scholarly journals Inaugural Introduction

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
Sing C. Chew ◽  
Matthias Gross

The founding of Nature and Culture comes at a time when proenvironmentalattitudes in the world are still high, but the discourse on ecological issues has been eclipsed mostly by issues of security, terrorism, and economic growth. This trend might also be because the debates on ecological issues to date are mostly based on natural scientific evaluations and findings on the state of the natural environment. What is lacking is more input from the humanities, social sciences, and historical sciences so that this dialogue can be interdisciplinary, and even transdisciplinary in nature. To foster such a dialogue, Nature and Culture is intended to be a unique forum for the international community of scholars and practitioners to present, discuss, and evaluate critically issues and themes related to the historical and contemporary relationships that societies, civilizations, empires, regions, and nationstates have with nature. Its pages welcome authors working in areas related to this overall thematic, and especially those who are working on the frontiers of understanding and explaining this historical/contemporary nature/culture relationship, regardless of discipline. Our object is to produce a journal serving those scholars and practitioners whose theoretical orientations extend beyond disciplinary boundaries, and who are moving beyond specific specializations toward broader syntheses with intentions to participate in intellectual and practical discussions on our ecosystem’s past trends and future prospects.

Author(s):  
Lotta Björklund Larsen ◽  
Karen Boll

Taxation is the collection by a revenue authority of levies, fees, or charges from residents, businesses, or other legal entities deemed taxable pursuant to laws and regulations. Taxation affects most people in the world within the confines of a nation, state, or region. Some people claim taxation is theft by the state, others claim that it is a moral action and duty, and a third view is that taxes are expenses that citizens incur in order to make claims on the state. Taxation is thus an area of contestation. Taxpayers pay taxes on what they produce or transport, on their salaries and other income, and on their consumption. Taxation not only has a fiscal purpose, but can be used for resource allocation within society, for income redistribution, and for leveling economic stability to address issues of unemployment, prices, and economic growth. Research on taxation has been conducted in most social sciences. Legal scholars discuss changes to the law, economists emphasize taxation’s economic impact within the constraints of models, the accounting discipline addresses the organization and measurement of taxation, and behavioral economists and psychologists aim to predict human behavior in taxation experiments. While this research has extended the knowledge of fiscal practices, taxation has long been in dire need of a critical perspective on its human consequences, its social impact, and how it is culturally shaped. An emerging anthropology of taxation can address these issues. The anthropology of taxation opens a host of interconnected issues at the nexus of states, markets, and citizenship. It focuses on money, work, and ownership; notions of fairness and honesty or avoidance and evasion; the politics of regulation and redistribution; and the balance between taking responsibility for oneself and for others, to name a few. Ethnographic studies of taxation can depict how various stakeholders in the tax arena shape and are shaped by taxation. And they can illustrate how subjects of taxation—residents, businesses, communities, and societies—through their view on and practices of taxation, negotiate their relation to the state and to other beneficiaries. Turning our attention to the collecting side, taxation provides a multifaceted arena for issues such as policymaking, governance, and digitalization. The role that tax advisers play, often advising taxpayers on curtailing tax, also suggests a complicated relation with society. Anthropologists can untangle and illustrate the relations taxation create between various stakeholders through notions of social contract, governance, fiscal citizenship, reciprocity, and redistribution.


Author(s):  
Igor A. Prudnikov ◽  
A. M. Rotary

The events that took place in 2020 in terms of the epidemiological component in the world entailed global changes in almost all sectors of the economy. The state in which the whole world is today, as well as business, receives new requirements for the health care system, education, economy, law, transport and so on. Today it has become clear that the usual business processes have changed and will no longer be the same, moreover, they will change faster than before. Companies have become even more closely monitoring modern trends and began to adapt to current consumer preferences, thus they will be able not only to maintain their position in the market, but also to increase their customer base.


