scholarly journals Knowledge, beliefs and habits of public university students from Southern Serbia regarding usage of antibiotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nemanja Kutlesic ◽  
Aleksandra Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Treatment Interruption ◽  
Public University ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Knowledge And Beliefs ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Squared

Misuse of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance have become a serious threat to global health. This study aimed to assess knowledge, beliefs and habits of university students regarding antibiotics and compare answers between students coming from rural and urban areas in a location where no similar studies have been conducted to date. Data was gathered using an online survey and tested for statistically significant difference using Chi-squared test. The study followed the Helsinki Declaration principles. A total of 360 students participated. A large number (84.4%) has correctly identified antibiotics as effective against bacteria and have distinguished well between antibiotics and other types of medicines. Only 12.5% believe therapy can be interrupted when the symptoms fade, but 31.4% believe antibiotics help with most diseases. As much as 59.7% have bought antibiotics without a prescription, and 45.8% have admitted to premature treatment interruption. Many take antibiotics on travels for emergencies (62.5%). There was no statistically significant difference related to the domicile of the students (p>0.05). In conclusion, students demonstrated relatively acceptable knowledge and beliefs on antibiotics, which are not reflected in practice. The domicile of students does not influence their knowledge nor habits. Campaigns are needed to promote awareness on antimicrobial resistance as students’ habits are not satisfactory.

scholarly journals Cost of Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Pan India Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 097275312199849
Author(s):  
Raghuram Nagarathna ◽  
M Madhava ◽  
Suchitra S Patil ◽  
Amit Singh ◽  
K. Perumal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Cost Of Disease ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major noncommunicable disease. While mortality rates are increasing, the costs of managing the disease are also increasing. The all-India average monthly expenditure per person (pppm) is reported to be ₹ 1,098.25, which translates to an annual expenditure of ₹13,179 per person. Purpose: While a number of studies have gone into the aspect of the cost of disease management, we do not find any study which has pan-India reach. We also do not find studies that focus on differences (if any) between rural and urban areas, age or on the basis of gender. We planned to report the cost of illness (COI) in diabetes individuals as compared to others from the data of a pan-India trial. Methods: Government of India commissioned the Indian Yoga Association to study the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in India in 2017. As part of the questionnaire, the cost of treatment was also captured. Data collected from 25 states and union territories were analyzed using the analysis of covriance (ANCOVA) test on SPSS version 21. Results: There was a significant difference ( P < .05) between the average expenses per person per month (pppm) of individuals with self-reported known diabetes (₹1,357.65 pppm) and others (unknown and/or nondiabetes individuals–₹ 999.91 pppm). Similarly, there was a significant difference between rural (₹2,893 pppm) and urban (₹4,162 pppm) participants and between those below (₹1,996 pppm) and above 40 years (₹5,059 pppm) of age. Conclusion: This preliminary report has shown that the COI because of diabetes is significantly higher than others pointing to an urgent need to promote disease-preventive measures.

scholarly journals Elements of Opportunity and Poultry Farms Performance in Delta State, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Rodney A. Isiorhovoja
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
T Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Poultry Farmers

The paper examines the existence, if any, of differences in gross margin between rural and urban areas in Delta State, Nigeria. Data were collected from all 275 poultry farmers registered with the Delta State Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Department. The null hypotheses was that there is no significant difference in poultry farm gross margin between locations in terms rural and urban areas; managers with formal education in agriculture and managers who have no formal education in agriculture; and managers who have and who do not have prior experience in poultry business. Data were collected from all 275 poultry farmers registered with the State Ministry Agriculture using copies of a structured questionnaire and were analyzed using frequency counts, means and T-test. Amongst the findings were: Majority of poultry business operators have low level formal education in disciplines not related to agriculture; there was a significant difference in the mean number of years of schooling and courses studied between rural and urban areas but that there was no significant difference in number of years of prior experience. The T-test results failed to reject the three null hypotheses. The study concluded that indeed elements of opportunity may vary from place to place but the ability to exploit the benefits may moderate or accentuate performance. Entrepreneurial capacity building was recommended for poultry business operators’ state wide.

