scholarly journals DESSECAÇÃO QUÍMICA E RETARDAMENTO DE COLHEITA EM SOJA VISANDO À PRODUÇÃO DE SEMENTES

Nativa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Adriano Silveira Barbosa ◽  
Joênes Mucci Pelúzio ◽  
Ildon Rodrigues do Nascimento ◽  
Rodrigo Ribeiro Fidelis ◽  
Sorane Moraes de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Seed Productivity ◽  
Recommended Dosage ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Chemical Determination ◽  
And Control ◽  
Harvest Delay

Estudos sobre o efeito da dessecação e retardamento de colheita, nas qualidades das sementes de soja, são escassos em cultivos sob baixa latitude. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da aplicação de dessecante em soja, avaliando o retardamento da colheita em duas cultivares, observando as respostas fisiológicas, químicas e produtividade das sementes. No ano agrícola 2016/17, foi realizado experimento em Gurupi-TO, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três repetições, sendo os tratamentos dispostos em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, alocados nas parcelas duas cultivares com tipos de crescimento diferentes (NA 8015 RR-indeterminado; M 8349 IPRO-determinado), nas subparcelas dois sistemas de manejo (com dessecação e testemunha) e nas subsubparcelas quatro épocas de colheita (R8, R8+7, R8+14, R8+21). O dessecante utilizado foi herbicida com princípio ativo paraquat, na dosagem recomendada para a soja (1,5 L ha-1), aplicado no estádio R7.2 da cultura. Após a colheita, as sementes foram submetidas aos testes de germinação em laboratório, emergência em campo, produtividade, teores de óleo e proteína dos grãos. Não houve efeito da dessecação química e do retardamento de colheita na composição química dos grãos. O retardamento da colheita afeta negativamente a germinação, emergência e produtividade das sementes. A cultivar M 8349 IPRO é mais tolerante ao retardamento de colheita.Palavras-chave: épocas de colheita, Glycine max, herbicida dessecante. CHEMICAL DETERMINATION AND DELAY OF HARVESTING IN SOYBEANS FOR SEED PRODUCTION ABSTRACT: Studies on the effect of desiccation and crop delay on the qualities of soybean seeds are scarce in crops under low latitude. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application of desiccant in soybean, evaluating the delay of the harvest in two cultivars, observing the physiological, chemical and seed productivity responses. In the agricultural year 2016/17, an experiment was carried out in Gurupi-TO, a randomized complete block design, with three replications. The treatments were arranged in a sub-split plots scheme, with two cultivars with different growth types (NA 8015 RR-undetermined; M 8349 IPRO-determined) in the subplots two management systems (with desiccation and control) and in sub-subplots four harvest times (R8, R8+7, R8+14, R8+21). The desiccant used was herbicide with paraquat active ingredient, at the recommended dosage for soybean (1.5 L ha-1), applied at the R7.2 stage of the crop. After the harvest, the seeds were submitted to germination tests in the laboratory, field emergence, yield, oil content and grain protein. There was no effect of chemical desiccation and crop delay on the chemical composition of the grains. Harvest delay negatively affects seed germination, emergence and yield. The cultivar M 8349 IPRO is more tolerant to crop delay.Keywords: harvest time, Glycine max, desiccant herbicide.

scholarly journals Growth Performance of Lettuce Using Fermented Products as Organic Fertilizers

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Kareen Lynn E. Negado
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Lettuce Seeds ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Fermented Products

This study evaluates the growth performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) utilizing various fermented products as organic fertilizers. Growth performance is determined through the plant’s weight and leaves and significant differences in growth among various treatments: (a) fish trash, (b) scrap seaweeds, (c) kangkong, and control groups urea (positive) and water (negative) was also determined. Kangkong leaves are fermented for 10 days, fish trash for 14 days and 1 month for seaweeds. Lettuce seeds are sown before transplanting (15 days after germination) into pots and placed in raised beds. Randomized complete block design is utilized in the experiment. Growth performance is measured through the number of leaves 10, 20, and 30 days after transplant and mass of plant upon harvest. After 30 days, the lettuce was harvested. Based on the findings, the soil and fermented products are acidic and the needed organic matter for optimum growth of lettuce are not sufficient as well as some nutrients of the fermented products. Among the organic fertilizers, kangkong at 30 ml performs best in terms of the growth performance of lettuce. Urea performs best in terms of the mass upon harvest. Significant differences exist in the mean number of leaves of lettuce treated with various amounts of organic fertilizers with the plants that receive urea. Lettuce produce more number of leaves and with the highest mass upon harvest when treated with urea compared with organic fertilizers applied after 30 days from transplant. Keywords: fermented kangkong; fish trash; growth performance; lettuce; scrap seaweeds

scholarly journals Respon Pertumbuhan Tanaman Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. Perr.) dengan Aplikasi Pupuk Organik-Anorganik dan Triakontanol

