Passage of Digesta from the Abomasum of a Calf Fed Soy Flour Milk Replacers and Whole Milk

Two experiments were carried out with Holstein heifer calves to determine the effect of supplying a major portion of the protein in milk replacers by isopropanol-extracted protein concentrate from whole herring (FPC) or a mixture of FPC and soybean protein concentrate (SPC). Milk replacers were compared with whole milk in experiment 1. All calves were abruptly weaned when consuming 0.5 kg starter/day, or by 5 weeks of age. Calf performance was similar when the pre-weaning liquid diet was whole milk, or milk replacers containing either milk protein or 50% of the protein from FPC. Average daily gains to weaning and to 26 weeks of age for all calves were 377 and 692 g/day, respectively. Calves in experiment 2 were fed either an all-milk protein milk replacer or one containing 98% of the protein equally from FPC and SPC. Both milk replacers were fed once daily either six or seven times per week. Calf growth to weaning was lower on the FPC–SPC formula (283 vs. 364 g/day, P < 0.01), but was not significantly different (P < 0.05) to 15 weeks of age (618 vs. 643 g/day). Feeding milk replacer six vs. seven times per week had no significant effect on calf growth. Digestibility coefficients of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy were similar in bull calves fed the all-milk or FPC–SPC protein milk replacers, but retention of absorbed nitrogen was less on the latter diet (54 vs. 45%, P < 0.10).

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A COMPARISON OF WEANING DAIRY CALVES BY BODY WEIGHT VERSUS AGE FROM WHOLE MILK OR MILK-REPLACER

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas64-048 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 327-333 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. D. L. Gorrill

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Energy Content ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Milk Replacer ◽

Calf Growth ◽

Digestible Energy ◽

Bull Calves ◽

Whole Milk ◽

Body Weights ◽

Milk Replacers

Ayrshire bull calves were weaned from whole milk or milk-replacer at 7 weeks of age, and at two different body weights, namely 55 and 46 kg. A maximum of 1.82 kg starter was fed daily to 15 weeks of age and 1.82 kg grower concentrate to 180 days of age.Calf performance did not differ significantly by weaning at 7 weeks or 55 kg. Weight gains to weaning and to 15 weeks were significantly lower for calves weaned at 46 kg. The average 180-day body weights for calves weaned at 7 weeks, 55, and 46 kg were 150, 146, and 140 kg, respectively.Whole milk or milk-replacer feeding produced identical calf growth to 180 days of age. Milk-replacer tended to increase preweaning and decrease post-weaning growth of calves weaned at 46 kg compared with whole milk. The augmented preweaning starter intake by calves fed replacer is discussed in relation to the digestible energy content of milk-replacers. It is suggested that energy supplied by plant carbohydrates should not be included in replacers for early-weaned calves, due to the low digestibility of starch by calves until 3 or 4 weeks of age.

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Optimization of whole milk replacers compozition in calves` feeding

145 - Tehnologìâ virobnictva ì pererobki produktìv tvarinnictva ◽

10.33245/2310-9289-2019-147-1-64-73 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 64-73

Author(s):

E. Prilovskaya

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Vegetable Protein ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Control Group ◽

