scholarly journals ENERGYEFFICIENT EQUIPMENT FOR DEHYDRATION THERMOBILE MATERIALS

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
Yu.F. Sniezhkin ◽  
R.О. Shapar
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Convective Drying ◽  
Rebinder Effect ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
And Control

The article substantiates the relevance of processing thermolabile materials into dried foods, as one of the alternative options for fresh fruits and vegetables. It is noted that drying, as a method of conservation, is characterized by high energy intensity and increased requirements for the quality and safety of the final product. The naturalness of the dried products and the environmental cleanliness of the process come to the fore. The criteria of quality and efficiency of the process are combined into a single task: increasing the efficiency of the drying process and creating energy-efficient equipment. The analysis of heat and mass transfer during convective drying allowed us to establish methods and ways to improve the energy efficiency of the process. Based on a synthesis of theoretical and experimental studies, the optimal heat and humidity parameters of dehydration were determined, according to which the temperature of the material during drying does not exceed the maximum permissible value. This contributes to the preservation of valuable nutrients in the final product. Prevention of excess material temperature above the acceptable level is confirmed by the nature of the change in the numerical value of the Rebinder effect and is provided by drying in multi-stage dehydration modes, including high-temperature high-moisture method using zone drying installations of tunnel and belt type, as well as heat-pump drying installations with low heat consumption. It was emphasized that the drying of thermolabile materials is carried out in an environment of pure hot air without the use of inert and chemically synthesized substances. Non-contact air heating is carried out using traditional fuels as well as secondary and renewable energy sources. It is noted that the design features of the drying equipment make it possible to distribute the intensity of the thermal effect on the material, depending on its moisture content into zones, and also automatically maintain and control these parameters for a specific type of raw material. The adopted recirculation system of the drying agent helps prevent emissions of waste coolant and reduces thermal pollution of the environment.

scholarly journals Optimization of fish gelatin drying processes and characterization of its properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cleidiane da Silva Araújo ◽  
Enrique Pino-Hernández ◽  
Jáira Thayse Souza Batista ◽  
Maria Regina Sarkis Peixoto Joele ◽  
José de Arimateia Rodrigues do Rego ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Desirability Function ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Convective Drying ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
Optimized Conditions

AbstractFish skin is a raw material used for gelatin production. It can satisfy consumers with specific socio-cultural and religious needs. Different technologies have been studied for drying gelatin. Therefore, it is relevant to understand the influence of drying conditions on the final product. This study aims to optimize drying methods such as convection hot air alone and combined with infrared radiation to obtain gelatin from acoupa weakfish skin by using composite central rotational designs 22 and 23 and response surface methodology. The gelatin obtained from the optimized conditions were characterized based on their physical, chemical, technological, and functional properties. The desirability function results show the convection hot air as the most effective method when conducted at 59.14 °C for 12.35 h. Infrared radiation at 70 °C for 2.0 h and convective drying at 70 °C for 3.5 h were the best condition of the combined process. The gelatins obtained had gel strength of 298.00 and 507.33 g and emulsion activity index of 82.46 and 62.77 m2/g in the combined and convective methods, respectively, and protein content above 90%. These results indicate that the processes studied can be used to produce gelatin with suitable technological and functional properties for several applications.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF MODE PARAMETERS OF IR IRRADIATION OF WEANERS ACCORDING TO ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR USING VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-345
Author(s):  
L. S. Gerasimovich ◽  
I. P. Sheyko ◽  
A. N. Kosko
Keyword(s):  
Video Surveillance ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Animal Behaviour ◽  
Thermal Source ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
And Control

The research relevance is determined by the need to reduce the energy intensity of intensive livestock production. The latter is possible on the basis of innovative methods and technical means of intelligent management of complex biotechnical systems with identification of animal behaviour and control using video surveillance systems. The paper presents the results of experimental researches of the energy efficiency of an automated infrared irradiation system for weaners with irradiation modes set according to analysis of video surveillance of animal behaviour. A sign for the location of animals along the floor area relative to a warm source – a dark infrared irradiator, was defined as an ethological sign for the analysis of animal behaviour. As a result of experimental studies, based on the video surveillance data, IR-irradiation modes were determined by statistical analysis of the ethological sign of the location of animals relative to the thermal source of IR-irradiation. These modes were recorded in the program of the microcontroller, within 20 days the experimental group of animals was exposed to IR-irradiation according to the established modes. It was determined that the developed irradiation modes ensure additional profit of 2.97 roubles per animal, including economic effect for heating of 0.89 roubles per animal. The developed IR irradiation modes for weaners exclude general heating requirement. The IKOV-1 automated plant allows to develop energy-efficient zoology hygienic modes for animals management based on data processing and video surveillance equipment using air temperature sensor in the IR irradiation area. Acknowledgement. This research was supported by the Belarusian Republican Foundation for Fundamental Research under the T18M-001 Contract “Integrated energy supply for controlled biotechnical systems in agricultural production using renewable energy sources”. 