Author(s):  
Furqan Ali ◽  
Mohammad Asif

The rate of economic growth in India fluctuates with the world economic scenario. The developed countries being economically stable and highly advanced by technology, like U.S.A, France, Germany, Japan, and China faced the problem of economic crises. At the same time, the world comes to fluctuate their efficiency and empowerment to the leadership engagement in stabilizing the economy. In this paper, data taken from the Indian States as per capita income at the state level and compare it with all India average data. The Net State Domestic Product Per Capita Income (NSDPPCI), had taken on a current price for the short period 2011-2012 to 2016-2017. This paper compared the regional variation in state performance and compared the most riches states to inferior ones. The factors which affect economic performance are like stabilize the political stability in the state. We also focus comparison on the different political party announcements of the welfare scheme for the farmers and other poor people living in these states. Another factor like the level of education at states and center level, total population, and its growth rate, the public expenditure on the health sector. We measure income inequality, income distribution with the economic growth of India. KEYWORDS: Economic Growth; Inequality; Income Distribution; Political Stability.


2020 ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Liubov Smoliar ◽  
Olha Ilyash ◽  
Ruslan Kolishenko ◽  
Tetiana Lytvak

Purpose. The aim of the article is the system analysis of foreign experience and development of indicators and directions of an «economic breakthrough» in technological and innovative areas within the framework for the preparation of the Strategy of an economic breakthrough of the state by the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine. Methodology of research. General and special methods have been used to achieve this aim in our scientific and analytical development: the axiomatic method and scientific abstraction method (to define the terminological consistency of notions by studying the categorical apparatus «technological breakthrough», «economic breakthrough» and «innovative breakthrough”; induction and deduction methods (to determine the core factors of an economic breakthrough); the method of synthesis and system analysis (to substantiate the theoretical essence of the basic notions and develop our own system of indicators of an «economic breakthrough»; the decomposition method (to single out the functional components (technological and innovative) in the system of an «economic breakthrough»; tabular and graphical methods (to reflect the analytical calculations and the final results of the study). Findings. The experience of 19 countries that have made an «economic breakthrough» in technological and innovative areas is systematised, in particular: the experience of the USA, Canada, Australia, Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, France, Germany, Egypt, Switzerland, Great Britain, Austria, Brazil and India. The original system of indicators has been suggested and the comparative monitoring of the indicators, which helped to provide a «technological and innovative breakthrough» for the selected countries of the world in comparison with Ukraine, has been carried out. The recommendations to public authorities, aimed at creating the main benchmarks of an «economic breakthrough» of Ukraine in the technological and innovative areas of activity, have been prepared. Originality. A system of indicators of an economic breakthrough of Ukraine in technological and innovative directions has been formed for the first time, the foreign experience of economically developed countries of the world in the direction of achieving economic growth of national economies has been systematised. The recommendations to public authorities concerning the identification of the main benchmarks for Ukraine's technological and innovative breakthrough in the near future have been further developed. Practical value. The outlined priority directions of the policy «Economic breakthrough» and intensification of the state policy on ensuring the economic welfare and growth in Ukraine are substantiated by the applied analysis of critical technological, innovative and state-building factors of the exacerbation of economic problems in Ukraine. Key words: economic breakthrough, benchmarks, indicators, technological area, innovative area, economic growth.


Author(s):  
Adolfo Barajas ◽  
Ralph Chami ◽  
Connel Fullenkamp

This chapter describes the state of financial development in fragile states. Our analysis primarily relies on indicators from the World Bank Global Financial Development Database, which have been used extensively in the literature to capture the degree to which financial services and activities are present in an economy (depth) and the extent to which they are disseminated and made available to the population (inclusion). We find that financial depth in fragile states is underdeveloped and financial inclusion is low, but with significant heterogeneity among fragile states. We conduct empirical exercises which suggest that fragility is negatively related to financial development, both in terms of depth and especially in terms of inclusion, and exercises that also point to certain aspects of fragility most associated with financial underperformance. Finally, we use a benchmarking exercise to estimate how much financial underdevelopment in fragile states is costing them, in terms of economic growth.