Mineral Complex ◽

Whole Milk ◽

Milk Replacers ◽

Vegetable Fat

The research and economic experiment aimed at determining the most effective ratio of milk and vegetable protein in whole milk replacers WMR. It was carried out in four groups of calves with an initial live weight of 39.2–41.2 kg at the age of 10–30 days. The research has shown that WMR No. 1 consisted of (% by weight): dried whey – 53, vegetable fat – 16, vegetable protein – 30, vitamin-mineral complex – 1, No. 2 – skimmed milk powder – 15, whey powder – 47, vegetable fat – 16, vegetable protein – 21, vitamin- mineral complex – 1.0, No. 3 – 30; 41.5; 16.0; 11.5; 1.0. The ratio of vegetable and milk protein in the experimental WMR is made: 46 : 54; 37 : 63; 27.5 : 72.5 respectively. 1 kg of dairy product contained: 16.9 MJ of metabolizable energy and 196-200 g of crude protein. There was no significant difference in the consumption of crude protein between the groups. This indicator ranged within 309–317 g. The raw fat level in 1 kg of dry matter of diets for young experimental groups ranged within 186.9-190.1 g, concentration of metabolizable energy in dry matter of diet in experimental groups is made 17.48–18.02 MJ. 12.4–12.8 g of digestible protein accounted for 1 kg of metabolizable energy. It was established that the total protein content in blood serum of animals in experimental groups ranged within 45.3–50.7 g/l, which is 7.1–19.9 % higher than the reference value. As for sugar level in blood, one can trace the metabolic activity of carbohydrate metabolism of experimental calves’ body. Feeding young animals with milk replacer promoted the increase of glucose level by 5.7–17.1 % in comparison with the coevals of the control group. As a result, it was determined that in control group the whole milk in diets allowed to obtain higher average daily weight gain of 565, and in the experimental groups – 435–505 g, which is 11.2–23.0 % less. The research has shown that despite of higher body weight gain in the experimental group IV, the lower cost of WMR in group II allowed to reduce the diet cost by 26.5–39.2 % and the cost price of weight gain by 18.0–29.5 % compared with animals of the control, III and IV experimental groups. Key words: feed, WMR, young cattle, performance, economic efficiency.

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AN EVALUATION OF MILK REPLACERS BASED ON THE GROWTH RATE, HEALTH AND BLOOD CHEMISTRY OF HOLSTEIN CALVES

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas76-071 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 587-594 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. J. FISHER

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Free Choice ◽

Blood Chemistry ◽

Milk Replacer ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Whole Milk ◽

Holstein Calves ◽

Milk Replacers

Forty male Holstein calves were divided into four groups; one group was offered whole milk and each of the others was given a different milk replacer. All calves were fed at 12% of body weight for 6 wk and a starter ration was fed free choice for the last 3 wk of the trial. Growth rate was 0.58, 0.32, 0.30, and 0.25 kg/day for whole milk and milk replacers B, C, and D, respectively, while the respective intake of calf starter was 0.23, 0.36, 0.34, and 0.38 kg/day of dry matter per calf per day. Feed conversions during the last 3 wk of the experiment were 1.15, 1.66, 1.45, and 1.65 kg of dry matter per kg of gain for whole milk and replacers B, C, and D, respectively. Blood hematocrit was higher for calves fed milk replacer B than for the other three treatments. Blood glucose levels were 123, 96, 107 and 101 mg percent for whole milk and milk replacers B, C, and D, respectively. The relationships between plasma glucose and blood urea nitrogen with growth rate and intake of calf starter were evaluated.

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GROWTH, DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION BY CALVES FED MILK REPLACERS CONTAINING MILK AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS, SUPPLEMENTED WITH METHIONINE

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas69-042 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 315-321 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

A. D. L. Gorrill ◽

J. W. G. Nicholson

Keyword(s):

Soybean Protein ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Milk Replacer ◽

Protein Concentrate ◽

Soy Milk ◽

Soybean Proteins ◽

Whole Milk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽

Milk Replacers

Milk replacers containing zero (all-milk) or 70% of the total protein from a soybean protein concentrate (soy-milk), with or without methionine supplementation, were fed to Holstein calves. Bull calves digested 91 and 89% of the dry matter (P < 0.05), and 87 and 82% of the nitrogen (P < 0.01) supplied by the all-milk and soy-milk replacers, respectively. Nitrogen retention averaged 41% of that consumed, with no difference due to protein source. DL-methionine (0.1% of the dry replacer) did not increase calf growth or nitrogen retention. Heifer calves fed whole milk, the all-milk replacer or soy-milk replacer plus methionine, and hay and concentrates, gained 496, 550 and 526 g/day, respectively, to weaning at 7 weeks of age (treatment means not significantly different at P < 0.05). Weight gains for these three groups of heifers from 7 to 15 weeks of age were 723, 650 and 599 g/day (significant difference between whole milk and soy-milk at P < 0.05), respectively. It was concluded that the soybean protein concentrate could supply a major portion of the protein in milk replacers for rearing dairy calves.