scholarly journals Optimization of biogas composition in experimental studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 02007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radostin Dimitrov ◽  
Zdravko Ivanov ◽  
Penka Zlateva ◽  
Veselin Mihaylov
Keyword(s):  
Methane Concentration ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Gas Generator ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Main Components

The article is focused on the potential and application of biogas, as an alternative fuel from Renewable Energy Sources, for use mainly in gas-generator stations. Biogas fuel is basically a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. Its composition depends on the type of raw material used for its production. Methane concentration in biogas is between 50÷80%. To be possible engine to work with maximum efficiency with different biogas fuels, it is necessary to modify specific adjustment parameters depending on the concentration of methane in the mixture. This requires the creation of a biogas simulation system for different concentrations of the main components. The aim is to investigate and determine the optimum and permissible biofuel blend concentrations and their impact on engine performance and fuel consumption. Biogas can be used as a fuel to produce electricity, heat or steam or as fuel for internal combustion engine, and its use will help to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Phase Separation in Anaerobic Digestion: A Potential for Easier Process Combination?

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eike Janesch ◽  
Joana Pereira ◽  
Peter Neubauer ◽  
Stefan Junne
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
System Integration ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
And Control

The flexibilization of bioenergy production has the potential to counteract partly other fluctuating renewable energy sources (such as wind and solar power). As a weather-independent energy source, anaerobic digestion (AD) can offer on-demand energy supply through biogas production. Separation of the stages in anaerobic digestion represents a promising strategy for the flexibilization of the fermentative part of biogas production. Segregation in two reactor systems facilitates monitoring and control of the provision of educts to the second methanogenic stage, thus controlling biogas production. Two-stage operation has proven to reach similar or even higher methane yields and biogas purities than single-stage operation in many different fields of application. It furthermore allows methanation of green hydrogen and an easier combination of material and energy use of many biogenic raw and residual biomass sources. A lot of research has been conducted in recent years regarding the process phase separation in multi-stage AD operation, which includes more than two stages. Reliable monitoring tools, coupled with effluent recirculation, bioaugmentation and simulation have the potential to overcome the current drawbacks of a sophisticated and unstable operation. This review aims to summarize recent developments, new perspectives for coupling processes for energy and material use and a system integration of AD for power-to-gas applications. Thereby, cell physiological and engineering aspects as well as the basic economic feasibility are discussed. As conclusion, monitoring and control concepts as well as suitable separation technologies and finally the data basis for techno-economic and ecologic assessments have to be improved.

scholarly journals Convectiv drying of disperesd materials before the thermochemical processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
N. F. Timerbaev ◽  
R. G. Safin ◽  
D. F. Ziatdinova ◽  
T. O. Stepanova
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Convective Drying ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Thermochemical Processing

Drying of wood materials is one of the most important processes not only of wood processing, but also of many other industries. Drying processes involve the removal of moisture as a result of a phase transition from a liquid or solid to a gaseous state. This is due to the high energy intensity and duration of the process, especially for colloidal materials. The latter is due to the fact that with intensive drying the quality of the finished product often decreases, for example, when drying lumber cracks and warps occur, which is unacceptable in the manufacture of thermally modified products. In cases of thermochemical processing of dispersed materials, the quality of raw materials is determined only by the final moisture content of dispersed materials.Questions of heat and mass transfer during the drying of materials were carried out by Girsh M., Lykov A.V., Lurye M.V., Sazhin B.S., Dolinsky A.A., Golubev L.G., Rudobashta S.P., Shubin G.S., Romankov PG, Ginzburg A.S., Mikhailov N.V., Mushtayev VI. and etc. The paper deals with convective technology of dispersive materials. The zone of convective drying of dispersed materials is presented. Experimental and mathematical modeling of the drying process of wet dispersed materials before thermochemical processing was carried out. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of changes in temperature and humidity in the drying bin are presented. The nature of changes in temperature and humidity of dispersed particles in a drying bin was determined. The effective height of the layer in the counter-current dryer is determined by calculation, depending on the moisture content of the fuel and the temperature of the exhaust flue gases.