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-332
Author(s):  
Syahdin Launuru ◽  
Ade Wachjar ◽  
Dan Ani Kurniawati
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Recommended Dosage ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Two Factors

Application of right dosage of fertilizer and concentration of plant growth regulator are supporting factor of clove growth. This study was aimed to obtain the best combination of organic-inorganic fertilizer, the best triacontanol concentration and both interactions for increasing clove growth. This study used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors. The first factor was the organic-inorganic fertilizer dosage package that consisted of 6 levels, i.e no fertilizer, 100% recommended dosage of inorganic fertilizer (r.d.i.f), 25% recommended dosage of organic fertilizer (r.d.o.f) + 75% r.d.i.f, 50% r.d.o.f + 50% r.d.i.f, 75% r.d.o.f + 25% r.d.i.f, 100% r.d.o.f. The second factor was the concentration of triacontanol that consisted of 3 levels, i.e no triacontanol, 2 mg L-1 and 4 mg L-1. The results showed that the application of 25% r.d.o.f + 75% r.d.i.f produced the best clove growth, but it was not significantly different from the combination treatment of the two other types of fertilizer as indicated by the greatest improvement on stem diameter, branches number, leaf area, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids. Clove plants did not respond to the application of triacontanol at a concentration of 2 mg L-1, but gave a negative response to the application of triacontanol 4 mg L-1 on the plant height and leaf area variables. The interaction of the two factors did not have significant effects on all variables. Keywords: chlorophyll, morphology, nutrient dynamics, physiology, vegetative growth  

scholarly journals 79 Seeing the whole picture: Utilizing GPS technology to determine distance and time calves devote to walking post-weaning

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 43-44
Author(s):  
Kirsten Nickles ◽  
Alejandro E Relling ◽  
Anthony Parker
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Gps Technology ◽  
Animal Activity ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
And Control

Abstract Common weaning practices in today’s beef industry involve discontinuation of the cow-calf social and nutritional bond. When this bond is discontinued, atypical behaviors of walking and vocalizing are immediately observed in the calf that negatively affect calf welfare. Global positioning systems (GPS) provide an opportunity to quantify the effects of animal activity on welfare. Utilizing GPS technology, we are able to determine total distance walked, speed, total time walking, or total time not walking and the interactions with calf production. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a familiar trainer animal on calf production during weaning and more specifically, common weaning behaviors such as walking utilizing a Garmin® product. A total of 80 Angus x Simmental heifer calves were used in this study. In all four replications, heifer calves were allotted to each treatment group (n = 10), trainer animal or control (TR, CON) on the day of weaning. Calves in the TR group were placed on pasture at weaning with the familiar trainer animal, and control calves were placed in a similar size pasture without a trainer animal. Each calf was also fitted with their own GPS collar that recorded on days 0, 7, and 14 relative to initiation of the study for a full 24 hours before removal. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with repeated measurements (SAS 9.4). Placing calves with a familiar trainer animal decreased the distance calves walked (P = 0.001) as well as the amount of time calves were walking (P = 0.001). Placing a familiar trainer animal with calves at weaning, therefore, has an effect on walking distance and amount of time calves devote to walking.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the effectiveness of different herbicides on weed invasion in the fields of triticale

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parviz Sharifi Ziveh ◽  
Vahid Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Barnyard Grass ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Herbicide Use ◽  
And Control

