ± 42.9 mg Mg/day, for obese women and control group, respectively) and the differences between the groups were not statistically different (p > 0.05). The correlation analysis indicated that the association between the dietary intake of magnesium and adiposity was not significant. The results of this study indicate that dietary magnesium does not influence the adiposity parameters in obese women.

scholarly journals Identifying Factors That Contribute to Adolescent Bony Stress Injury in Secondary School Athletes: A Comparative Analysis With a Healthy Athletic Control Group

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Nussbaum ◽  
Jaynie Bjornaraa ◽  
Charles J. Gatt
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Weight Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Shin Splints ◽  
Dairy Intake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Background:Bony stress injuries (BSIs) are common among adolescents involved in high school sports. A better understanding of factors that contribute to adolescent BSI is needed to target preventative measures.Hypothesis:Individuals who suffer a BSI will demonstrate significant differences in training methods, sleep, diet, and history of injury compared with a healthy, noninjured control group.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiologic study.Methods:Data from the National High School Stress Fracture Registry (NHSSFR), an internet-based adolescent BSI survey, were used to identify variables reported with adolescent (13-18 years of age) BSI. These findings were compared with a survey of 100 (50 males, 50 females) healthy athletic controls to identify significant differences between healthy adolescents and those with BSI.Results:A total of 346 stress fractures were reported in 314 (206 females, 108 males) athletes within the NHSSFR. Comparison with healthy control participants demonstrated multiple significant findings. In particular, body mass index was significantly lower for patients with BSI injury compared with controls ( P < 0.001). Patients slept significantly less than the control group (7.2 vs 7.95 hours; F = 34.41; P < 0.001). Females also slept significantly less hours than males (7.2 vs 7.63 hours; F = 11.02; P < 0.001). Fifty-eight percent of those who reported a BSI did not engage in any weight training. Those with a BSI had significantly higher average stress ratings than control participants (1.67 vs 1.42; P < 0.001), and females also rated their stress levels significantly higher than males (1.8 vs 1.38; P < 0.001). A significant difference between patients with any BSI and control participants existed for history of “shin splints” (Pearson χ2= 28.31; P < 0.001), and females also expressed having shin pain lasting for longer than 4 weeks (Pearson χ2= 8.12; P < 0.001) and more often (Pearson χ2= 5.84; P = 0.02) than males. There was also a significant difference between patients with BSI and control subjects regarding dairy intake (2.25 vs 2.69; F = 6.43; P = 0.01).Conclusion:Findings revealed significant differences between those who reported a BSI relative to healthy athletic adolescents. These differences included body mass index, prior history of shin splints, involvement in weight training, amount of sleep, daily stress, and dairy intake. Preventive measures should be developed to address these areas to reduce the incidence of BSIs in the adolescent population.

Overweight and erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid changes in menopause

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-149
Author(s):  
Giulia D’Alberti ◽  
Carla Ferreri ◽  
Anna Vita Larocca ◽  
Pierangelo Torquato ◽  
Antonio Boccuto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
And Control

AbstractLipid disorders have been implicated in overweight and menopause. However, evidence on lipidomic analysis of fatty acids in erythrocytes of menopausal women is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the body mass index within or beyond 5 years of menopause and erythrocyte fatty acid profile. This case-control study was conducted on out of 37 menopausal women total patients, 22 with body mass index ≥ 25 and 12 matched controls (body mass index <25). Experimental procedures were performed on the blood through robotic equipment for isolation of erythrocyte and cell membrane fatty acids were analyzed by using gas-liquid chromatography. Results showed that erythrocyte membranes did not change significantly in lipid composition between case and control group. However, the percentage of women who had a physiological content of saturated fatty acids was lower in case than in control group, and the percentage of women who had a physiological content of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids was lower in control than in case group. Woman with BMI>25 and non-physiological content of fatty acids, were richer in percentage of saturated fatty acids and poorer of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids than women with BMI<25. The percentage of physiological n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated ratio was lower in women with BMI>25 than in women with BMI<25. Interestingly, the percentage of patients that had physiological values of lipids beyond 5 years of menopause increased in comparison patients within 5 years of menopause. Notably, n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids physiological ratio beyond 5 years of menopause increased in both case and control patients, indicating normalization over time. In conclusion erythrocytes fatty acids composition may be related to the body mass index and to the time from menopause.

Indicators of Obesity and Cardiovascular Parameters in Obese and Non-Obese Subjects

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 3413-3416
Author(s):  
Sana Majeed ◽  
Rabia Azhar ◽  
Aysha Mushtaq ◽  
Tooba Jamal ◽  
Sidra Ashfaq
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Obese Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Cardiovascular Parameters ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control

Background and Aim: Obesity is a worldwide epidemic that is endangering an increasing number healthy populations. Obesity is caused by a sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary habits. Although numerous studies on obesity effects on cardiovascular parameters (CVP) are existing, associations between obese and non-obese people are limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the indicators for obesity and compared obese and non-obese association with cardiovascular parameters. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 80 subjects in the Department of Physiology, Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi in collaboration with Railway General Hospital, Rawalpindi for duration of six months i.e from January 2020 to June 2021. All the subjects were divided into obese group-I and non-obese group-II. Each group consisted of 40 subjects. Individuals with body mass index 18 to 25 Kg/m2 and >26 Kg/m2 were considered as obese and non-obese respectively. Informed consent and ethical approval were taken from each individual and hospital ethical committee respectively. All the subjects (BMI> 26 Kg/m2) with medical issues specifically cardio-respiratory and smokers were excluded. Quetelet’s index and Vernier Caliper was used for physical examination and triceps skinfold girth (TSG). SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the total 80 subjects, the study and control group had 40 subjects each. The overall mean age was 41.31±2.3 years. The mean value of body mass index in the study and control group was 34.6±5 Kg/m2 and 23.4±1.2 Kg/m2 respectively. Mean weight, body mass index, waist circumference (WC), and triceps skin girth (TSG) were found significantly higher in the study group as compared to the control group whereas study group subjects had lower height than the control group (p<0.005). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP) were significantly higher in the study group as compared to control group subjects considering 0.0005 level of significance, however, pulse rate (PR) was insignificant in the study group (0.05). Cardiovascular parameters were found significant and positive in the study group only with a 0.05 level of significance on Pearson’s Correlation. Conclusion: Our study found that shorter height with accelerated pulse rate subjects was prone to cardiovascular diseases. Also, short height with a higher pulse rate is obesity's best indicator correlating in obese or study group. Additionally, obesity has a significant association with subject lipid profile which may elevate the potential risk for cardiovascular disease development. Keywords: Obesity; Cardiovascular Parameters, Obesity Indicators

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