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Sensory Characteristics of Dairy By-Products as Potential Milk Replacers in Ice Cream

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13031531 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1531

Author(s):

Roberta Barbosa de Meneses ◽

Maria Lúcia Guerra Monteiro ◽

Fabiane Ferreira dos Santos ◽

Maria Helena Miguez da Rocha Leão ◽

Carlos Adam Conte-Junior

Keyword(s):

Survival Analysis ◽

Environmental Impact ◽

Purchase Intention ◽

Sensory Quality ◽

Commercial Sample ◽

Sensory Effects ◽

Whole Milk ◽

Negative Environmental Impact ◽

Milk Replacers ◽

By Products

Novel strategies for wheys application, decreasing its negative environmental impact, represent a challenge for dairy industries. The use of wheys as replacers may lead to adverse sensory quality changes in conventional dairy products. This study aimed to investigate the sensory effects of the use of ricotta whey (RW), cheese whey (CW), and butter whey (BW) in replacement to whole milk (WM) at different ratios (0:100%, 25:75%, 50:50%, 75:25%, and 100:0%, w/w) in chocolate ice creams. All formulations, including a commercial sample used as a reference, were analyzed for overall liking, purchase intention, just-about-right (JAR), and survival analysis. RW, CW, and BW up to 75%, 100%, and 25% did not affect (p > 0.05) the overall liking, respectively. Purchase intention was only decreased (p < 0.05) by BW at 50%, 75%, and 100% compared to a commercial sample. Considering data from PCA and PLSR associated with hedonic scores and penalty analysis, the main adverse sensory effects on overall liking were: increased perception (p < 0.05) of chocolate flavor by RW, CW, and BW, melting velocity by RW, sweetness by CW and BW, and chocolate aroma by BW. Survival analysis indicated that BW could be added up to a maximum of 84.15%, while no rejection was detected for RW and CW. Based on results, RW, CW, and BW represent potential milk replacers to be used by the dairy industry, decreasing the environmental impact of these dairy by-products.

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Studying the processing of leguminous components into easily digestible feed for calves

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Agrarian Series ◽

10.29235/1817-7204-2019-57-1-85-92 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 85-92

Author(s):

V. I. Perednya ◽

V. I. Khrutsky ◽

A. A. Romanovich ◽

A. V. Kitun

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Wide Distribution ◽

Innovative Technology ◽

Processing Temperature ◽

Oil Crops ◽

Whole Milk ◽

Short Period ◽

Leguminous Crops ◽

Milk Replacers

The basic feed for calves during pre-weaning period is whole milk. In order to reduce consumption of whole milk in the leading Western countries, whole milk replacers are used. Attempts to produce local whole milk replacers have not yet found wide distribution due to the high consumption of dry milk and lack of production of hydrogenated fat with additives of vitamins and microelements in Belarus. In recent years, production process of local milk replacers has been started to develop. An innovative technology has been developed for production of whole milk replacers based on local grains, legumes and oil crops, taking the idea of processing them into easily digestible liquid feeds based on moisture-and-heat treatment of grain components using cavitation energy. A special hydrodynamic plant was designed, allowing to obtain a homogeneous mass right of the grain forage, which does not decompose into fractions, highly palatable and easily digested by animals. The allowable processing temperature of leguminous crops was determined to be 80 °C maximum. In order to reduce processing time of the water-and-grain mixture and increase process productivity, a hypothesis was put forward related to use of electromagnetic field for heating the mixture moving in pipeline. Studies have confirmed the efficiency of the electromagnetic field. Moisture-and-heat treatment of grain forage by cavitation using induction heating allows, in a short period of time and at a low temperature, to get easily digestible feed and preserve essential amino acids and vitamins. The developed innovative technology and equipment allows to reduce consumption of whole milk by 15-20% when growing calves during pre-weaning period.

