scholarly journals Health impact of marine carotenoids

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo Miyashita ◽  
Masashi Hosokawa
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Polyene Chain ◽  
Ring Structures ◽  
Nutritional Effects

Marine organisms produce a variety of carotenoids with unique functional groups such as allene, acetylene, acetyl, and hydroxymethyl. Astaxanthin and fucoxanthin are representative marine carotenoids on which numerous studies have been performed. Due to the characteristic conjugated polyene chain and terminal ring structures, both carotenoids can act as strong antioxidants. Major nutritional effects of astaxanthin, such as cardio-, skin-, and ocular-protective effects, are based on its in vivo antioxidant activity. However, the antioxidant activity of fucoxanthin is not largely involved in its characteristic nutritional activity and anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects. The major molecular mechanisms of both effects involve modulating the expression of related genes and proteins by fucoxanthin metabolites.

Antioxidant Activity, Phenolic Content and Hematoprotective Effects of Cleome arabica Polyphenolic Leaf Extract

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Tigrine ◽  
A. Kameli
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Hematological Toxicity ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Ferrous Ions ◽  
Polyphenolic Extract ◽  
Cleome Arabica

In this study a polyphenolic extract from Cleome arabica leaves (CALE) was investigated for its antioxidant activity in vitro using DPPH•, metal chelating and reducing power methods and for its protective effects against AraC-induced hematological toxicity in vivo using Balb C mice. Results indicated that CALE exhibited a strong and dose-dependent scavenging activity against the DPPH• free radical (IC50 = 4.88 μg/ml) and a high reducing power activity (EC50 = 4.85 μg/ml). Furthermore, it showed a good chelating effects against ferrous ions (IC50 = 377.75 μg/ml). The analysis of blood showed that subcutaneous injection of AraC (50 mg/kg) to mice during three consecutive days caused a significant myelosupression (P < 0.05). The combination of CALE and AraC protected blood cells from a veritable toxicity. Where, the number of the red cells, the amount of hemoglobin and the percentage of the hematocrite were significantly high. On the other hand, AraC cause an elevation of body temperature (39 °C) in mice. However, the temperature of the group treated with CALE and AraC remained normal and did not exceed 37.5 °C. The observed biological effects of CALE, in vitro as well as in vivo, could be due to the high polyphenol and flavonoid contents. In addition, the antioxidant activity of CALE suggested to be responsible for its hematoprotective effect.

scholarly journals In Vivo Enzymes Activities of Some Ru(II) Compounds with N-Alkylphenothiazines

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-508
Author(s):  
P. Milena Krstić ◽  
Z. Sunčica Borozan ◽  
P. Sofija Sovilj ◽  
R. Sanja Grgurić-Šipka ◽  
M. Jelena Oljarević
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Ldh Activity

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate and compare the effects of two ruthenium complexes with trifluoperazine on acethylcholinesterase enzyme activity and lactate dehydrogenase levels in vivo under physiological conditions in rats blood. Complexes 1 and 2 showed positive effects on acethylcholinesterase at all doses and did not disturb its normal activity. Total LDH activity was inhibited in the presence of both complexes, but Ru(II) complexes showed different effects on the activity of LDH isoenzymes. The activities of LDH1 and LDH2 isoenzymes were decreased in all applied doses of the complex 2, while the activity of LDH2 reduced using complex 1 in the same doses. Results of the present study suggest the neuro- and cardio protective potential of oral administration of complexes 1 and 2, as non-toxic compounds under physiological conditions. These protective effects are the result of their potent antioxidant activity.

Estrogens and progestins: molecular effects on brain cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Mannella ◽  
Tommaso Simoncini ◽  
Andrea Riccardo Genazzani
Keyword(s):  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Complete Knowledge ◽  
Molecular Effects ◽  
In Vivo Effects ◽  
The Brain

AbstractSex steroids are known to regulate brain function and their role is so important that several diseases are strictly correlated with the onset of menopause when estrogen-progesterone deficiency makes neural cells much more vulnerable to toxic stimuli. Although in the past years several scientists have focused their studies on in vitro and in vivo effects of sex steroids on the brain, we are still far from complete knowledge. Indeed, contrasting results from large clinical trials have made the entire issue much more complicated. Currently we know that protective effects exerted by sex steroids depend on several factors among which the dose, the health of the cells and the type of molecule being used. In this review, we present an overview of the direct and indirect effects of estrogen and progesterone on the brain with specific focus on the molecular mechanisms by which these molecules act on neural cells.

scholarly journals The Antioxidant Mechanisms Underlying the Aged Garlic Extract- and S-Allylcysteine-Induced Protection

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana L. Colín-González ◽  
Ricardo A. Santana ◽  
Carlos A. Silva-Islas ◽  
Maria E. Chánez-Cárdenas ◽  
Abel Santamaría ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Aged Garlic Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Mechanisms ◽  
Aged Garlic

