Chapter Two: Preliminary Findings from the Faunal Assemblage from Eleon

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-47
Author(s):  
Matthew Bullock ◽  
Yin Lam
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategy ◽  
Faunal Analysis ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Faunal Assemblage ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Time Periods

A relatively small, but well-preserved, assemblage of faunal remains centred on an apparent refuse heap in the southwest quadrant of Eleon has been analyzed to determine the relative representation of domesticated and wild taxa, as well as mortality profiles for sheep and goats. Although the total number of identified specimens is small, at 1059 fragments, several patterns that warrant further analysis have emerged in the data. The representation of deer among these remains is higher than at other sites on the Greek mainland. Lower-utility elements such as metapodials and tibiae are better represented than meatier portions of the skeleton, suggesting that entire carcasses were being processed on site. Mortality profiles developed from sheep and goat mandibles indicate a distinct management strategy for each species, with a large number of very young and juvenile goats, compared with many more mature sheep. Overall, the faunal remains from this deposit suggest a varied economy in the post-palatial period, exploiting a wide range of species for both primary and secondary animal products. Further faunal analysis at Eleon is warranted to allow comparisons across time periods and between locations at the site.

Understanding Distressed Residential Transaction Discounts Across Price Segments and Market Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-182
Author(s):  
Ramya Rajajagadeesan Aroul ◽  
J. Andrew Hansz ◽  
Mauricio Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Market Segment ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Large Market ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Market Areas

In the literature, there is a wide range of discounts associated with foreclosures. Comparisons across studies are difficult as they use different methodologies across large areas over different time periods. We employ a consistent methodology across space and time. We find modest discounts, within the range of typical transaction costs, in all but the highest priced market segment. Higher priced segments could explain prior findings of substantial discounts. We find that discounts are time-varying, with discounts increasing with market distress. A one-size-fits-all approach is not appropriate when estimating distressed transaction discounts across large market areas or under changing market conditions.

scholarly journals A 115,000-year-old expedient bone technology at Lingjing, Henan, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc Doyon ◽  
Li Zhanyang ◽  
Wang Hua ◽  
Lila Geis ◽  
Francesco d'Errico
Keyword(s):  
Long Bone ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Faunal Assemblage ◽  
Bone Tools ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Lithic Assemblages ◽  
Technological Potential ◽  
Bone Fragments ◽  
Anthropogenic Processes ◽  
Stone Knapping

Activities attested since at least 2.6 Myr, such as stone knapping, marrow extraction, and woodworking may have allowed early hominins to recognize the technological potential of discarded skeletal remains and equipped them with a transferable skillset fit for the marginal modification and utilization of bone flakes. Identifying precisely when and where expedient bone tools were used in prehistory nonetheless remains a challenging task owing to the multiple natural and anthropogenic processes that can mimic deliberately knapped bones. Here, we compare a large sample of the faunal remains from Lingjing, a 115 ka-old site from China which has yielded important hominin remains and rich faunal and lithic assemblages, with bone fragments produced by experimentally fracturing Equus caballus long bones. Our results provide a set of qualitative and quantitative criteria that can help zooarchaeologists and bone technologists distinguish faunal remains with intentional flake removal scars from those resulting from carcass processing activities. Experimental data shows marrow extraction seldom generates diaphyseal fragments bearing more than six flake scars arranged contiguously or in interspersed series. Long bone fragments presenting such characteristics can, therefore, be interpreted as being purposefully knapped to be used as expediency tools. The identification, based on the above experimental criteria, of 56 bone tools in the Lingjing faunal assemblage is consistent with the smaller size of the lithics found in the same layer. The continuity gradient observed in the size of lithics and knapped bones suggest the latter were used for tasks in which the former were less or not effective.

scholarly journals Review OF Various Types Of Kshara Kalpana

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (07) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayatri Nandkumar Patil
Keyword(s):  
Dosage Form ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Animal Product ◽  
Pharmaceutical Application ◽  
Wide Range

 Kshar kalpana is one of important dosage form developed as sub type of panchavidh kashayKalpana.Kshara is alkaline in nature.It is based on the principle that alkaline substances get dissolved in water and can be obtained by evapourating water content.It is derived from certain plants as well as minerals and animal products which contains more alkaline substances.It is first described in Sushrut samhita.There are various methods described in ayurvedic texts to prepare kshara.It has been proved to be effective medicine internally as well as externally.Ksharasutra described by Chakradatta is being used widely by surgeons and appreciated its effectiveness.Kshara also have pharmaceutical application like shodhan,satvaptana of shilajatu,kankshi,parada etc.There is wide range of description available about kshara in ayurvedic texts.Based on plant/mineral or animal product and mode of use,it has various types like pratisaraniya,paniya kshara,Yavakshara,tankan kshara,Apamarga Kshara etc.

scholarly journals Application of the C-S-H Phase Nucleating Agents to Improve the Performance of Sustainable Concrete Composites Containing Fly Ash for Use in the Precast Concrete Industry