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Growth performance of calves fed shoti, wheat and soybean based milk replacers

Bangladesh Journal of Livestock Research ◽

10.3329/bjlr.v19i1-2.26425 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (1-2) ◽

pp. 33-43

Author(s):

BK Roy ◽

NR Sarker ◽

MK Alam ◽

KS Huque

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Daily Weight Gain ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Average Daily Weight Gain ◽

Total Cost ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Processing Cost ◽

Whole Milk ◽

And Control ◽

Milk Replacers

A study was conducted with objectives to determine the comparative growth performance of calves fed shoti, wheat and soybean based milk replacers and their economics. To achieve the objectives, a total of 24 local calves of about 6-10 days of age were selected and divided in four groups; having six (6) calves in each. A limited suckling with feeding whole milk considered as control (To), suckling along with feeding of wheat, shoti and soybean based milk replacer considered as treatments and denoted as T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Results obtained in the present study revealed that, the total DM, OM and CP intake did not differ significantly (p>0.05) among the treatment groups. However, calves in T2 group sucked significantly (p<0.01) higher milk or milk DM compared to milk sucked by calves in T0, T1 and T3, respectively. No significant differences (p>0.05) was observed in average daily weight gain (ADG) of calves among the treatment groups. The feed conversion efficiency (FCR) was relatively better (p>0.05) in calves those fed shoti and soybean based MR compared to calves fed wheat and control diets. The overall levels of both glucose and BUN did not differ significantly (p>0.05) in calves under different treatment groups. The total cost of per kg wheat (T1), shoti (T2) and Soybean (T3) based MR were Tk. 52.69, Tk. 94.45 and Tk. 51.11, respectively. The processing cost per kg MR was increased Tk. 41.00-43.00 in T2 group than that of T1 and T3 groups. The feeding cost per calf per day was reduced Tk. 88.93.00 Tk. 57.87 and Tk. 82.55 in T1, T2 and T3, respectively than that of T0 group. Results considering for both FCR and per day feeding cost, it indicates that T2 and T3 diets i.e, shoti and soybean based MR maintained growth of calves compared to wheat based MR and milk fed calves.Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 33-43, Jan-Dec 2012

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GROWTH, DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION BY LAMBS FED LIQUID DIETS CONTAINING MILK AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas71-088 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 663-667

Author(s):

A. D. L. GORRILL ◽

J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽

C. D. T. CAMERON

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Soybean Protein ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Average Weight ◽

Soybean Proteins ◽

Whole Milk ◽

Weight Gains ◽

Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽

Milk Replacers ◽

Ad Libitum Feeding

Milk and soybean protein sources in liquid diets for 2- to 5-day-old lambs were compared in four experiments. Average weight gains of lambs m experiments 1 and 2 fed an all-milk protein or soy-46 milk replacer (46% of total protein from a soybean protein concentrate), with 15% homogenized lard, for about 7 weeks were 251 and 147 g/day, respectively. Digestibility of dry matter averaged 97 and 95%, and for nitrogen, 97 and 90% (P < 0.05), respectively, for lambs fed the two milk replacers. The same all-milk or soy-46 formulas, or cow’s whole milk, plus a pelleted concentrate and hay were fed to a total of 42 lambs in experiments 3 and 4. Average weight gains to weaning at 9 and 14 kg body weight in experiments 3 and 4, respectively, were 141, 132 and 163 g/day for the three treatments. Weight gains to 40 kg body weight were 185, 190 and 239 g/day. The soybean concentrate settled out of the liquid diet and therefore was not suitable for ad libitum feeding.

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