2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assaf Nativ

AbstractThe paper ponders the object of archaeology, called here ‘the archaeological’. It argues that the existence of such an object is a necessary premise of the field and that ultimately it is on this object that the validity of all claims and arguments must rest. The paper suggests that the archaeological be conceived as a cultural phenomenon that consists in being disengaged from the social, an understanding that positions archaeology as a counterpart to the social sciences and the humanities, rather than a member in the same milieu. The first part of the paper focuses on the position of the archaeological with reference to the concepts of ‘Nature’ and ‘Culture’, which eventually leads us to a confrontation between archaeological statics and the dynamics of the world. Efforts to justify and understand archaeological statics consequently lead to the recognition of a constitutive distinction between buried and non-buried conditions, upon which the differentiation of the archaeological from the social is established.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Narbut

В последние десятилетия в мире наблюдается беспрецедентный рост городов, который приводит к возникновению серьезных проблем, указывающих на то, что большинство городов мира развиваются неустойчиво. Экологические проблемы городов можно разделить на три группы: проблемы, связанные с территориальной организацией (территориальное планирование), состоянием природной среды и изменением развития природных процессов. Деление это условное, однако, поскольку территориальное планирование оказывает влияние и на состояние природной среды, и на последствия развития природных процессов, оно рассматривается как ключевое звено формирования устойчивого развития. В работе, исходя из важнейшего критерия устойчивого развития в мире достижение стратегического баланса между деятельностью человека и поддержанием воспроизводящих возможностей биосферы, выявлены основные проблемы современного планирования городской территории. Первая: в градостроительных документах городская и пригородная территория не рассматривается как единая система. Показано, что в пределах городской черты крупного города невозможно сбалансировать экологостабилизирующие и хозяйственные функции земель. Первичной территориальной основой, на которой можно обеспечить экологическое равновесие является город и его пригород. Вторая: не учитывается стадия урбанизации территории, которую определяет показатель освоенности региона. Находясь на первой стадии дифференциальной урбанизации, территория Дальнего Востока имеет в своем развитии ряд особенностей, одна из которых поляризованность территориальной структуры хозяйства. Как следствие наличие неосвоенных зон, обладающих ценнейшим, не учитываемым свойством высокой долей сохранности естественной природы, что позволяет рассматривать их как ресурс для усиления экологической составляющей в формировании устойчивого развития. Третья: зонирование территории происходит по типам пользования, при этом земли экологического назначения не выявляются. Четвертая: целевые программы по улучшению экологического состояния городов РФ унифицированы. В них не акцентируются региональные проблемы, не выявляются земли, перспективные для экологического использования, что могло стать основанием для начала работ по экологическому планированию. In recent decades, the world has seen an unprecedented growth of cities, which leads to the emergence of serious problems indicating that most cities in the world are developing unsustainably. The environmental problems of the cities can be divided into three groups: the problems related to spatial organization (landuse planning), the state of the natural environment and changes in the development of natural processes. This division is conditional, however, since landuse planning influences the state of the natural environment and the consequences of the development of natural processes, it is considered as a key element in the formation of sustainable development. In the paper, based on the most important criterion of sustainable development in the world the achievement of a strategic balance between human activity and the maintenance of the reproducing capabilities of the biosphere, the main problems of modern planning of an urban area are identified there are several of them. The first problem is that in the urban planning documents, the urban and suburban areas are not considered as a single system. It is shown that within the city limits of a large industrial city it is impossible to balance the economic and environmental stabilizing functions of land. The primary territorial basis, on which it is possible to ensure ecological balance, is the city and its suburbs. The second problem: the stage of urbanization of the territory, which is determined by the indicator of development of the region, is not taken into account. Being in the first stage of differential urbanization, the territory of the Far East has in its development a number of features one of which is the polarization of the territorial structure of the economy. This leads to the emergence of undeveloped zones that have the most valuable, not taken into account property a high proportion of natural preservation, which allows us to consider them as a resource for strengthening the environmental component in shaping sustainable development. The third problem: zoning of the territory takes place according to the types of use, while ecological lands are not detected. The fourth problem: targeted programs to improve the ecological status of the Russian cities are unified. They do not emphasize regional problems and do not identify land that is promising for environmental use, which could be the basis for starting work on environmental planning.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 127-139
Author(s):  
Galyna V. Moroz ◽  
Olga A. Grytsan ◽  
Oleh A. Vivcharenko ◽  
Nadiia R. Kobetska

