scholarly journals Hybrid threats in the national security context of Nepal

Unity Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
Padam Kumar Angbo
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Intelligence System ◽  
Zero Tolerance Policy ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
Hybrid War

Of late, hybrid warfare has emerged as a widely contested but practically tested war strategy anticipated in the future. This paper revolves around strategies to deter, mitigate and counter hybrid threats to national security in the context of Nepal. Prevailing geopolitical and geostrategic environments exhibit that different actors, including state and non-state hybrid strategies pose a clear challenge to Nepal's national security interests. Hence, there is a need for a national security strategy to counter hybrid threats which demands fresh thinking, expanding the traditional enemy-centric threat assessment and response. But the general understanding of hybrid warfare is underdeveloped because hybrid means are ambiguous and complex, such as unorthodox, unpredictable and constantly changing. Ultimately, developing and implementing effective national security policy, ensuring political stability, zero tolerance policy on corruption, good governance, economic and resources development, trusted law enforcement, effective stakeholders including security and intelligence system, building resilience are the best ways to prevent a hybrid war before it erupts. This article argues that Nepali Army, as a key responder, too needs to have an updated military doctrine and strategy on its role in countering it.

scholarly journals “Hybrid Threats” to Russia’s Security: Identification and Counteraction

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-71
Author(s):  
S. I. Kodaneva
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
National Security ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Grey Zone ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
Hybrid War

In the scientific literature, it is customary to consider and analyze war exclusively as a violent (conventional) confrontation of subjects of international politics. However, this does not take into account that modern wars are increasingly unfolding in the “grey zone”, that is, outside the framework of international law, they are conducted both in physical and in other dimensions – informational, cybernetic, cultural, cognitive – and mainly by non-military means and with the involvement of irregular formations (rebels, terrorists, etc.). As a result, today’s interstate confrontation is becoming more complex and hybrid, presenting new mechanisms for non-nuclear deterrence.It is important to understand that the inability to recognize the enemy’s ongoing war in time, to determine the direction of the strike destroyed many states, starting with the Roman Empire and ending with the USSR. This determines the relevance and timeliness of this study, which is aimed at analyzing the content of the phenomenon of hybrid war, determining the main methods of its conduct used today and proposing counteraction measures.It should be recognized that in the modern scientific literature there is no single approach to understanding what a hybrid war is, which is quite understandable precisely because of its essence – the variability and complexity of ways of it conducting, as well as flexibility and adaptability to specific circumstances. There are quite a lot of disparate studies on individual components of hybrid war, such as “soft power”, information, economic and cyberwar, “color revolutions”, etc.The subject of this research is the phenomenon of hybrid warfare, its content and specific ways of conducting hybrid warfare. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the subject of research, as well as to structure the manifestation that form the phenomenon of hybrid war in its complex, determine their correlation and mutual influence of various methods of conducting hybrid war, as well as to develop specific proposals for countering threats to Russia’s national security.The importance of developing comprehensive strategic approaches aimed primarily at identifying vulnerabilities, as well as including spiritual security as the basis of the entire security system and countering hybrid threats is emphasized.Taking into account the specified subject and purpose, the introduction reveals the relevance of the study of the phenomenon of hybrid war and the danger that this type of interstate confrontation poses for Russia. Then we analyze the concept of hybrid war and its content, as well as the four main ways of conducting it. The results of the analysis are followed by conclusions and proposals on countering threats to Russia’s national security.

scholarly journals Development of the Croatian National Security Strategy in the Hybrid Threats Context

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (80) ◽  
pp. 97-129
Author(s):  
Drazen Smiljanic
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
National Security Strategy ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
Societal Resilience ◽  
The Republic

AbstractThe development of the new National Security Strategy (NSS) of the Republic of Croatia, begun in November 2016, takes place in a radically different security environment compared to the first (and current) Croatian NSS published in 2002. This paper aims to provide incentives for potential adaptations to the approach and methodology used in Croatia’s NSS development, particularly in relation to hybrid warfare. Assuming that the hybrid adversary tends heavily to exploit the vulnerabilities of the targeted state and society, the paper addresses some of Croatia’s widely recognized weaknesses that should be taken into consideration in a threat assessment. As a conclusion, the paper proposes some recommendations, including the concept of societal resilience, related to ways to counter hybrid threats.

THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY OF RUSSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF A HYBRID WAR

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-130
Author(s):  
A.S. MAKSIMOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
National Security ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Economic Information ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Verbal Model

This article is devoted to identifying and characterizing the threat to national security of Russian Federation in the context of a hybrid war. The main aim of the study is to assume that the huge problem for national security of Russia today is the threat of a hybrid nature. This paper proposes the author's classification of hybrid threats, which made it possible to distinguish five functional groups of threats («triads») ‒ in the spiritual and socio-cultural, military-political, economic, information and international legal spheres. The specificity of the «triads» is that each of the three elements of the «triad» is capable of producing the appearance of the second and third elements of the «triad» and maintaining their activity. A variant of ranking «triads» according to the level of their threat intensity is presented, the rates of their intensification in the short term were determined. According to the author's conclusions, the synchronous activity of the «triads» creates a synergistic effect, exerting a complicated negative impact on the state of national security of Russia. The novelty of the research, the results of which are presented in the article, are the classification of hybrid threats and the verbal model of the functioning of the «triads» of threats. The findings of the study can contribute to the development of effective techniques and strategies for countering hybrid threats to national security of Russia.

THE STRATEGY OF WAGING HYBRID WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol XIV ◽  
pp. 0-1
Author(s):  
Adrian Mitręga
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Global Community ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
Hybrid War

Over the last decade, the concept of hybrid warfare has aroused great in-terest among the global community dealing with security issues, both military, and non-military. The specificity of hybrid warfare is that the fight is not for territories, but for the minds, and attitudes of citizens of other countries, and the means of combat are very sophisticated. Any hybrid war is based on a strategy that involves achievement victory by setting goals, overall plan and systematic impact on ene-my's vulnerabilities using a hybrid threat complex. In connection with the above, the aim of the article is to present the role of the strategy in waging hybrid war-fare, as well as in developing mechanisms to counteract hybrid threats.

scholarly journals Hybrid War as a Phenomenon of Semantic Postmodern Discourse with Emphasis on the Military Constant as a Factor of National Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-215
Author(s):  
Andriy Tkachuk ◽  
Pavlo Tkachuk
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
The Core ◽  
Cognitive Semantic ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Modes Of Existence ◽  
Practical Representation

The article states the core thesis about two asymmetric modes of existence of war – physical and discursive. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the analytical and practical necessity of distinguishing between two modes of existence of hybrid warfare as a phenomenon of physical reality and as a discursive construct, as well as to raise questions about the value specificity of the relationship between them. The methodology of work represents the implication of two asymmetric modes of war existence – physical and discursive. The relationship between the two modes can be described in particular through modern cognitive-semantic and communicative approaches. Analysis, synthesis (thesis-antithesis), description, distinction, historical perspective, forecasting and hermeneutic tools of comprehension are the core methods of this work. In the military (material) dimension, any military confrontation in general (and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in particular) is localized, while the discourse of this hybrid war has become global. The interpretive component of hybrid warfare is implemented through discursive verbal-semiotic means. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the concept of victory. The Ukrainian dimension embodies the postmodern practical representation of the analysis of the problem of hybrid warfare as a war of interpretations.

scholarly journals Ensuring national security: political-legal aspects

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-41
Author(s):  
Grigorii Aleksandrovich Maistrenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
The Russian Federation

National security issues are crucial, multifaceted, and integral phenomena of social and political life of the country. This article explores the normative legal framework that regulates this sphere of social relations. The article presents an analysis of the features of legal support for national security as a problem of stabilizing society. Analysis is conducted on the peculiarities of legal support of national security as the problem of stabilization of society. The author notes that the national security policy, first and foremost should be aimed at ensuring geopolitical interests of the Russian Federation, its sovereignty, political stability, and progressive socioeconomic development. Research methodology employs complex and systemic approaches; systemic, functional, historical general scientific methods; analysis and synthesis as private scientific methods; formal-legal analysis of normative legal acts; and comparative legal method. It is claimed that in the sphere of domestic policy, the key prerequisite for achieving the protection of national interests should consists in unification of the nation in order to solve spiritual, cultural and material tasks due to the overall sustainability and consent in the country, nonviolent resolution of domestic social conflicts; while in the sphere of foreign policy – planning and implementation of foreign policy actions from the perspective of ensuring national interests. The author gives practical recommendations for further improvement of national security system of the Russian Federation.