scholarly journals Primary caregivers attitude towards patients with mental illness: a survey study in psychiatric centre, SMS medical college, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulika Sharma ◽  
Paramjeet Singh ◽  
Himanshu Phulwari
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Caregivers ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference

The purpose of the present study was to find out the attitudes of primary caregivers towards mental illness. The hypothesis was “there would be a significant difference in the attitude of primary caregivers towards mental illness by people belonging to rural and urban areas.” The sample consists of 50 subjects (25 females and 25 males out of it, 25 were from the rural population &amp; 25 were from the urban population). The age group consists of the participants was from 18 years to 65 years, and their education qualification was not an obligation. Personal data consist of demographic information was also collected. The scale “The Community Attitudes Towards Mental Illness scale (CAMI)” was developed by Taylor and Dear in 1981, was used to assess the attitude towards mental illness of the subjects. For statistical analysis, correlation and student t-test were used for the p-value and to found the differences in the attitudes of primary caregivers. The results showed variances in the primary caregivers’ attitudes between the rural area and the urban area.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ANXIETY AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS FROM RURAL AND URBAN AREAS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (46) ◽  
pp. 11368-11375
Author(s):  
Sibananda Mishra ◽  
Bijayalaxmi Muduli
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Junior Colleges ◽  
T Test ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rural College

The objective of the present study was to compare the level of anxiety and difference between the rural and urban college students on the basis of dimensions of anxiety. A total number of 120 college students (Rural – 60 and Urban – 60) were selected from two Junior colleges in both rural and urban areas of Odisha State. In the present study, Sinha Anxiety Scale (1991) was used to collect the data. The obtained data was analysed by using ‘t’ test to find out the significant difference between rural and urban college students. Results revealed that in majority dimensions of anxiety, rural college students have more anxiety compared to urban college students

scholarly journals Measurement and Decomposition of Consumption Inequality in Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-69
Author(s):  
Pravat Uprety
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Female Headed Households ◽  
Measures Of Inequality

This study aims at computing, comparing and decomposing the different inequality indices by rural and urban areas, sex of household head and ecological belt, so that policy maker can make the policy to reduce the inequality in Nepal. This study is based on the raw data taken from the 3rd Nepal Living Standard Survey-2011 conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). The study has used real consumption as the main variable to measure the inequality. In most of the cases five measures of inequality; Coefficient of variation (CV), Quantile Ratio Index, Gini Index, Generalised Entropy Index with parameter 0 and 1 were computed. The Gini index, Theil’s L and Theil’s T indices are 0.328, 0.175 and 0.194, respectively. The study has found no significant difference in inequality between male- and female-headed households; and the inequality in urban areas is higher than that in the rural areas. By ecological belts, the inequality is highest in hills and lowest in mountains. The country should place focus on urban areas and hilly belt to reduce inequality.

scholarly journals Sociodemographic Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy, Fear of Infection, and Protection Self-Efficacy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215013272110407
Author(s):  
Pearl A. McElfish ◽  
Don E. Willis ◽  
Sumit K. Shah ◽  
Keneshia Bryant-Moore ◽  
Martha O. Rojo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
General Trust ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Race And Education