Abstract One of the factors limiting crop growth is weeds. The weeds lead to a reduced performance of the crops. Chemical control methods are considered appropriate for controlling weeds. Therefore, in the fight to control weeds in triticale, the performance of the dual-purpose herbicide sulfosulfuron(Apirus®), mesosulfuron + idosulfuron(Atlantis®), metsulfuron methyl+sulfosulfuron(Total®) with surfactant and isoproton + diflufenican(Panther®) from the sulfonylurea group, and narrow leaf herbicides clodinafobpropargyl( Topik®), pinoxaden(New Axial®), diclofop-methyl(Iloxan®), pinoxaden + clodinafob-propagyl (Traxos ®), fenoxaprop-pethyl + mefen-pyper-d-ethyl(PumaSuper®), tralkoksidim(Grasb®) with 1 liter oil, flam-prop-m-isopropyl(Suffix BW®), and control treatment without herbicides were evaluated. The test was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Spraying was carried out using a back sprayer. For evaluation of ocular damage, the European Weed Research Council (EWRC) standard method was used. According to the performed studies, the narrow leaves of wild oat and barnyard grass were the dominant weeds. Results showed that all herbicide, except the herbicide tralkoksidim, were effective in weed control. The triticale yield was maintained with the use of these herbicides and none of herbicide had an adverse effect on the crop. In the first weeks of herbicide use, the triticale leaves appeared pale but this problem resolved over time. It seems that the herbicides discussed in this paper can be used on the triticale plant.

scholarly journals Impact of paddy straw mulch on germination and growth of celery (Apium graveolens L.) seedlings and associated weeds in nursery

2020 ◽  
pp. 148-152
Author(s):  
A. S. Brar ◽  
P. K. Sraw ◽  
B. S. Dhillon
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Paddy Straw ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
And Control ◽  
Germination And Growth

A study was undertaken during three consecutive rabi seasons of 2014–15 to 2016–17 at the Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab) to determine the effect of paddy straw mulch load and retention time on the germination and growth of celery and associated weeds. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with nine treatments viz., paddy straw mulch @ 4 and 6 t ha-1 with retention time of 15, 20, 25 days after sowing (DAS), full time retention (60 DAS), and control (without mulch). The results indicated that application of paddy straw mulch @ 4 or 6 t ha-1 significantly improved the germination of celery in nursery as compared to no mulch treatment but retention of paddy straw mulch beyond 20 days after sowing suppressed the celery seedlings adversely resulting in lowering seedling population as well as fresh and dry weight of celery seedlings. Application of paddy straw mulch @ 4 or 6 t ha-1 resulted in significantly lower density and dry weight of weeds as compared to control. Further, each successive increase in retention time of paddy straw mulch from 15 DAS to full time retention (60 DAS) through 20 and 25 DAS significantly reduced the weed population in celery nursery.

scholarly journals ÉPOCAS DE SEMEADURA E PERÍODOS DE COLHEITA DE SOJA VISANDO PRODUÇÃO DE ÓLEO E PROTEÍNAS

Nativa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 376
Author(s):  
João Paulo Alves Calçado ◽  
Joênes Mucci Peluzio ◽  
Flávia Lucila Tonani Siqueira ◽  
Guilherme Benko Siqueira ◽  
Flávio Sergio Aferri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Sowing Season ◽  
Harvest Delay