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6514
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Ludwik Golewski ◽  
Bartosz Szostak
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Precast Concrete ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Nucleating Agents ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Sustainable Concrete ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Positive Effect

Siliceous fly ash (FA) is the main additive to currently produced concretes. The utilization of this industrial waste carries an evident pro-ecological factor. In addition, such actions have a positive effect on the structure and mechanical parameters of mature concrete. Unfortunately, the problem of using FA as a Portland cement replacement is that it significantly reduces the performance of concretes in the early stages of their curing. This limits the possibility of using this type of concrete, e.g., in prefabrication, where it is required to obtain high-strength composites after short periods of curing. In order to minimize these negative effects, this research was undertaken to increase the early strength of concretes with FA through the application of a specifically formulated chemical nano-admixture (NA) in the form of seeds of the C-S-H phase. The NA was used to accelerate the strength growth in concretes. Therefore, this paper presents results of tests of modified concretes both with the addition of FA and with innovative NA. The analyses were carried out based on the results of the macroscopic and microstructural tests in five time periods, i.e., after 4, 8, 12, 24 and 72 h. The results of tests carried out with the use of NA clearly indicate the possibility of using FA in a wide range of management areas in sustainable concrete prefabrication.

Differential Response of Two Soybean Cultivars to Paraquat

1993 ◽  
Vol 48 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangho Kim ◽  
Kriton K. Hatzios
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Fluorescence Induction ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Induction ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Reduced Mobility

The soybean cultivars “ Kwangkyo” and “ Hood ” are differentially sensitive to the bipyridylium herbicide paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4 ,4′-bipyridiniumion). This was confirmed by visible injury observations, measurements of desiccation levels and chlorophyll content, and tracings of chlorophyll fluorescence induction of fully expanded first trifoliate leaves of these two cultivars after exposure to a wide range of paraquat concentrations. The margin of this intraspecific differential tolerance to paraquat was narrow an d the ratio of the paraquat concentrations causing 50% injury to the tolerant Kwangkyo and to the susceptible Hood soybean (approximate tolerance factor) was found to be 10. Paraquat at 1 μᴍ or higher inhibited rapidly the CO2 fixation capacity of leaf mesophyll cells, isolated enzymatically from both cultivars. Thus, the tolerance of Kwangkyo soybean to paraquat does not appear to result from any differences at the site of paraquat action in chloroplast membranes. At early time periods (30 min to 2 h) after treatment with 100 μᴍ of paraquat, chlorophyll fluorescence induction was completely suppressed in first trifoliate leaves of Hood, but not in those of Kwangkyo soybean. At longer time periods (≧ 3 h), paraquat suppressed chlorophyll fluorescence induction similarly in leaves of both soybean cultivars. These results suggest that reduced mobility or a delayed release of paraquat in the mesophyll cells of Kwangkyo may be involved in the observed tolerance of this soybean cultivar to this herbicide.

Multidecadal decline and recovery of aspen experiencing contrasting fire regimes: long-unburned, infrequent and frequent mixed-severity wildfire

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cerena J. Brewen ◽  
John-Pascal Berrill ◽  
Martin W. Ritchie ◽  
Kevin Boston ◽  
Christa M. Dagley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fire Exclusion ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Root Suckering

AbstractQuaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) is a valued, minor component on western landscapes. It provides a wide range of ecosystem services and has been in decline throughout the arid west for the last century. This decline may be explained partially by the lack of fire on the landscape as aspen benefit from fire that eliminates conifer competition and stimulates reproduction through root suckering. Managers are interested in aspen restoration but there is a lack of knowledge about their spatial dynamics in response to fire. Our study area in northeastern California on the Lassen, Modoc and Plumas National Forests has experienced recent large mixed-severity wildfires where aspen was present, providing an opportunity to study the re-introduction of fire. We observed two time periods; a 54-year absence of fire from 1941 to 1993 preceding a 24-year period of wildfire activity from 1993 to 2017. We utilized aerial photos to delineate aspen stand size, location and succession to conifers. We chose aspen stands in areas where wildfires overlapped (twice-burned), where only a single wildfire burned, and areas that did not burn within the recent 24-year period. We looked at these same stands within the first period of fire exclusion for comparison (i.e., 1941-1993). In the absence of fire, all aspen stand areas declined and all stands experienced increases in conifer composition. After wildfire, stands that burned experienced a release from conifer competition and increased in stand area. Stands that burned twice or at high severity experienced a larger removal of conifer competition than stands that burned once at low severity, promoting aspen recovery and expansion. Stands with less edge:area ratio also expanded more with fire present. Across both time periods, stand movement, where aspen stand footprints were mostly in new areas compared to footprints of previous years, was highest in smaller stands. In the fire exclusion period, smaller stands exhibited greater changes in area and location (movement), highlighting their vulnerability to loss in the absence of disturbances that provide adequate growing space for aspen over time.

scholarly journals Diet-Derived Variations in Radiocarbon and Stable Isotopes: A Case Study from Shag River Mouth, New Zealand