Objectives: Arkansas COVID-19 vaccine uptake has been lower than the national average. This study examined associations between sociodemographic factors and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, fear of infection, and protection self-efficacy. Methods: Adults either residing, having employment, or receiving health care in Arkansas (n = 754) participated in an online survey between October 30, 2020 and January 16, 2021. Participants were recruited in both rural and urban areas from 6 Arkansas primary care clinics. Survey questions addressed sociodemographic factors, COVID-19 infection fear, protection self-efficacy, and COVID-19 vaccine attitudes. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess associations between dependent variables and respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics, COVID-19 infection fear, and COVID-19 protection self-efficacy. Results: About 38% of participants reported COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Age, sex, race, and education were significantly associated with COVID-19 and general vaccine attitudes. Odds of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy decreased as age increased (OR = 0.98; P < .01). Women had higher odds of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy than men (OR = 1.52; P < .05). Respondents with a high school diploma and below and respondents with some college or a technical degree had greater odds of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (OR = 2.58; P < .001; and OR = 1.97; P < .01, respectively) compared to respondents with a 4-year college degree. Black/African American respondents had greater odds of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy compared to White respondents (OR = 3.08; P < .001). No significant difference was observed among rural and urban respondents regarding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy; however, respondents in rural areas were more likely to report low general vaccine trust compared to those in urban areas (OR = 1.87; P < .01). Respondents reporting no fear (OR = 5.51; P < .001) and very little fear (OR = 1.95; P < .05) of COVID-19 had greater odds of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy compared to respondents who feared COVID-19 infection to a great extent. Conclusions: COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and general trust in vaccines differ significantly among age, sex, race, and education. These trust and hesitancy patterns are challenges for achieving population immunity and follow similar patterns of vulnerability to COVID-19. Vaccination programs and interventions must consider these differences in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and general vaccine trust to alleviate COVID-19 disparities. Findings make a significant contribution in evaluating vaccine hesitancy among a large, diverse sample from a rural state.

scholarly journals The Differences in Self-Medication Factors for Toddler Mothers Between Rural and Urban

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Jati Untari ◽  
Lisa Kartini
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Information Exposure

Introduction: Self-medication occurs in many developing countries in the world, including Indonesia, which can cause a variety of global impacts, namely improper use that can lead to irrational use of drugs, late seeking medical advice, increasing side effects and drug interactions. Self-medication is related to the role of mothers in the household. The purpose of this study to find out the differences in factors that influence maternal behavior in self-medication oftoddler including knowledge, attitudes, income levels, and exposure to information sources between rural and urban areas. Methods: The study was conducted in 2 locations in Gemawang (rural) and Campursari (urban), WonosoboDistrict, Central Java Province. The population of quantitative analytic research with cross sectional design was 78 mothers with children in rural and 75 in urban areas. Data analysis used Kolmogorov-Smirnov because in the normality test the data used shapirowilk from the variables of knowledge, attitudes, income levels and information exposure with self-medication behavior, the result was p = 0.00 (<0.05) so the data was not normally distributed. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. Results: There were differences in knowledge, attitudes, income levels, and exposure to information about mothers oftoddler of self-medication behavior between rural and urban with a value of p=0,000. Conclusions: The behavior of mothers in self-medication of toddler between rural and urban areas has a significant difference with knowledge, behavior, attitudes, income level, and information exposure.

scholarly journals FENOMENA NOMOPHOBIA PADA ANAK USIA DINI BERDASARKAN TIPOLOGI WILAYAH DAN HUBUNGANNYA TERHADAP PERILAKU PROSOSIAL DAN ANTISOSIAL