The problem of the impact of economic development of the world on the state of the environment is quite relevant today. Entrepreneurs usually defend their private interests and try to increase profits in every possible way, without caring about the state of the environment and the future. If in the economically developed countries of the world the government is trying hard to control compliance with environmental legislation and implement a green economy, Ukraine is hopelessly behind, and only in recent years is beginning to actively think about preserving the environment and develop mechanisms to achieve this goal. It is important to explore how the legal aspect can help address the balance between Ukraine's economic development and environmental quality, especially in terms of its impact on climate change, where air pollution, waste generation and energy security are key factors. The purpose of the study was to investigate the legal aspect of the interrelation between economic growth and environmental pressures. As a result, the world experience in finding ways of mutually beneficial activities for the economic development of countries and the preservation of the environment was analysed. The study examined the factors influencing climate change, waste generation and energy security in the projection of economic development. The main principles (strategy) of the state ecological policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030 are analysed; regulations of Ukraine and the European Union, which regulate the preservation of the environment in terms of the legal effect on solving the problem of the interrelation between economic growth and pressure on the environment.


Author(s):  
Ibok Nkanikpo Ibok ◽  
Etuk Samuel George

Women constitute an important workforce in every society all over the world and contributions of women in every profession should be revisited with empirical facts. This study examines women in marketing; their characteristics, motivations and challenges using a survey method. With a sample of 60 respondents drawn across ten banks in Akwa Ibom State, the study reveals that characteristics, motivations and challenges of women has specific implications for national economic growth and marketing profession. Realizing overall empowerment of women in marketing and in the state, we recommend some policy guidelines as a way forward for utilization of women potentials.


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julius Ary Mollet

<p>Today, the Asia Pacific region is one among the fastest growing region in the world with strong economic growth. Due to globalization, world economy has undergone significant changes. While Europe’s economic growth has been slowing down, Asia Pacific’s consistently shows an impressive growth. In the next few years, the economic growth in the region will remain strong, in parallel with improving living standards in the region. With its huge population and strategic location, Asia Pacific offers many opportunities for countries outside the region to embark on collaboration and economic cooperation.</p><p>Papua and PNG are integral parts of Asia Pacific and play a strategic role in the region. Papua and PNG share commonalities in terms of economic development’s approaches. Both regions rely on extractive economies which depend on the exploitation of natural resources. Papua and PNG posses enormous and extraordinary biodiversity, unique to the region. But natural resource-based development has not only threatened but also undermined any effort to protect region’s diverse flora and fauna. With the emergence of Asia Pacific as a new economic powerhouse, the growth has transformed indigenous communities and their livelihood including their economic, cultural and social institutions as well as their relationship with their environment.</p><p>Moreover, although Papua and PNG are resource-rich regions, both have a substantial number of populations who live in poverty or extreme poverty. Income distribution in Papua and PNG demonstrates that there is a striking gap between the poor and the rich. On top of that, the provision of basic services such as education and healthcare is still unevenly distributed. While cities are generally well-served, some areas in the hinterland suffer from a lack of teachers and medical personnel. The fundamental challenges faced by Papua and PNG lie precisely in these aspects: economic, social, cultural and environmental.</p><p>Considering the importance of human development and biodiversity in Papua’s and Papua New Guinea’s contexts, efforts are needed to develop the region, while at the same time, to save and protect region’s immense diversity by improving the quality of life, promoting sustainable development in all sectors, preserving natural resources, and improving community awareness. Furthermore, there is a need to conduct more research and studies related to above mentioned components in order to support better development efforts in the region.</p><p>Papua and PNG have been collaborating in the education sector for a long period, which takes the form of research collaboration, student exchanges, seminars and symposia. This long standing collaboration has strengthened bilateral relations between Papua and PNG. This symposium has persist this tradition as well as add a new tone in the framework of knowledge sharing between educators in Papua, PNG and abroad by bringing together some crucial issues in social sciences and biodiversity in Papua and PNG. Additionally, this symposium is also an important moment for Cenderawasih University as the symposium will be held to commemorate the university’s 53rd anniversary and to celebrate 40 years of diplomatic relations between Papua-Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.</p><p>Cenderawasih University was established on November 10th, 1962. Cenderawasih University is the oldest university in Papua and has committed to develop its human resources and determined to implement the Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi or the Three Principles of Higher Education which focuses on education, research, and contribution to society. This momentum of holding International Conference on Social Sciences and Biodiversity of Papua and Papua New Guinea in Cenderawasih University was vital given that some distinguished experts are gathered from around the world presenting their finest research. We highly expect that this event had inspiring researchers who are interested in exploring further research on the social sciences and biodiversity around Papua and Papua New Guinea.  </p>


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