Aged garlic extract (AGE) is an odorless garlic preparation containing S-allylcysteine (SAC) as its most abundant compound. A large number of studies have demonstrated the antioxidant activity of AGE and SAC in bothin vivo—in diverse experimental animal models associated to oxidative stress—andin vitroconditions—using several methods to scavenge reactive oxygen species or to induce oxidative damage. Derived from these experiments, the protective effects of AGE and SAC have been associated with the prevention or amelioration of oxidative stress. In this work, we reviewed different antioxidant mechanisms (scavenging of free radicals and prooxidant species, induction of antioxidant enzymes, activation of Nrf2 factor, inhibition of prooxidant enzymes, and chelating effects) involved in the protective actions of AGE and SAC, thereby emphasizing their potential use as therapeutic agents. In addition, we highlight the ability of SAC to activate Nrf2 factor—a master regulator of the cellular redox state. Here, we include original data showing the ability of SAC to activate Nrf2 factor in cerebral cortex. Therefore, we conclude that the therapeutic properties of these molecules comprise cellular and molecular mechanisms at different levels.

scholarly journals EPC-Derived Exosomal miR-1246 and miR-1290 Regulate Phenotypic Changes of Fibroblasts to Endothelial Cells to Exert Protective Effects on Myocardial Infarction by Targeting ELF5 and SP1

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulang Huang ◽  
Lifang Chen ◽  
Zongming Feng ◽  
Weixin Chen ◽  
Shaodi Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cardiac Injury ◽  
Immunofluorescence Staining ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Phenotypic Changes

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)-derived exosomes have been found to be effective in alleviating MI, while the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to determine the protective effects of EPC-derived exosomal miR-1246 and miR-1290 on MI-induced injury and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. The exosomes were extracted from EPCs; gene expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR, and protein expression levels were determined by western blot and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The angiogenesis and proliferation of human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) were determined by tube formation assay and immunofluorescence staining of PKH67, respectively. Luciferase reporter, CHIP, and EMSA assays determined the interaction between miR-1246/1290 and the targeted genes (EFL5 and SP1). The protective effects of miR-1246/1290 on MI were evaluated in a rat model of MI. EPC-derived exosomes significantly upregulated miR-1246 and miR-1290 expression and promoted phenotypic changes of fibroblasts to endothelial cells, angiogenesis, and proliferation in HCFs. Exosomes from EPCs with miR-1246 or miR-1290 mimics transfection promoted phenotypic changes of fibroblasts to endothelial cells and angiogenesis in HCFs, while exosomes from EPCs with miR-1246 or miR-1290 knockdown showed opposite effects in HCFs. Mechanistically, miR-1246 and miR-1290 from EPC-derived exosomes induced upregulation of ELF5 and SP1, respectively, by targeting the promoter regions of corresponding genes. Overexpression of both ELF5 and SP1 enhanced phenotypic changes of fibroblasts to endothelial cells and angiogenesis in HCFs pretreated with exosomes from EPCs with miR-1246 or miR-1290 mimics transfection, while knockdown of both EFL5 and SP1 exerted the opposite effects in HCFs. Both ELF5 and SP1 can bind to the promoter of CD31, leading to the upregulation of CD31 in HCFs. Furthermore, in vivo animal studies showed that exosomes from EPCs with miR-1246 or miR-1290 overexpression attenuated the MI-induced cardiac injury in the rats and caused an increase in ELF5, SP1, and CD31 expression, respectively, but suppressed α-SMA expression in the cardiac tissues. In conclusion, our study revealed that miR-1246 and miR-1290 in EPC-derived exosomes enhanced in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis in MI, and these improvements may be associated with amelioration of cardiac injury and cardiac fibrosis after MI.

scholarly journals Antioxidative Property and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Geniposide-Mediated Therapeutic Effects in Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Li ◽  
Ling Li ◽  
Haiming Wu ◽  
Heng Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Iridoid Glucoside ◽  
Gardenia Jasminoides ◽  
Antioxidative Property

Geniposide, an iridoid glucoside, is a major component in the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Gardenia fruits). Geniposide has been experimentally proved to possess multiple pharmacological actions involving antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptosis, antiangiogenesis, antiendoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), etc. In vitro and in vivo studies have further identified the value of geniposide in a spectrum of preclinical models of diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disorders. The antioxidative property of geniposide should be attributed to the result of either the inhibition of numerous pathological processes or the activation of various proteins associated with cell survival or a combination of both. In this review, we will summarize the available knowledge on the antioxidative property and protective effects of geniposide in DM and cardiovascular disease in the literature and discuss antioxidant mechanisms as well as its potential applications in clinic.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory and Immunosuppressive Effects of the A2AAdenosine Receptor