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
pp. 91-107
Author(s):  
Dian Novita ◽  
Kenty Martiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
T Test ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi fenomena nomophobia pada anak usia dini di wilayah perdesaan dan perkotaan, menganalisis perbedaan perilaku nomophobia dan perilaku sosial antara kedua wilayah, serta menganalisis hubungan perilaku nomophobia terhadap perilaku sosial. Penelitian ini dilakukan di dua wilayah yaitu di Kabupaten Kuningan (representatif wilayah perdesaan) dan Kota Depok (representatif wilayah perkotaan) dengan responden masing-masing sebanyak 50 orang, sehingga total responden adalah 100 orang. Data yang dikumpulkan dari penelitian ini adalah perilaku nomophobia yang menggunakan instrumen NMP-Q (Yildirim,2015) dan perilaku sosial diukur berdasarkan dimensi yang dikembangkan oleh Hurlock (1978) yang terdiri atas perilaku prososial dan antisosial. Melalui uji independent sample t-test, hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan pada perilaku nomophobia antara wilayah perdesaan dan perkotaan. Skor rata-rata perilaku nomophobia di perdesaan adalah 35,61 sedangkan di perkotaan adalah 35,72 yang termasuk kategori rendah. Perilaku sosial di kedua wilayah sebagian besar menunjukkan kategori tinggi (64%) dan tidak ada perbedaan perilaku sosial secara umum baik di perdesaan maupun perkotaan. Hasil uji korelasi menunjukkan tidak adanya hubungan signifikan antara perilaku nomophobia dan perilaku sosial namun koefisien korelasi negatif yaitu -0,085 menjadi indikasi bahwa semakin tinggi perilaku nomophobia maka akan semakin rendah perilaku sosial anak usia dini. Hal ini perlu mendapat perhatian bersama, mengingat dampak buruk yang dapat ditimbulkan dari adanya fenomena nomophobia terutama pada anak usia dini. Kata Kunci: anak usia dini, nomophobia, perilaku sosial   Nomophobia Phenomenons in Early Childhood based on Regional Typology and       Its Relationship to Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors Abstract This study aims to identify the phenomenon of nomophobia in early childhood in rural and urban areas, to analyze differences in nomophobic behavior and social behavior between the two regions and to analyze the relationship between nomophobic behavior and social behavior. This research was conducted in two areas, namely Kuningan District (rural area representative) and Depok City (urban area representative) with 50 respondents each, so that the total number of respondents was 100 people. The data collected from this study were nomophobic behavior using the NMP-Q instrument (Yildirim, 2015) and social behavior was measured based on the dimensions developed by Hurlock (1978) which consisted of prosocial and antisocial behavior. Through the independent samples t-test, it was found that the results of the study showed no significant difference in nomophobic behavior between rural and urban areas. The average score of nomophobic behavior in rural areas is 35,61, while in urban areas it is 35,72 which is in the low category. Most of the social behavior in the two regions shows the high category (64%) and there is no difference in social behavior in general, both in rural and urban areas. The results of the correlation test showed that there was no significant relationship between nomophobic behavior and social behavior, but the negative correlation coefficient, namely -0,085, is an indication that the higher the nomophobic behavior, the lower the social behavior of early childhood. This needs mutual attention, considering the bad effects that can be caused by the phenomenon of nomophobia, especially in early childhood. Keywords : early childhood, nomophobia, social behavior

scholarly journals Gut microbiota composition in obese and non-obese adult relatives from the highlands of Papua New Guinea

2020 ◽  
Vol 367 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinjho E Jonduo ◽  
Lorry Wawae ◽  
Geraldine Masiria ◽  
Wataru Suda ◽  
Masahira Hattori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Unit ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACT Obesity is a condition that results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Recently, obesity has been linked to differences in the composition of gut microbiota. To examine this association in Papua New Guinea (PNG) highlanders, fecal samples were collected from 18 adults; nine obese participants were paired with their non-obese relative. Amplification of the 16S rRNA gene targeting the V1–V2 region was performed on DNA extracts for each participant, with high-quality sequences selected and used for operational taxonomic unit clustering. The data showed Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the two dominant phyla, while at genus level Prevotella was the most dominant genus in all of the samples. Nonetheless, statistical evaluation of potential association between nutritional status and bacterial abundance at both phyla and genus levels showed no significant difference. Further studies, ideally in both rural and urban areas, are needed to evaluate the role of the gut microbiome in the occurrence of obesity in PNG and other resource-limited settings.

ESTABLISHING THE WELL-BEING OF THE RURAL-URBAN ELDERLY POPULATION: A CASE STUDY OF INDONESIA

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (02) ◽  
pp. 105-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAIDATULAKMAL MOHD ◽  
AZLINDA AZMAN ◽  
JAMALLUDIN SULAIMAN ◽  
ISMAIL BABA
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Urban Elderly ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference

This study determines and compares the influence of various demographic factors in achieving well-being of the elderly population in the rural and urban areas in Indonesia. Age, marital status, social class, perceived health and economic condition are some of the main contributing factors in measuring well-being. In addition, social aspects such as living and familial arrangement were also investigated to establish elderly population well being. Data were collected using a survey-interview method. A total of 157 elderly in the urban areas and 145 elderly in the rural areas were surveyed. A causal model of well-being was employed to analyse the data obtained. The model of well-being was then tested using path analysis to test the causal relationships among the variables. Although the study indicated that there was no significant difference of well-being between the rural and urban elderly, the social support variables generally help improve the well-being of the elderly population.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document