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass: Yields and Characterization of the Products

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Funda Ates ◽  
Ayse Eren Putun ◽  
Ersan Putun
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Pyrolysis Oils

Terpene hydrocarbons are high energy capacity hydrocarbons. The most known terpenoid biomass is Euphorbiaceae family. Euphorbia rigida, a member of Euphorbiaceae, was used as the biomass feedstock and natural zeolite was used as the catalyst in this study. In the experimental studies, firstly the raw material was analysed for its moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon. Then experiments were carried out in steam atmosphere in a fixed-bed reactor with a heating rate of 7 K/min, pyrolysis temperature of 823 K and mean particular size of 0.55 mm by mixing the catalyst to feedstock in different percentages. Experiments were performed with the catalyst ratios of 5, 10, 20 and 25 (weight-%) under steam atmosphere with the velocities of 12, 25 and 52 cm3/min to determine the effect of catalyst and steam on the product yields and bio-oil composition. Steam velocities were considered as the average steam velocities in the inlet tube of the reactor. The maximum bio-oil was reached to a value of 39.7% when using catalyst ratio of 20% and steam flow rate of 25 cm3/min. Pyrolysis oils were examined by using elemental analysis, IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The liquid products were also fractionated by column chromatography and the gas chromatographic analysis of n-pentane eluate was performed.

PROSPECTS OF OBTAINING ALTERNATIVE FUEL FROM VARIOUS BIOMASS AND WASTE SPECIES IN AZERBAIJAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
O. M. Salamov ◽  
F. F. Aliyev
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Gaseous Fuels

The paper discusses the possibility of obtaining liquid and gaseous fuels from different types of biomass (BM) and combustible solid waste (CSW) of various origins. The available world reserves of traditional types of fuel are analyzed and a number of environmental shortcomings that created during their use are indicated. The tables present the data on the conditional calorific value (CCV) of the main traditional and alternative types of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels which compared with CCV of various types of BM and CSW. Possible methods for utilization of BM and CSW are analyzed, as well as the methods for converting them into alternative types of fuel, especially into combustible gases.Reliable information is given on the available oil and gas reserves in Azerbaijan. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the currently available oil reserves of Azerbaijan can completely dry out after 33.5 years, and gas reserves–after 117 years, without taking into account the growth rates of the exported part of these fuels to European countries. In order to fix this situation, first of all it is necessary to use as much as possible alternative and renewable energy sources, especially wind power plants (WPP) and solar photovoltaic energy sources (SFES) in the energy sector of the republic. Azerbaijan has large reserves of solar and wind energy. In addition, all regions of the country have large reserves of BM, and in the big cities, especially in industrial ones, there are CSW from which through pyrolysis and gasification is possible to obtain a high-quality combustible gas mixture, comprising: H2 + CO + CH4, with the least amount of harmful waste. The remains of the reaction of thermochemical decomposition of BM and CSW to combustible gases can also be used as mineral fertilizers in agriculture. The available and projected resources of Azerbaijan for the BM and the CSW are given, as well as their assumed energy intensity in the energy sector of the republic.Given the high energy intensity of the pyrolysis and gasification of the BM and CSW, at the present time for carrying out these reactions, the high-temperature solar installations with limited power are used as energy sources, and further preference is given to the use of WPP and SFES on industrial scale.

MANUFACTURING GASEOUS PRODUCTS BY PYROLYSIS MICROALGAE BIOMASS

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
N. I. Chernova ◽  
S. V. Kiseleva ◽  
O. M. Larina ◽  
G. A. Sytchev
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Solid Residue ◽  
Algae Biomass ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Pyrolysis Liquid ◽  
Pyrolysis Gases

Algae biomass is considered as an alternative raw material for the production of biofuels. The search for new types of raw materials, including high-energy types of microalgae, remains relevant, since the share of motor fuels in the structure of the global fuel and energy balance remains consistently high (about 35%), and the price of oil is characterized by high volatility. The authors have considered the advantages of microalgae as sources of raw materials for fuel production. Biochemical and thermochemical conversion are proposed as technologies for their processing. This paper presents the results of the study of the pyrolysis of the biomass of clonal culture of blue-green microalgae / cyanobacteriumArthrospira platensis rsemsu 1/02-Pfrom the collection of the Research Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. An experiment to study the process of pyrolysis of microalgae biomass was carried out at the experimental facility of the Institute of High Temperatures RAS in pure nitrogen grade 6.0 to create an oxygen-free environment with a linear heating rate of 10 ºС / min from room temperature to 1000 ºС. The whole process of pyrolysis proceeded in the field of endothermy. The specific amounts of solid residue, pyrolysis liquid and gaseous products were experimentally determined. As a result of the pyrolysis of microalgae biomass weighing 15 g, the following products were obtained: 1) coal has the mass of the solid residue is 2.68 g, or 17.7% of the initial mass of the microalgae (while 9.3% of the initial mass of the microalgae remained in the reactor); 2) pyrolysis liquid – weight 3.3 g, or 21.9% of the initial weight; 3) non-condensable pyrolysis gases – weight 1.15 l. The specific volumetric gas yield (the amount of gas released from 1 kg of the starting material) was 0.076 Nm3/ kg. The analysis of the composition and specific volume yield of non-condensable pyrolysis gases formed in the process of pyrolysis, depending on temperature. It is shown that with increasing temperature, the proportion of highcalorie components of the gas mixture (hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide) increases. The calorific value of the mixture of these gases has been estimated.

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