O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os teores de óleo e proteína dos grãos em cultivares de soja em função do retardamento da colheita e verificar a influência da época de semeadura sob condições de baixa latitude. No ano agrícola de 2015/16, foram realizados dois ensaios de competição de cultivares de soja em Palmas-TO, sendo o primeiro instalado em 17 de dezembro de 2015 e o segundo em 04 de janeiro de 2016. O delineamento experimental utilizado em cada época de semeadura foi de blocos casualizados com setenta tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas, representados por dez genótipos de soja (PRISMA, TMG 132 RR, M 8647 RR, M 8372 RR, BONUS, RAÇA, ST 820 RR, OPUS, TMG 1180 RR e M 9144 RR), nas parcelas, e por sete estádios de colheita dos grãos (R6, R7, R8, R8+7, R8+14, R8+21 e R8+28 dias), nas subparcelas. Houve efeito das épocas de plantio e dos estádios de colheita nos teores de óleo e proteína dos grãos. As cultivares apresentaram comportamentos diferenciados nas duas épocas de semeaduras, a cultivar M9144 RR obteve um crescente aumento nos teores de proteína na segunda época com retardamento da colheita dos grãos. A partir do estádio R8 de desenvolvimento, o teor de óleo nos grãos de três cultivares foi maior na primeira época de semeadura. Na segunda época, quatro cultivares mostram aumento no teor de óleo a partir de R8.Palavras-chave: Glycine Max L.; retardamento; composição química dos grãos. EPOCH AND AFTER DELAYED OF SOYBEAN HARVEST VISUALIZING OIL AND PROTEIN PRODUCTION  ABSTRACT: The present work was carried out with the objective of evaluate the oil and protein contents of the grains in soybean cultivars as a function of the harvest delay and to verify the influence of the sowing season under conditions in low latitude. In the agricultural year 2015/16, two competition trials of soybean cultivars were carried out in Palmas-TO, the first one being installed on December 17, 2015 and the second on January 4, 2016. The experimental design used at each time were randomized blocks with seventy treatments and five replications. The treatments were arranged in a scheme of subdivided plots, represented by ten soybean genotypes (PRISMA, TMG 132 RR, M 8647 RR, M 8372 RR, BONUS, RAÇA, ST 820 RR, OPUS, TMG 1180 RR e M 9144 RR, on the plots, and seven stages of grain harvest (R6, R7, R8, R8+7, R8+14, R8+21 e R8+28 dias) in the subplots. There was an effect of planting times and harvest stages on the oil and protein contents of the grains. The cultivars presented different behaviors in the two sowing seasons; the cultivar M9144 RR obtained an increasing increase in the protein content in the second season with grain harvest delay. From the R8 development stage, the oil content in the grains of three cultivars was higher in the first sowing season. In the second season, four cultivars show an increase in oil content from R8.Keywords: Glycine max L.; retardation; chemical composition of grains.

scholarly journals EXPLOITATION OF NEW CHEMISTRY FUNGICIDES AGAINST CHARCOAL ROT OF SESAME CAUSED BY MACROPHOMINA PHASIOLINA IN PAKISTAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad R. Bashir ◽  
Abid Mehmood ◽  
Muhammad Sajid ◽  
Muhammad A. Zeshan ◽  
Muhammad Mohsin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
And Control ◽  
Fungal Colony

The current research was conducted to find out the most appropriate concentrations of six fungicides for the management of sesame charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina under lab and field conditions. The treatments viz. Antracol, Topsin-M, Mancozeb, Score, Topas, Nativo and Control with concentrations of 150, 250 and 350ppm were used with three replications under completely randomized design and randomized complete block design in Lab. and field conditions respectively. The mean colony growth of all treatments expressed that Nativo exhibited minimum colony growth of (0.93 cm) as compared to Score (1.14 cm), Topsin-M (1.42 cm), Mancozeb (1.77 cm), Antracol (2.04 cm), Topass (2.33 cm) correspondingly. The interaction between treatments and concentrations (T×C) showed that  used concentrations 150 ppm, 250 ppm and 350 ppm of Nativo abundantly inhibit fungal colony growth upto 1.26 cm, 0.86 cm and 0.66 cm respectively whereas the interaction between treatments and days expressed that after day ninth the minimum colony growth (1.23 cm) was observed for Nativo as compared to all other treatments. Similarly, the interaction between concentrations and days expressed highest fungal colony growth at concentration 150 ppm on day third (2.06 cm), sixth (3.02 cm) and ninth (3.65 cm) but the interaction of treatments, days and concentrations expressed that at 150 ppm concentration, all treatments exhibited minimum colony growth (1.70 to 3.30) cm at third, sixth and ninth day as compared to 250 and 350 ppm concentration respectively with respect to control (6.90 cm). In filed conditions, Nativo exhibited minimum Mean Disease Incidence (12.55%) whereas the interaction between treatments and days showed minimum of 14.95%, 12.82% and 9.90% disease incidence by Nativo as compared to all other treatments including control (66.86%, 77.57% and 87.22%) after day tenth, twenty and thirty. It was concluded that Nativo is significantly inhibiting the colony growth under lab and filed conditions.

scholarly journals Harvest delay, storage and physiological quality of soybean seeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-513
Author(s):  
Rafael Vergara ◽  
Raimunda Nonata Oliveira da Silva ◽  
Arieli Paula Nadal ◽  
Gizele Ingrid Gadotti ◽  
Tiago Zanatta Aumonde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Harvest Delay