Radiocarbon ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Higham ◽  
Atholl Anderson ◽  
Christopher Bronk Ramsey ◽  
Christine Tompkins
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Cultural Sites ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dietary Variation ◽  
Early Human ◽  
Dietary Food

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) determinations of rat bones from natural and cultural sites in New Zealand have produced ages at odds with the accepted date for early human settlement by over 1000 yr. Since rats are a human commensal, this implies either an earlier visitation by people or problems with the reliability of the AMS determinations. One explanation for the extreme ages is dietary variation involving movement of depleted radiocarbon through dietary food chains to rats. To investigate this, we 14C dated fauna from the previously well-dated site of Shag River Mouth. The faunal remains were of species that consumed carbon derived from a variety of environments within the orbit of the site, including the estuary, river, land, and sea. The 14C results showed a wide range in age among estuarine and freshwater species. Terrestrial and marine organisms produced ages within expectations. We also found differences between bone dated using the Oxford ultrafiltration method and those treated using the filtered gelatin method. This implies that contamination could also be of greater importance than previously thought.

scholarly journals Swelling performance of sodium polyacrylate and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruissein Mahon ◽  
Yakubu Balogun ◽  
Gbenga Oluyemi ◽  
James Njuguna
Keyword(s):  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Superabsorbent Polymer ◽  
Sodium Polyacrylate ◽  
Polymer Hydrogels ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Poly Acrylamide

Abstract The application of superabsorbent polymer hydrogels in the oil and gas industry for reservoir and well management is gaining more traction. In this study, the swelling performance and adsorption kinetics of two commercial superabsorbent polymer hydrogels—poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate—were evaluated based upon their stimuli response to pH and salinity at varying temperature and reaction time periods. Characterisation and evaluation of the materials were performed using analytical techniques—optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis and the gravimetric method. Experimental results show that reaction conditions strongly influence the swelling performance of the superabsorbent polymer hydrogels considered in this study. Generally, increasing pH and salinity concentration led to a significant decline in the swelling performance of both superabsorbent polymer hydrogels. An optimal temperature range between 50 and 75 °C was considered appropriate based on swell tests performed between 25 c to 100 °C over 2-, 4- and 6-h time periods. These findings serve as a guideline for field engineers in the use of superabsorbent polymer hydrogels for a wide range of oilfield applications. The study results provide evidence that the two superabsorbent polymer hydrogels can be used for petroleum fraction-saline water emulsions separation, reservoir zonal isolation, water shutoff and cement plugging applications. Graphic abstract

Notes on the sea caves of sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island, Southern Ocean

Polar Record ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-145
Author(s):  
Stephen Harris ◽  
Geof Copson ◽  
Louisa d'Arville
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Marine Origin ◽  
Macquarie Island ◽  
Peat Deposits ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Coastal Terrace

ABSTRACTCaves of marine origin occur in tectonically uplifted stacks on the coastal terrace and in plateau edge cliffs at a number of locations around Macquarie Island. Some of the caves have been located and their distributions mapped. Four of the best known caves are mapped in detail. Aspects of their geology, structure and biology, including speleothem development, clastic deposits, faunal remains and subfossil deposits are explored. Many of these caves contain deposits, which may have the potential to be investigated, as beach and peat deposits have been, for dating key time periods in the island's evolution. The palaeoenvironmental research potential of the sea caves on Macquarie Island has yet to be exploited. Further knowledge about these caves will assist in the understanding of the processes that have acted on Macquarie Island and other polar and sub-polar islands.

Fish Otoliths as Indicators of Seasonality in Prehistoric Shell Middens: the Evidence from Oronsay (Inner Hebrides)

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 19-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Mellars ◽  
M. R. Wilkinson ◽  
N. R. J. Fieller
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
Fish Bone ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Species Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Total Fish ◽  
Chief Interest

The samples to be discussed in this paper derive from a series of late Mesolithic shell-midden sites on the island of Oronsay in the Inner Hebrides. Despite the small size of the island (less than six square kilometres) at least six separate middens have now been identified on Oronsay, of which all except one are located along the south-east-facing coast of the island (fig. 1). Radiocarbon dates ranging from 3695 ± 80 to 3200 ± 380 bc have been obtained on samples of charcoal from the middens, and point to a considerable measure of chronological overlap in the occupation of the different sites (Mellars 1978).Archaeologically, the chief interest of these sites lies in the excellent conditions for the preservation of faunal remains, which provides a unique insight into the economic activities of coastal-living groups shortly before the appearance of formally ‘Neolithic’ communities in northern Britain. In addition to a wide range of molluscan, mammalian and bird remains, the sites have yielded exceptionally large numbers of fish bones. While the total range of fish exploited from the sites is impressive (comprising at least 12 species), analysis has shown that by far the major emphasis in the fishing activities was placed on the exploitation of a single species—the saithe or coalfish (Pollachius virens L.). In all the samples so far analysed this species accounts for at least 95 per cent of the total fish-bone material, and in many of the samples it is the only species represented.

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