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 320-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian R. Milne ◽  
Timothy M. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Stress Injury ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The production of adenosine represents a critical endogenous mechanism for regulating immune and inflammatory responses during conditions of stress, injury, or infection. Adenosine exerts predominantly protective effects through activation of four 7-transmembrane receptor subtypes termed A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, of which the A2Aadenosine receptor (A2AAR) is recognised as a major mediator of anti-inflammatory responses. The A2AAR is widely expressed on cells of the immune system and numerousin vitrostudies have identified its role in suppressing key stages of the inflammatory process, including leukocyte recruitment, phagocytosis, cytokine production, and immune cell proliferation. The majority of actions produced by A2AAR activation appear to be mediated by cAMP, but downstream events have not yet been well characterised. In this article, we review the current evidence for the anti-inflammatory effects of the A2AAR in different cell types and discuss possible molecular mechanisms mediating these effects, including the potential for generalised suppression of inflammatory gene expression through inhibition of the NF-κB and JAK/STAT proinflammatory signalling pathways. We also evaluate findings fromin vivostudies investigating the role of the A2AAR in different tissues in animal models of inflammatory disease and briefly discuss the potential for development of selective A2AAR agonists for use in the clinic to treat specific inflammatory conditions.

scholarly journals Over-Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Plant LeGST01, the Mammalian GST-Omega Homolog that Interacts with LeTPX1 from a Tomato cDNA Library

2021 ◽  
pp. 730-740
Author(s):  
Firas Fohely ◽  
Khaled Sabarna Sabarna
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Cumene Hydroperoxide ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Purification And Characterization ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases ◽  
Considerable Homology

The study focuses on an in vivo GST- omega homologue (pCRT7/TPxII intB4) over-expression, purification and characterization. Experiments purport to characterize the antioxidant activity of the LeTPx1, the interacting glutathione S-transferases BI-GST/GPx, LeGST-T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and the mammalian inhibitor of apoptosis Bcl-2. Upon specific expression, the proteins exerted, differential protective effects in yeast cells treated with lethal doses of the prooxidants hydrogen peroxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, and cumene hydroperoxide. The antioxidant activity of LeTPx1 was highest against the cumene hydroperoxide. The overexpressing GST (omega) homologue TPxintB4 (Baier and Dietz, 1999) which share a considerable homology of the mammalian GST-omega1. In conclusion, the work shows that yeast parental strains are extremely sensitive to very low concentrations (0.2mM) of Cumenehydroperoxide. However, after applying the different antioxidants; it appears that the smallest concentrations t to be tolerated. 

scholarly journals Onco-Preventive and Chemo-Protective Effects of Apple Bioactive Compounds

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 4025
Author(s):  
Linda Nezbedova ◽  
Tony McGhie ◽  
Mark Christensen ◽  
Julian Heyes ◽  
Noha Ahmed Nasef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Hallmarks Of Cancer ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Epidemiological studies have strongly linked a diet high in fruits to a lower incidence of cancer. Furthermore, extensive research shows that secondary plant metabolites known as phytochemicals, which are commonly found in fruits, have onco-preventive and chemo-protective effects. Apple is a commonly consumed fruit worldwide that is available all year round and is a rich source of phytochemicals. In this review, we summarize the association of apple consumption with cancer incidence based on findings from epidemiological and cohort studies. We further provide a comprehensive review of the main phytochemical patterns observed in apples and their bioavailability after consumption. Finally, we report on the latest findings from in vitro and in vivo studies highlighting some of the key molecular mechanisms targeted by apple phytochemicals in relation to inhibiting multiple ‘hallmarks of cancer’ that are important in the progression of cancer.

scholarly journals Establishing Cell Models to Understand Cellular Toxicity: Lessons Learned from an Unconventional Cell Type

Toxins ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Tino Vollmer ◽  
Bernd Stegmayr
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Cellular Toxicity ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
Organ Systems

The syndrome of uremic toxicity comprises a complex toxic milieu in-vivo, as numerous uremic substances accumulate and harm the organ systems. Among these substances, toxic and non-toxic players differently interfere with human cells. However, results from animal experiments are not always compatible with the expected reactions in human patients and studies on one organ system are limited in capturing the complexity of the uremic situation. In this narrative review, we present aspects relevant for cellular toxicity research based on our previous establishment of a human spermatozoa-based cell model, as follows: (i) applicability to compare the effects of more than 100 uremic substances, (ii) detection of the protective effects of uremic substances by the cellular responses towards the uremic milieu, (iii) inclusion of the drug milieu for cellular function, and (iv) transferability for clinical application, e.g., hemodialysis. Our technique allows the estimation of cell viability, vitality, and physiological state, not only restricted to acute or chronic kidney toxicity but also for other conditions, such as intoxications of unknown substances. The cellular models can clarify molecular mechanisms of action of toxins related to human physiology and therapy. Identification of uremic toxins retained during acute and chronic kidney injury enables further research on the removal or degradation of such products.

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