Abstract: Soybean is one of the leading commodities in Brazilian agribusiness. Its cultivation is widespread in different seed-producing regions of the country, where it generates income and local development. In this context, the soybean seed is a fundamental input, as its quality strongly influences the success of the crop. However, the period after the achievement of physiological maturity is critical for the maintenance of seed quality. For that reason, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of harvest delay on both the initial and final qualities of soybean seeds. The research consisted of four harvest times, in which the initial quality was assessed through tests of first germination count, germination, accelerated aging and tetrazolium. After 120 days of storage, the germination and accelerated aging tests were once again conducted. The experiment complied with a completely randomized block design with eight replications. The rainfall was monitored during the pre-harvest phase. All variables experienced negative impacts due to the delay in harvesting. Also, the seeds suffered more damage as the delay progressed, and the variables germination and seed vigor decreased after the storage period.

scholarly journals "Evaluating the performance of triple crosses and their parents of maize under two plant densities "

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samar Hashem Taqey Almousawi ◽  
Wajeeha Abed Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Plant Yield ◽  
Synthetic Variety ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Ear Height ◽  
And Control ◽  
Gm Plant

"Aiming at evaluating the performance of Three-way and single hybrids and their inbreds of Maize and comparing them with the ""Iba'a5018"" variety under two plants densities, a field. The study included a comparison of 5 inbreds and 10 single inbreds and 11 Three-way hybrids as well as the control variety ""Aba'a 5018"" under two plants densities, Were (60000 and 80000 plants ha-1). Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with four replications under splitplots arrangement were used, the main plots were included two plants densities and the subplots were included the Genotypes (27). Results revealed that low plants density gave ear length (19.64 cm), ears number (1.158 ear plant-1), weight of 100 grains (32.11 gm) plant yield (161.32 gm). Results showed the Inbred 5 gave the high values of plant yield (126.53 gm) because it gave ear height (116.10 cm), leaves number (16.33), ears length (16.50 cm), ears number per plant (1.219 ear plant-1 ), Also the Inbred 4 gave the highest values in yield per plant (132.67 gm), highest weight of 100 grains (30.62 gm). The single hybrids (2×3), (1×3) and (4×5) gave the most significant values in plant yield (164.21, 161.84, and 157.21 gm). As they increased the plant and ears height, leaves number, and ears length it also gave the highestvalues in ears numbers. Most of the Three way hybrids superior over the single hybrids and their inbred and the control synthetic variety, the Three way hybrid (1×2)×5 has a significant differences among his parents and the control variety in yield of plant (184.23 g) ears height average (219.33 cm), ears number (1.24). The hybrids (1×4)×2, (1×3)×5 and (3×4)×2 gave a significant values compared with their parents and control variety in yield per plan. It concluded that the genetics hybrids are appropriate for the Full season, and the single hybrids superior their parents (inbreeds), The best hybrid (3×2) gave the highest yield of planted area reached (11.43 tons ha-1) The Three way hybrid (1×2)×5 gave the highest value in yield of reached (12.75 tons ha-1"

scholarly journals Rock Phosphate, Zeolite and Quail Manure to Enhance Potassium Uptake and Yield of Soybean on Alfisols

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Anis Masruroh ◽  
Surpriyono . ◽  
Slamet Minardi
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Vegetable Protein ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

Soybean seeds are the source of vegetable protein-based that most consumed in Indonesia, but apparently the production is unable to compensate the rate of increase in community needs. This study aims to determine the effect of Rock Phosphate (RP), zeolite and quail manure to enhance potassium (K) uptake and yield of soybean in Alfisols. A field experiment was conducted in June-October with a single factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) consisting of 9 treatments and 3 blocks (replicates). The dosage of RP, zeolite and quail manure used was 0 t ha-1, 2.5 t ha-1and 5 t ha-1. The results showed that zeolite 5 t ha-1 + quail manure 2.5 t ha-1 tended to increase K uptake. The combination of RP 2.5 t ha-1+ quail manure 5 t ha-1 significantly increases the number of filled pods and seed weight per plot. RP 5 t ha-1 + zeolite 5 t ha-1+ quail manure 5 t ha-1 also affects the number of filled pods and seed weight per plot. The treatment zeolite 2.5 t ha-1+ quail manure 2.5 t ha-1also affects the number of filled pods.

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