Hybrid Threats on NATO’s Eastern Flank- A Comparative Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Oana Elena Brânda ◽  
Adriana Livia Sauliuc
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
National Security ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Critical Infrastructures ◽  
National Policies ◽  
Eastern Flank ◽  
Western Flank ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
Compare And Contrast

AbstractThe aim of the present article is to analyze, in a compare and contrast perspective, the manner in which national security strategies all over NATO’s Eastern Flank perceive and relate to hybrid threats. Due to space constraints, the analysis shall focus mainly on national security strategies, aiming to correlate the countries’ perception of which vulnerabilities could lead to hybrid threats and the assorted response. In addition to this, the analysis shall also emphasize, wherever possible (given the need for English-translated documents) the place that the tackling of hybrid threats takes both in relation to the country’s main security policy, as well as in connection with the country’s position within NATO, regarding the particular issue of hybrid threats. The choice of the Eastern Flank countries to illustrate the evolution of hybrid threats and of security strategies devised to manage them, stems from the existing disbalance between the Alliance’s Western Flank where such threats are less likely to manifest given the complexity of individual national policies in tackling such vulnerabilities, whereas the Eastern Flank has proven itself to be rather feeble in addressing risks and vulnerabilities residing in the field of critical infrastructures, ergo becoming prone to hybrid attacks.

MECHANISMS FOR NEUTRALIZING HYBRID THREATS TO RUSSIAN NATIONAL SECURITY WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF AN INVERSE VECTOR MODEL

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 88-103
Author(s):  
A.S. MAKSIMOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Vector Model ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Vector Approach

The article is devoted to the development of relevant mechanisms for neutralizing hybrid threats based on the author's inverse vector model. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the possibilities of the vector approach in the development of relevant mechanisms for ensuring Russia's national security in the spiritual and socio-cultural spheres in the context of a hybrid war being waged against it. In preparing the article, the approaches and methods of political science were used. The article proposes the author's inverse vector model and the mechanisms based on it for neutralizing hybrid threats to Russia's national security. The proposed model takes into account the specifics of the hybrid confrontation between the collective West and Russia, the possibilities of a vector approach to the development of hybrid war problems, the limited resource base for full-scale countering hybrid threats in all areas known to specialists. The novelty of the research, the results of which are presented in this article, are the analysis of the applicability of the vector approach to the problem of hybrid war, the development of an inverse vector model and the determination of the possibility of its application to the development of effective mechanisms for countering hybrid threats, its verification, a number of practical recommendations regarding the functional content of the proposed mechanism for neutralization of threats in the spiritual and sociocultural sphere. The findings of the study can contribute to the development of an integrated strategic approach to ensuring Russia's national security in the context of a hybrid confrontation with the West.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Hybrid Warfare Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-57
Author(s):  
Chad Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
National Security ◽  
Information Warfare ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Climate Change Risks ◽  
Traditional Institutions ◽  
Hybrid War

Concepts of hybrid warfare and climate security are contested on their own, and are rarely considered as connected in planning for future security risks. Yet climate change presents new hazards for national security, and opportunities for those looking to foment instability and uncertainty in traditional institutions. This article examines the connections between climate change risks and hybrid war strategies, and focuses on concepts of resilience targeting, information warfare, and geoengineering, illustrating that ‘full spectrum’ analyses of security are necessary in developing future security strategies.

scholarly journals MODERN MODELS OF HYBRID WAR

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
А. В. Дугінець ◽  
Т. Г. Бусарєва
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
National Security ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Uncertainty Model ◽  
The Media ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
The Military

As a result of large-scale processes and trends that have taken place in recent decades in the context of globalization and the information revolution, forms, methods, means and, accordingly, interpretations of national interests and national security are being more or less noticeably metamorphosed. Against this background, in recent years, the concept of "hybrid wars" has rapidly entered the military-political lexicon. It is not only firmly established in the scientific and journalistic literature, as well as in the media, but is also widely used in official documents determining the behavior of states in the international arena. New concepts and methods of conducting hybrid war are developing very rapidly today, which requires a revision of the classic military methods of forecasting and planning both offensive and defensive strategies. Like any other war, gybrid war is an area of unreliability and uncertainty. The inaccuracy of intelligence and the constant intervention of chance lead to the fact that the parties to the conflict actually face a completely different situation than expected, and this can not but affect the planning or at least the perceptions of the situation that formed the basis of strategic plans. The transformation of hybrid warfare into a new type of interstate confrontation raises the issue of the use of modern tools of support and decision-making as a priority. The use of the hybrid war model for this purpose is increasingly going beyond the purely scientific sphere, making it an effective factor in ensuring the national security of countries. The development of effective hybrid warfare strategies and counter-strategies requires the introduction of new technologies based on the modeling and application of AI. The symbiosis of modern scientific knowledge and approaches allows us to study, predict and plan modern hybrid military conflicts as nonlinear objects operating in conditions of high uncertainty. Model, created for this purpose, should be easily integrated into the political and military decision-making process and, given the complexity of this activity, be integrated. This approach will provide an adequate understanding of the complex, ever-changing phenomena of hybrid warfare and hybrid threads and take them into account in the system of national and global security.

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